Editing American redstart

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = American redstart
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2021 |title=''Setophaga ruticilla'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22721762A137278860 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721762A137278860.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Setophaga ruticilla -Chiquimula, Guatemala -male-8-4c.jpg
| image_caption = Male in Chiquimula, Guatemala
| image2 = Setophaga ruticilla (femelle).jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| genus = Setophaga
| species = ruticilla
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| range_map = Setophaga ruticilla map.svg
| range_map_caption = ''S. ruticilla'' range {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = *''Motacilla ruticilla'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
*''Muscicapa ruticilla'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1766}}
}}

The '''American redstart''' ('''''Setophaga ruticilla''''') is a [[New World warbler]]. It is unrelated to the Old World [[Common redstart|(common) redstart]].

==Taxonomy==
The American redstart was described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Motacilla ruticilla''.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Linnaeus| first=Carolus | author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.|publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii) | year=1758 | volume=v.1 |page=186 | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727093 | quote=M. grisea, gula pectoreque fulvis.}}</ref>

The genus name ''Setophaga'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] σής :  ''sēs'' (genitive σητός : sētós) "moth", and ''{{lang|grc|φάγος|}}'' : phágos "eater".

The specific  ''ruticilla'' is  [[Neo-Latin]]  for "redstart" from [[Latin]]  ''rutilus'', "red", and the diminutive ''-cilla''.

In Ancient Greek the name was φοινίκουρος :  ''phoiníkouros'' (from φοῖνιξ :  ''phoĩnix-'' "red" and οὐρά : ''ourá'' "tail")<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n344 344], 355 }}</ref> "Redstart" refers to the male's red tail, "start" being an old word for tail.<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED |Redstart }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:American Redstart of Quintana Texas1.jpg|thumb|left|American redstart of [[Quintana, Texas]]]]
The American redstart is a smallish warbler. It measures {{convert|11|to|14|cm|in|abbr=on}} in total length and has a wingspan of {{convert|16|to|23|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Its length is boosted by a relatively long tail and it is one of the lightest birds in its family.<ref>[[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway, R.]] 1902. ''The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America''. U.S. National Museum Bulletin no. 50.</ref> Weight is considerably less in winter than in summer. Males weigh an average of {{convert|8.6|g|oz|abbr=on}} in summer but drop to {{convert|7.2|g|oz|abbr=on}} in winter, while females drop even more from an average of {{convert|8.7|g|oz|abbr=on}} to an average of {{convert|6.9|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>Holmes, R. T. 1986. ''Foraging behavior of forest birds: male-female differences''. Wilson Bulletin, 98:196-213.</ref><ref>Sherry, T. W. and R. T. Holmes. 1996. ''Winter habitat limitation in Neotropical-Nearctic migrant birds: implications for population dynamics and conservation''. Ecology 77:36-48.</ref> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|5.5|to|6.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[tail]] is {{convert|4.9|to|5.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|0.7|to|0.9|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|1.5|to|1.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>''New World Warblers (Helm Field Guides)'' by Jon Curson. Christopher Helm Publishers (1993). 978-0713639322.</ref> The breeding males are unmistakable, jet black above apart from large orange-red patches on their wings and tails. Their breast sides are also orange, with the rest of their underparts white. In their other plumages, American redstarts display green in their upperparts, along with black central tails and grey heads. The orange patches of the breeding males are replaced by yellow in the plumages of the females and young birds. Orange and yellow coloration is due to the presence of [[carotenoid]]s; males possess the red carotenoid canthaxanthin and the yellow carotenoids canary xanthophyll A and B, all of which mix together to produce an orange color, while the females possess only the yellow carotenoids. Recent research indicates that an age and sex effect on observed color attributes of hue, brightness, and saturation exists in American redstarts, with the exception for saturation, which only showed an age effect.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Faris|first=Michael|title=Determination and Quantitation of Carotenoids in ''Setophaga ruticilla'' Feathers|url=http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15111coll1/id/798|degree=M.A.|publisher=University of Scranton|access-date=10 April 2012|year=2011}}</ref> Their song is a series of musical ''see'' notes. Their call is a soft ''chip''.

== Hybridization ==
[[File:AmericanRedstart17.jpg|thumb|right|Male American redstart]]Rare hybrids between the American redstart and the congeneric [[magnolia warbler]] (''Setophaga magnolia'') have been documented on two occasions, in Ohio, USA, and Quebec, Canada. In both cases, the hybrid's mother was a magnolia warbler and the father was a redstart.<ref>Brennan, Courtney L.; Boulanger, Emily; Duval, Simon; Frei, Barbara; Gorbet, Ashli; Head, Jessica; Shieldcastle, Mark; Jones, Andrew W. (2020). "Two cases of a previously undocumented New World warbler hybrid (Setophaga magnolia x S. ruticilla) in eastern North America". ''The Wilson Journal of Ornithology''. '''132''' (3): 537–547.</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
{{listen|filename=Setophaga-ruticilla-001.ogg|pos=left|title=American redstart|description=}}
Although perhaps not as common as in the past, the redstart appears to be one of the most stable and abundant species of New World warbler; its numbers exceeded in total by the [[common yellowthroat]], [[yellow warbler]] and [[yellow-rumped warbler]], because of much wider natural breeding ranges in those species and perhaps exceeding those in sheer density within appropriate range.<ref>AR, J. (2006). ''Migratory connectivity of a widely distributed songbird, the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)''. Ornithological Monographs, 2006(61), 14-28.</ref><ref>Sherry, T. W., & Holmes, R. T. (1992). ''Population fluctuations in a long-distance Neotropical migrant: Demographic evidence for the importance of breeding season events in the American Redstart''.</ref><ref>Rabosky, D. L., & Lovette, I. J. (2008). ''Density-dependent diversification in North American wood warblers''. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1649), 2363-2371.</ref> Their breeding is in [[North America]], spanning  southern [[Canada]] and the eastern United States. They are [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering in [[Central America]], the [[West Indies]], and northern [[South America]], and are very rare vagrants to western [[Europe]]. During the breeding season, the redstart inhabits open-canopy, mostly deciduous forests, second growth, and forest edges. It is insectivorous, often sharing its foraging habitats with other warblers, and is found feeding in the mid to lower regions of a tree or shrub. A wide range of habitats are occupied during migration, including many shrubby areas. On its wintering grounds in Central and South America, the redstart  may be found in nearly all woody habitats but tends to avoid non-forested agricultural areas. It is often found in [[shade-grown coffee]] plantations, which provide native trees and shrubs, as well as coffee trees. Elevations occupied vary by location, with redstarts found at elevations up to {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[South America]], but only {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[Jamaica]].

==Behavior==

===Breeding===
The breeding habitats of the redstarts are open woodlands or scrub, often located near water. They nest in the lower part of a bush, laying 2–5 eggs in a neat cup-shaped nest. The clutch is incubated by the female for 10 to 13 days. The young fledge after 9 days in the nest, and may remain with one parent for up to 3 weeks afterwards. First-year males are able to reproduce during their first breeding season, but they retain the female-like plumage which may contribute to low reproductive success (less than 50% of first-year males) until year 2. In contrast, most first-year females successfully reproduce during their first breeding season. There is evidence for a skewed sex ratio that results in a surplus of unmated males.<ref>Ehrlich, P., D. Dobkin, D. Wheye. 1988. ''The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds''. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.</ref><ref name="Cornell">Sherry, T., R. Holmes. 1997. ''American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)'' (On-line). The Birds of North America Online.</ref>

American redstarts display a mixed mating strategy; they are predominantly [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] but around 25% of males maintain multiple territories and are [[polygyny in animals|polygynous]]. Even within monogamous pairs, a high proportion of offspring—as many as 40%—are not fathered by the male of the pair. The intensity of the male's coloration (which is due to [[carotenoid]] pigments) predicts their success at holding territory in their non-breeding, winter locations in the [[Caribbean]], the probability that they will be polygynous, and the proportion of offspring in their nests that they will themselves father.<ref>Reudink, M. W., Marra, P. P., Boag, P. T., & Ratcliffe, L. M. (2009).  Plumage coloration predicts paternity and polygyny in the American redstart.  ''Animal Behaviour, 77'', 495–501. {{doi|10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.11.005}}</ref> Males are invariably very territorial and the superior males occupy the best habitats, such as moist mangroves, while inferior males occupy secondary habitats such as dry scrub forests.

===Feeding===
The redstarts feed almost exclusively on [[insect]]s which are usually caught by flycatching. American redstarts also have been known to catch their insect prey by [[Gleaning (birds)|gleaning]] it from leaves. This is a very active species. The tail is often held partly fanned out. These birds have been observed flashing the orange and yellow of their tails on and off to startle and chase insects from the underbrush. Overall, this species is a very flexible, opportunistic feeder that can easily adapt to varying habitat, season, insect community, vegetation structure, and time of day. The diet consists largely of [[caterpillar]]s, [[moth]]s, [[flies]], [[leafhopper]]s and [[planthopper]]s, small [[wasp]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[aphid]]s, [[stoneflies]] and [[spider]]s. Few berries and seeds are consumed, but are most often from [[barberry]], [[serviceberry]], and [[magnolia]].<ref name="Cornell"/>

==Mortality==
The oldest known banded redstart  lived to over 10 years of age. Other adults have been known to reach around 5 years. However, few survive past the first stages of life, as the bird is vulnerable to both terrestrial and aerial predators. Highest rates of predation occur during the breeding season when eggs and helpless nestlings are abundant and easy prey for varied predators. Females mostly brood during this period and thus often fall prey to nest predators. Common terrestrial predators include [[red squirrel]]s, [[fisher (animal)|fisher]]s, [[eastern chipmunk]]s, [[American black bear]]s, [[flying squirrel]]s, [[Pantherophis vulpinus|fox snakes]], and [[domestic cat]]s. Aerial predators take nestlings, eggs, or even adults in flight. Aerial predators include [[Skua|jaegers]], [[blue jay]]s, [[common raven]]s, [[northern saw-whet owl]]s, [[common grackle]]s, [[northern goshawk]]s, [[sharp-shinned hawk]]s, and [[Cooper's hawk]]s.<ref name="Cornell"/><ref>McCallum, C., S. Hannon. 2001. ''Accipiter predation of American redstart nestlings''. The Condor, 103/1: 192–194.</ref>

==Conservation==
Successful conservation efforts of the redstart, as for any other migrating bird, include protecting and providing habitat throughout its entire range. The benefits to coffee farms that redstarts and other "coffee birds" provide have encouraged coffee farmers to adapt shade trees and adjacent forest patches in their farming practices as additional habitat for the birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coffeehabitat.com/2012/12/coffee-birds-american-redstart/|title=Know your coffee birds: American Redstart|work=coffeehabitat.com}}</ref> While shade tree coffee farms offer a somewhat practical compromise between habitat preservation and agriculture, there is still not enough data to back the proposition that practices like shade tree coffee farms can replace the natural habitat that was once there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assessing Habitat Quality for a Migratory Songbird Wintering in Natural and Agricultural Habitats |url=https://wildlife.humboldt.edu/sites/default/files/johnson/pdf/Johnson_et_al_2006_ConBio.pdf |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Still, the most effective method for American redstart conservation would be natural habitat preservation at wintering and breeding grounds.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Setophaga ruticilla}}
* [https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Redstart American redstart species account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6870id.html American redstart - ''Setophaga ruticilla''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121008152708/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/wwwsounds/birds/hardy81sh.wav American redstart bird sound] at Florida Museum of Natural History
* {{InternetBirdCollection|american-redstart-setophaga-ruticilla|American redstart}}

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==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Setophaga ruticilla|American redstart}}
===Book===

* Sherry, T. W., and R. T. Holmes. 1997. ''American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 277 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

===Thesis===

* Barrow WC Jr. Ph.D. (1990). ''Ecology of small insectivorous birds in a bottomland hardwood forest''. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, United States -- Louisiana.
* Bennett SE. Ph.D. (1979). ''INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION AND THE NICHE OF THE AMERICAN REDSTART (SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA) IN WINTERING AND BREEDING COMMUNITIES''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Britt WGJ. M.S. (1977). ''VEGETATIVE HABITAT AND TERRITORY SIZE OF THE AMERICAN REDSTART (SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA) IN EASTERN TEXAS''. Stephen F. Austin State University, United States -- Texas.
* Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). ''The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation''. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States -- New York.
* Cimprich DA. Ph.D. (2000). ''Predation risk and the predator avoidance behavior of migrant birds during stopover''. The University of Southern Mississippi, United States -- Mississippi.
* Commisso FW. Ph.D. (1981). ''PARULID HINDLIMB MYOLOGY AND NICHE UTILIZATION''. Fordham University, United States -- New York.
* Couroux C. M.Sc. (1997). ''Neighbor-stranger discrimination and individual recognition by voice in the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)''. McGill University (Canada), Canada.
* Date EM. Ph.D. (1988). ''The influence of environmental acoustics on the structure of song in American redstars, Setophaga ruticilla''. McGill University (Canada), Canada.
* Date EM. Ph.D. (1988). ''The influences of environmental acoustics on the structure of song in American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla)''. McGill University (Canada), Canada.
* Faris, MH. M.A. (2011). ''Determination and Quantitation of Carotenoids in Setophaga ruticilla Feather''. University of Scranton, United States -- Pennsylvania.
* Ficken MS. Ph.D. (1960). ''BEHAVIOR OF THE AMERICAN REDSTART, SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (LINNAEUS)''. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
* Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). ''An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.
* Hanaburgh C. Ph.D. (2001). ''Modeling the effects of management approaches on forest and wildlife resources in northern hardwood forests''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.
* Hunt PD. Ph.D. (1995). ''Habitat selection in the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla): The importance of early successional habitat and the role of landscape change in population declines''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Johnson MD. Ph.D. (1999). ''Habitat relationships of migratory birds wintering in Jamaica, West Indies''. Tulane University, United States -- Louisiana.
* Kappes PJ. M.Sc. (2004). ''The influence of different pigment-based ornamental plumage on pairing and reproductive success of male American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla)''. York University (Canada), Canada.
* Knutson MG. Ph.D. (1995). ''Birds of large floodplain forests: Local and regional habitat associations on the Upper Mississippi River''. Iowa State University, United States -- Iowa.
* Lefebvre G. Ph.D. (1993). ''Dynamique temporelle et spatiale de l'avifaune migratrice et residante des mangroves cotieres du Venezuela''. Universite de Montreal (Canada), Canada.
* Marra PP. Ph.D. (1999). ''The causes and consequences of sexual habitat segregation in a migrant bird during the nonbreeding season''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* McKinley PS. Ph.D. (2004). ''Tree species selection and use by foraging insectivorous passerines in a forest landscape''. University of New Brunswick (Canada), Canada.
* Norris DR. Ph.D. (2005). ''Geographic connectivity and seasonal interactions in a migratory bird''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
* Perreault S. M.Sc. (1995). ''Reproductive tactics in the American redstart''. McGill University (Canada), Canada.
* Roloff GJ. Ph.D. (1994). ''Using an ecological classification system and wildlife habitat models in forest planning''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.
* Smith AL. M.Sc. (1997). ''Habitat suitability of successional forests for the bird community of Campeche, Mexico''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
* Smith RJ. Ph.D. (2003). ''Resources and arrival of landbird migrants at northerly breeding grounds: Linking en route with breeding season events''. The University of Southern Mississippi, United States -- Mississippi.
* Tate DP. M.Sc. (1998). ''Occurrence patterns of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) and rates of brood parasitism in island vs. mainland habitats''. University of Guelph (Canada), Canada.
* Tewksbury JJ. Ph.D. (2000). ''Breeding biology of birds in a Western riparian forest: From demography to behavior''. University of Montana, United States -- Montana.
* Wallace GE. Ph.D. (1998). ''Demography of Cuban bird communities in the nonbreeding season: Effects of forest type, resources, and hurricane''. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States -- Missouri.
* Welsh CJE. Ph.D. (1992). ''Bird species diversity and composition in managed and unmanaged tracts of northern hardwoods in New Hampshire''. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States -- Massachusetts.
* Whelan CJ. Ph.D. (1987). ''Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.
* Woodrey MS. Ph.D. (1995). ''Stopover behavior and age-specific ecology of neotropical passerine migrant landbirds during autumn along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico''. The University of Southern Mississippi, United States -- Mississippi.

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q922772}}
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[[Category:Setophaga|American redstart]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|American redstart]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|American redstart]]