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Ammonium perchlorate
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Chembox | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 476997590 | Name = Ammonium perchlorate | ImageFile = Ammonium perchlorate.png | ImageSize = 150px | ImageName = Ammonium perchlorate | ImageFile1 = Ammonium-perchlorate-unit-cell-3D-balls-B.png | ImageName1 = Unit cell of the crystal structure | ImageFile2 = Ammonium perchlorate 100g.jpg | IUPACName = Ammonium perchlorate | OtherNames = AP | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 23041 | InChI = 1/ClHO4.H3N/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);1H3 | SMILES = [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[NH4+] | InChIKey = HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYAD | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/ClHO4.H3N/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);1H3 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CASNo = 7790-98-9 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | EINECS = 232-235-1 | RTECS = SC7520000 | PubChem = 24639 | UNNumber = 1442 | UNII = Z3DQ8VD57X }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub> | MolarMass = 117.49 g/mol | Appearance = White crystalline<ref>[https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sial/208507 MSDS]. sigmaaldrich.com.</ref> | Density = 1.95 g/cm<sup>3</sup> | Solubility = 11.56 g/100 mL (0 °C) <br> 20.85 g/100 mL (20 °C) <br> 57.01 g/100 mL (100 °C) | SolubleOther = Soluble in [[methanol]] <br> Partially soluble in [[acetone]], [[ethanol]] <br> Insoluble in [[diethyl ether]]<ref name="crc">{{cite book |author1=John Rumble |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |date=18 June 2018 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1138561632 |pages=4–41|edition=99th |language=English}}</ref> | MeltingPt = Exothermic decomposition before melting at >200 °C<ref>{{citation |author1=Liu, L. |author2=Li, F. |author3=Tan, L. |author4=Ming, L. |author5=Yi, Y. | title = Effects of Nanometer Ni, Cu, Al and NiCu Powders on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate | journal = [[Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics]] | volume = 29 | year = 2004 | pages = 34–38 | doi = 10.1002/prep.200400026}}</ref> | BoilingPt = | pKa = | pKb = | Viscosity = }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | MolShape = | Coordination = | CrystalStruct = Orthorhombic (<240 °C)<br/>Cubic (>240 °C) | Dipole = }} | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaGf = | DeltaHc = | DeltaHf = −295.77 kJ/mol<ref>{{cite web | url=https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7790989&Mask=2 | title=NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition | date=11 February 1998 | pages=1–1951 | last1=Chase | first1=M. W. }}</ref> | Entropy = | HeatCapacity = }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | ExternalSDS =[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707151939/http://www.apfc.com/pdf/AMMONIUM_PERCHLORATE_MATERIAL_SAFETY_DATA_SHEET.pdf External MSDS]<ref>[https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9922929 Ammonium perchlorate MSDS]. Sigma-Aldrich</ref> | GHSPictograms = {{GHS01}}{{GHS03}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS08}} | GHSSignalWord = Danger | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|201|271|319|373}} | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|220|221|230|240|250|260|264|280|283|305+351+338|306+360|314|337+313|370+378|370+380|371+380+375|372|373|401|501}} | NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 2 | NFPA-S = OX }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = [[Ammonium chlorate]]<br/>[[Ammonium chloride]] | OtherCations = [[Potassium perchlorate]]<br/>[[Sodium perchlorate]]<br/>[[Lithium perchlorate]] | OtherCompounds = [[Perchloric acid]]<br/>[[Ammonium perbromate]] }} }} '''Ammonium perchlorate''' ("AP") is an [[inorganic compound]] with the formula {{nowrap|[[Ammonium|NH<sub>4</sub>]][[perchlorate|ClO<sub>4</sub>]]}}. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful [[oxidizer]]. Combined with a fuel, it can be used as a [[rocket propellant]] called [[ammonium perchlorate composite propellant]]. Its instability has involved it in accidents such as the [[PEPCON disaster]]. ==Production== Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between [[ammonia]] and [[perchloric acid]]. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of [[perchloric acid]]. The salt also can be produced by [[salt metathesis reaction]] of ammonium salts with [[sodium perchlorate]]. This process exploits the relatively low solubility of NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub>, which is about 10% of that for sodium perchlorate.<ref name=Ullmann>Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a06_483}}</ref> AP crystallises as colorless [[rhombohedron|rhombohedra]]. ==Decomposition== Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before [[melting]]. Mild heating results in production of [[hydrogen chloride]], [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], and water. : 4 NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub> → 4 HCl + 2 N<sub>2</sub> + 5 O<sub>2</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boggs | first1 = T. L. | year = 1970 | title = Deflagration Rate, Surface Structure and Subsurface Profile of Self-Deflagrating Single Crystals of Ammonium Perchlorate | journal = AIAA Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 5| pages = 867–873 | doi=10.2514/3.5780| bibcode = 1970AIAAJ...8..867B }}</ref> Strong heating may lead to [[explosion]]s. Complete reactions leave no residue. Pure crystals cannot sustain a flame below the pressure of 2 [[Pascal (unit)|MPa]]. AP is a Class 4 oxidizer (can undergo an explosive reaction) for particle sizes over 15 micrometres<ref>NFPA 400: Hazardous Materials Code, 2010</ref> and is classified as an explosive for particle sizes less than 15 micrometres.<ref>NFPA 495: Explosive Materials Code, 2010</ref><ref>"Development of an Enhanced Hazard Classification System for Oxidizers Research Project, Technical Report", Safety Engineering Laboratories, Inc., The Fire Protection Research Foundation, 13 April 2006</ref> ==Applications== During [[World War I]] England and France used mixtures featuring ammonium perchlorate (such as "balstine") as a substitute high explosive. The primary use of ammonium perchlorate is in making solid rocket propellants.<ref>[http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/PERC-1.pdf "Perchlorate: Overview of Issues, Status, and Remedial Actions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001320/http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/PERC-1.pdf |date=15 March 2012 }}, ITRC, September 2005</ref> When AP is mixed with a fuel (like a powdered aluminium and/or with an [[elastomer]]ic [[Binder (material)|binder]]), it can generate self-sustained combustion at pressures far below atmospheric pressure. It is an important oxidizer with a decades-long history of use in [[Solid-fuel rocket#Propellant families|solid rocket propellant]]s – [[space launch]] (including the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster#Propellant|Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster]]), military, [[amateur rocketry|amateur]], and hobby [[High-power rocketry|high-power rocket]]s, as well as in some fireworks. Some "breakable" [[Epoxy#Adhesives|epoxy adhesive]]s contain suspensions of AP. Upon heating to 300°C, the AP degrades the organic adhesive, breaking the cemented joint. ==Toxicity== Perchlorate itself confers little acute toxicity. For example, sodium perchlorate has an {{LD50}} of 2–4g/kg and is eliminated rapidly after ingestion.<ref name=Ullmann/> However, chronic exposure to perchlorates, even in low concentrations, has been shown to cause various [[thyroid]] problems, as it is taken up in place of iodine. ==References== {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Perchlorate Oxidizers |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oxidizers |publisher=De Gruyter |last= Schmidt |first=Eckart W. |date=2022 |pages=3383–3880 |doi=10.1515/9783110750294-028 |isbn=978-3-11-075029-4}} {{Ammonium salts}} {{Perchlorates}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ammonium Perchlorate}} [[Category:Ammonium compounds]] [[Category:Perchlorates]] [[Category:Pyrotechnic oxidizers]] [[Category:Rocket oxidizers]] [[Category:Oxidizing agents]] [[Category:Explosive chemicals]]
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