Editing Anadenanthera

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Anadenanthera peregrina.jpg
|taxon = Anadenanthera
|authority = [[Speg.]] Speg.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 2; see text
|synonyms = ''Niopa'' <small>([[Benth.]]) Britton & Rose</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296601-2 ''Anadenanthera'' Speg.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</ref>
}}

'''''Anadenanthera''''' is a genus of [[South America]]n trees in the [[Legume]] family, [[Fabaceae]]. The genus contains two species, ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina|A. colubrina]]'' and ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina|A. peregrina]]''. These trees are known to the western world primarily as sources of the [[hallucinogenic snuff]]s [[Anadenanthera colubrina|vilca]]/cebil and [[yopo]]/cohoba.

The main active constituent of ''Anadenanthera'' is [[bufotenin]].<ref name="Ott2001a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ott J | title = Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine | journal = J Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 273–281 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11718320 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 | url = }}</ref><ref name="Ott2001b">{{cite book | vauthors = [[Jonathan Ott|Ott J]] | chapter=Shamanic-Snuff Psychonautica: Pharmañopo: Bufotenine—Psychonautics | pages=99–116 (105–112, 114–115) | title=Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines | publisher=Entheobotanica | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-888755-02-2 | oclc=56061312 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUP7NwAACAAJ | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/vdocuments.mx_unknown-55b347d139b58/page/n51/mode/1up | access-date=24 January 2025 }}</ref><ref name="WalkerPullellaPiggott2023">{{cite journal | last=Walker | first=Scott R. | last2=Pullella | first2=Glenn A. | last3=Piggott | first3=Matthew J. | last4=Duggan | first4=Peter J. | title=Introduction to the chemistry and pharmacology of psychedelic drugs | journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry | volume=76 | issue=5 | date=5 July 2023 | issn=0004-9425 | doi=10.1071/CH23050 | doi-access=free | pages=236–257 | url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/ch/pdf/CH23050 | access-date=15 April 2025 | quote=An alternative strategy discovered by early cultures is to administer the psychoactive substances in the form of snuffs, thus avoiding the ‘first-pass metabolism’ that occurs in the liver if taken orally. Although widespread across South America and the Caribbean, this practice is thought to originate from continental South America. Seeds of two Anadenanthera species, A. peregrina and A. colubrina, and the resin of a number of Virola species, were used for this purpose and have been shown to contain DMT (2), a range of DMT analogues and β-carbolines.[7] Bufotenin (11), in particular, is found in seeds of certain species of Anadenanthera and in the latex of a sub-species of the north-eastern South American tree Brosimum acutifolium used by indigenous shamans.[11] In addition to plant sources, bufotenin (11) is also found in the skin secretions and eggs of several toads, particularly the Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius). The evidence that bufotenin is actually psychoactive is weak, however, and these toad secretions contain several other tryptamines including more powerful psychedelics such as 5-MeO-DMT (12, Fig. 1).[12]}}</ref>

==Species==
* ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]'' {{small|(Vell.) Brenan}}
** [[Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil|''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'']]
** [[Anadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina|''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''colubrina'']]
* ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]'' {{small|(L.) Speg.}}
** [[Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata|''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''falcata'']]
** [[Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina|''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'']]

==Chemical compounds==
[[Chemical compound]]s contained in ''Anadenanthera'' include:
* [[5-MeO-DMT|5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine]], bark<ref name="vis">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMSFT5K3C9wC&dq=acacia+alkaloids&pg=PA107|title=Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America|first1=Constantino Manuel|last1=Torres|first2=David B.|last2=Repke|date=April 7, 2006|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2642-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Serotonin]]<ref name="vis"/>
* [[N-Methylserotonin]]<ref name="vis"/>  
* 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, bark<ref name="vis"/>    
* [[Bufotenin]], seeds, bark<ref name="vis"/>
* Bufotenine [[N-oxide]], seeds<ref name="vis"/>   
* N,N-[[Dimethyltryptamine]], seeds, pods, bark<ref name="vis"/> 
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-N-oxide, Seeds<ref name="vis"/>  
* N-[[Methyltryptamine]], bark<ref name="vis"/>
* 2-Methyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole<ref name="vis"/>
* 2-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole<ref name="vis"/>
* 1,2-Dimethyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole<ref name="vis"/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===General references===
* [[Constantino Manuel Torres|Constantino Torres]] - Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of South America (2006) {{ISBN|0-7890-2642-2}}
* [[Jonathan Ott]] - Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines (2001) {{ISBN|1-888755-02-4}}
* [[Richard Evans Schultes]] - Plants of the Gods (1992) {{ISBN|0-89281-979-0}}
* Patricia J. Knobloch - Wari Ritual Power at Conchopata: An Interpretation of Anadenanthera Colubrina Iconography. Latin American Antiquity 11(4), 2000, pp.&nbsp;387–402.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904021306/http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=78 Lycaeum > Leda > Anadenanthera]
* Juan P. Ogalde, Bernardo T. Arriaza, and Elia C. Soto - Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.). Latin American Antiquity 21(4), 2010, pp 441–450.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112041528/http://www.see-emc.net/  Society of Ethnobotanical Studies and Modified States of Consciousness]
* [http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~bharley/WWWPlantIDICON.html#Acolubrina Who Was Who in the Andean Middle Horizon Prehistory: Plant Identification]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=cMSFT5K3C9wC&pg=PA121&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=--zI-ThP1jSuZlgXlfXhKMG0MCU#PPA102,M1 Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2439787}}
{{Psychedelics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anadenanthera| ]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carlo Luigi Spegazzini]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]