Editing Anarchist communism

{{Short description|Political ideology and school of thought}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{anarchist communism sidebar}}
{{communism sidebar|variants}}
{{anarchism sidebar|schools}}
'''Anarchist communism'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Also known as '''anarcho-communism'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodges |first1=Donald C. |author1-link=Donald C. Hodges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ |title=Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics for the Twenty-First Century |year=2014 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0292715646 |language=en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ&q=Anarcho-communism&pg=PA3 3] |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722044609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kinna |first1=Ruth |author1-link=Ruth Kinna |title=The Bloomsbury Companion to Anarchism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1441142702 |language=en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ&q=Anarcho-communism&pg=PA329 329] |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214158/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNuoAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wetherly |first1=Paul |title=Political Ideologies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0198727859 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism 130], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism 137], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism 424] |language=en |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722044620/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXfJDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> or '''libertarian communism'''.{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=145}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolloten |first=Burnett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC&q=%22libertarian%20communism%22&pg=PA65 |title=The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0807819067 |page=65 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211095511/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC&q=%22libertarian%20communism%22&pg=PA65 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>}} is a [[Far-left politics|far-left]] [[political ideology]] and [[Anarchist schools of thought|anarchist school of thought]] that advocates [[communism]]. It calls for the abolition of [[private property|private]] [[real property]] but retention of [[personal property]] and [[Collective ownership|collectively-owned]] items, goods, and services. It supports [[common ownership|social ownership]] of property and the distribution of resources (i.e. [[from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs]]).

Anarchist communism was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the [[International Workingmen's Association]].{{Sfn|Pernicone|1993|pp=111–113}} The theoretical work of [[Peter Kropotkin]] took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organizationalist and insurrectionary anti-organizationalist section.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=74–75}} Examples of anarchist communist societies are the anarchist territories of the [[Makhnovshchina]] during the [[Russian Revolution]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Skirda |first=Alexandre |author-link=Alexandre Skirda |title=Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Cossack |publisher=[[AK Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-902593-68-5 |location=Edinburgh |page=394 |translator-last=Sharkey |translator-first=Paul |oclc=58872511 |orig-year=1982}}</ref> and those of the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Spanish Revolution]], most notably [[revolutionary Catalonia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1045 |first=Murray |last=Bookchin |author-link=Murray Bookchin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194646/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D1045 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |title=To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936 |date=2 February 2017 |quote=In anarchist industrial areas like Catalonia, an estimated three-quarters of the economy was placed under workers’ control, as it was in anarchist rural areas like Aragon. [...] In the more thoroughly anarchist areas, particularly among the agrarian collectives, money was eliminated and the material means of life were allocated strictly according to need rather than work, following the traditional precepts of a libertarian communist society.}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Forerunners ===
The modern current of [[communism]] was founded by the [[Neo-Babouvism|Neo-Babouvists]]<ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
 |last1                = Sandle
 |first1               = Mark
 |date                 = 22 May 2014
 |orig-date            = 2006
 |chapter              = The rise of 'modern' communism
 |title                = Communism
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=2eihAwAAQBAJ
 |series               = Short Histories of Big Ideas
 |publication-place    = Abingdon
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |page                 = 
 |isbn                 = 9781317869894
 |access-date          = 30 November 2024
 |quote                = 'Communism' as a concept began to circulate in France in the ferment created after the [[July Revolution|1830 revolution]], but emerged in the 1840s to designate those groups who adhered to the views of [[Étienne Cabet|Cabet]]. [...] In opposition to the socialists, the 'communists' emphasized revolution, militancy, class struggle and radical egalitarianism. [...] The origins of communism as an organized movement which emphasized and propagated these themes can be traced to the 1830s. [...] In 1836 in Paris a small group of German exiles formed the [[League of the Just]], dedicated to carrying on the [[Gracchus Babeuf|Babouvist]] tradition of revolution and radicalism.
}} 
</ref>
of the journal {{lang | fr | {{ill|L'Humanitaire|fr|L'Humanitaire}}}} (published in mid-1841),<ref>
{{Cite web
| url          = https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/catalogue/livre/lhumanitaire-1841/31379
| title        = L'Humanitaire (1841): Naissance d'une presse anarchiste ?
| last1        = Paris
| first1       = Jean-Michel
| year         = 2014
| publisher    = L'Harmattan
| language     = fr
| access-date  = 30 November 2024
| quote        = En juillet 1841 paraît L'Humanitaire, un journal qu'on prétend communiste mais qui est aussitôt condamné par tous les périodiques communistes. Franchement matérialiste et même anarchiste, ce journal est assurément un témoin original de la formation d'idéologies radicales, sous la Monarchie de Juillet. 
}}
</ref>
who drew from the "anti-political and anarchist ideas" of [[Sylvain Maréchal]] (1750–1803).<ref>{{harvnb|Pengam|1987|p=62}}: "[...] the communists around the journal {{lang | fr | L'Humanitaire, organe de la science sociale}} advocated a programme of action very close to that of Dézamy, proposing, among other things, the abolition of marriage. In addition, they made travel one of the principal characteristics of communist society, because it would bring about mixing of the races and interchange between industrial and agricultural activities. This group also identified itself with the Babouvist Sylvain Maréchal for having proclaimed 'anti-political and anarchist ideas'."</ref>
The foundations of anarcho-communism were laid by [[Théodore Dézamy]] in his 1843 work ''Code de la Communauté'',<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Dézamy
 |first1               = Théodore
 |author-link1         = Théodore Dézamy
 |year                 = 1843
 |title                = Code de la communauté
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zL8s6cyDK4C
 |access-date          = 16 December 2024
}} 
</ref>
which he formulated as a critique of [[Étienne Cabet]]'s [[utopian socialism]]. In his ''Code'', Dézamy advocated the abolition of [[money]], of the [[division of labour]] and of the [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Dézamy
 |first1               = Théodore
 |author-link1         = Théodore Dézamy
 |year                 = 1843
 |title                = Code de la communauté
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zL8s6cyDK4C
 |access-date          = 16 December 2024
 |page                 = 236
 |quote                = L'état, a proprement parler, n'est qu'une collection de communes toutes égales entre elles, mais une collection harmonieuse et intelligente.
}} 
</ref>
He also championed the introduction of [[common ownership]] of property and the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]". In anticipation of anarchist communism, Dézamy rejected the need for a transitional stage between [[capitalism]] and communism, instead calling for immediate [[communisation]] through the direct cessation of [[commerce]].{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=61–62}}

[[File:Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of the [[June Days uprising]] of 1848, which [[Joseph Déjacque]] considered to be a [[social revolution]] by the [[proletariat]] ]]

Following the [[French Revolution of 1848]], [[Joseph Déjacque]] (1821–1865) formulated a radical form of communism that opposed both the [[revolutionary republic]]anism of [[Auguste Blanqui]] and the [[mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]]. Déjacque opposed the authoritarian conception of a "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]" as discussed by [[Joseph Weydemeyer]] and by [[Karl Marx]] from 1852 onwards; he regarded it as inherently [[reactionary]] and [[counter-revolutionary]]. Instead, he upheld the [[autonomy]] and [[self-organisation]] of workers, which he saw expressed during the 1848 [[June Days uprising]] in Paris against the [[representative democracy|representative politics]] of governmentalism. Opposed not just to government, but to all forms of [[oppression]], Déjacque advocated for a [[social revolution]] to abolish the state, as well as religion, what would become known as the [[nuclear family]], and private property. In their place, Déjacque upheld a form of [[anarchy]] based on the free distribution of resources.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=62–64}}

Déjacque particularly focused his critique on private commerce, such as that espoused by Proudhon and by the [[Ricardian socialism|Ricardian socialists]] of the 1820s and 1830s. He advocated workers' right to the satisfaction of their needs, rather than to keep the product of their own labour, as he felt the latter would inevitably lead to [[capital accumulation]]. He thus advocated for all property to be held under common ownership and for "unlimited freedom of production and consumption", subordinated only to the authority of the "statistics book". In order to guarantee the universal satisfaction of needs, Déjacque saw the need for the abolition of [[forced labour]] through [[workers' self-management]], and the abolition of the [[division of labour]] through integrating the [[proletariat]] and the [[intelligentsia]] into a single class. In order to achieve this vision of a communist society, he proposed a transitionary period of in which [[direct democracy]] and [[barter|direct exchange]] would be upheld, positions of state would undergo [[democratization]], and the [[police]] and [[military]] would be abolished.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=64–66}}

Déjacque's communist platform, outlined in his ''Humanisphere'' (1859), preceded the program of the 1871 [[Paris Commune]], and anticipated the anarcho-communism later elaborated by [[Errico Malatesta]] (1853–1932), [[Peter Kropotkin]] (1842–1921) and [[Luigi Galleani]] (1862–1931).{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=66–67}}

=== Formulation in the International Workingmen's Association ===
{{main|International Workingmen's Association}}
[[File:Mikhail Bakunin 1862 Nadar (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Mikhail Bakunin]] led the anti-authoritarian faction within the [[International Workingmen's Association]].]]
The [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA) was established in 1864,{{Sfnm|1a1=Chattopadhyay|1y=2018|1pp=178–179|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=326|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3p=67}} at a time when a formalised anarchist movement did not yet exist. Of the few individual anarchists who were influential at this time, it was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, with his conception of [[federalism]] and his advocacy of [[abstentionism]], who inspired many of the French delegates who founded the IWA and laid the groundwork for the growth of anarchism.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=326–327}} Among the French delegates were a more radical minority that opposed Proudhon's mutualism, which held the [[nuclear family]] as its base social unit. Led by the trade-unionist [[Eugène Varlin]], the radicals advocated for a "non-authoritarian communism", which upheld the [[Municipality#Communes|commune]] as the base social unit and advocated for the [[universal access to education]].{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=327–328}} The entry of [[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876) into the IWA in 1868 first infused the federalists with a programme of [[revolutionary socialism]] and [[anti-statism]], which agitated for [[workers' self-management]] and [[direct action]] against capitalism and the state.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=329–332}}

By this time, the [[Marxism|Marxists]] of the IWA had begun to denounce their [[anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] opponents as "anarchists", a label previously adopted by Proudhon and Déjacque and later accepted by the anti-authoritarians themselves.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|pp=217-218}} Following the defeat of the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871, the IWA split over questions of [[socialist economics]] and the means of bringing about a [[classless society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1pp=332–333|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=67}} [[Karl Marx]], who favoured the conquest of state power by political parties, banned the anarchists from the IWA.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|p=334}} The anarchist faction around the [[Jura Federation]] resolved to reconstitute as their own [[Anarchist St. Imier International|Anti-Authoritarian International]], which they constructed as a more decentralised and federal organisation.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=334–336}} Two of the IWA's largest branches, in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[First Spanish Republic|Spain]], repudiated Marxism and adopted the anti-authoritarian platform.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=23|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2pp=335–336}}

[[File:James_Guillaume.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[James Guillaume]]'s work set the foundation for the development of communism from collectivism.]]
As a [[collectivist anarchism|collectivist]], Bakunin had himself opposed communism, which he regarded as an inherently [[authoritarian socialism|authoritarian ideology]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Chattopadhyay|1y=2018|1p=169|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=67|3a1=Pernicone|3y=1993|3p=28|4a1=Turcato|4y=2019|4p=238}} But with Bakunin's death in 1876, the anarchists began to shift away from his theory of collectivism and towards an anarchist communism.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|p=214}} The term "anarchist communism" was first printed in [[François Dumartheray]]'s February 1876 pamphlet, ''To manual workers, supporters of political action''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=107|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69}} [[Élisée Reclus]] was quick to express his support for anarchist communism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=109|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=338|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69}} at a meeting of the Anti-Authoritarian International in [[Lausanne]] the following month.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=68–69}} [[James Guillaume]]'s August 1876 pamphlet, ''Ideas on Social Organisation'', outlined a proposal by which the [[collective ownership]] of the [[means of production]] could be used in order to transition towards a [[communist society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=108|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=67–68|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=111–112}} Guillaume considered a necessary prerequisite for communism would be a general condition of [[Post-scarcity economy|abundance]], which could set the foundation for the abandonment of [[exchange value]] and the free distribution of resources.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=108|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=338|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3p=68|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=111–112}} This program for anarcho-communism was adopted by the [[Anarchism in Italy|Italian anarchists]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=338|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=110–111|5a1=Turcato|5y=2019|5p=238}} who had already begun to question collectivism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1pp=107–108|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2pp=68–69|3a1=Pernicone|3y=1993|3pp=110–111|4a1=Turcato|4y=2019|4p=238}}

[[File:Carlo Cafiero.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Carlo Cafiero]] led the break from [[collectivist anarchism]] with the first programme for anarchist communism.]]
Although Guillaume had himself [[Anarchism without adjectives|remained neutral]] throughout the debate, in September 1877, the Italian anarcho-communists clashed with the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish collectivists]] in [[Verviers]] at what would be the Anti-Authoritarian International's final congress.{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=339|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}} Alongside the economic question, the two factions were also divided by the question of organisation. While the collectivists upheld [[trade union]]s as a means for achieving anarchy, the communists considered them to be inherently [[reformism|reformist]] and [[counter-revolutionary]] organisations, prone to [[bureaucracy]] and [[corruption]]. Instead, the communists preferred small, loosely-organised [[affinity group]]s, which they believed closer conformed to anti-authoritarian principles.{{Sfn|Esenwein|1989|pp=108–109}}

In October 1880, a Congress of the defunct International's [[Jura Federation]] adopted [[Carlo Cafiero]]'s programme of ''Anarchy and Communism'', which outlined a clear break with Guillaume's collectivist programme.{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=340|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}} Cafiero rejected the use of an exchange value and the collective ownership of industry, which he believed would lead to [[capital accumulation]] and consequently to [[social stratification]]. Instead, Cafiero called for the abolition of all [[wage labour]] (which he saw as a relic of [[capitalism]]) and for the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1pp=107–108|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}}

=== Organizationalism vs. insurrectionarism and expansion ===
{{main|Insurrectionary anarchism}}
As anarcho-communism emerged in the mid-19th century, it had an intense debate with [[Bakuninist]] [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]] and, within the anarchist movement, over participation in the workers' movement, as well as on other issues. So in Kropotkin's anarcho-communist theory of evolution, the risen people themselves are meant to be the rational industrial manager rather than a working class organized as enterprise.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=74–75}}

Between 1880 and 1890, with the "perspective of an [[immanent]] revolution", which was "opposed to the official workers' movement, which was then in the process of formation (general [[Social democracy|Social Democratisation]]) [anarchist communists] were opposed not only to political (statist) struggles but also to strikes which put forward wage or other claims, or which were organised by trade unions." However, "[w]hile they were not opposed to strikes as such, they were opposed to trade unions and the struggle for the [[eight-hour day]]. This anti-reformist tendency was accompanied by an anti-organisational tendency, and its partisans declared themselves in favor of agitation amongst the unemployed for the expropriation of foodstuffs and other articles, for the expropriatory strike and, in some cases, for '[[individual recuperation]]' or acts of terrorism."{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=74–75}}

Even after [[Peter Kropotkin]] and others overcame their initial reservations and decided to enter [[labor union]]s, anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists remained, such as [[Sébastien Faure]]'s ''Le Libertaire'' group and Russian partisans of [[economic terrorism]] and {{linktext|expropriation}}s.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|p=75}}

Most anarchist publications in the United States appeared in Yiddish, German, or Russian. However, the American anarcho-communist journal [[Free Society|''The Firebrand'']] was published in English, permitting the dissemination of anarchist communist thought to English-speaking populations in the United States.<ref name="Goldman-MSF-551">{{Cite book |quote =''Free Society'' was the principal English-language forum for anarchist ideas in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. |editor-last =Falk |editor-first =Candace |date =2005 |title =Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Vol. 2: Making Speech Free, 1902–1909 |page =[https://books.google.com/books?id=maVVkiKG3nQC&pg=PA551 551] |publisher =University of California Press |isbn =978-0-520-22569-5}}</ref>

According to the anarchist historian [[Max Nettlau]], the first use of the term "libertarian communism" came with the 1880 [[List of anarchist congresses#Other congresses|Le Havre anarchist congress]] used the phrase to identify its doctrines more clearly.<ref>{{harvnb|Nettlau|1996|p=145}} this led to the adoption of the term 'libertarian communism' at the French regional Congress at Le Havre</ref><ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
 |last1                = Woodcock
 |first1               = George
 |author-link1         = George Woodcock
 |translator-last1     = Calvé
 |translator-first1    = Nicolas
 |year                 = 2022
 |orig-date            = 1986
 |title                = L'anarchisme: Une histoire des idées et mouvements libertaires
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ght2EAAAQBAJ
 |language             = fr
 |publisher            = Lux Éditeur
 |isbn                 = 9782898330537
 |access-date          = 16 December 2024
 |quote                = En 1877 [...] Varlam Tcherkezichvili, prince géorgien actif parmi les anarchists de Suisse dans les années 1870, affirme que l'ensemble du milieu a accepté l'idée de communisme libertaire sans en utiliser le nom. [...] L'étape qui consacrera l'appellation de 'communiste libertaire' sera franchie en 1880 lorsque Kropotkine, Reclus et Cafiero convaincront les participants à un Congrès de la Fédération jurassienne d'adopter le communisme libertaire comme doctrine économique. 
}} 
</ref>
The French anarchist journalist [[Sébastien Faure]], later founder and editor of the four-volume ''[[Anarchist Encyclopedia]],'' started the weekly paper {{lang|fr|Le Libertaire}} (''The Libertarian'') in 1895.{{Sfn|Nettlau|1996|p=162}}

=== Methods of organizing: platformism vs. synthesism ===
{{main|Anarchism in Russia|Makhnovshchina|Platformism|Synthesis anarchism}}
[[File:1921. Нестор Махно в лагере для перемещенных лиц в Румынии.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.65|[[Nestor Makhno]], 1921]]

In [[Ukraine]], the anarcho-communist guerrilla leader [[Nestor Makhno]] led an independent anarchist army from 1918 to 1921 during the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1923. A commander of the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]], Makhno led a [[guerrilla]] campaign opposing both the Bolshevik "Reds" and monarchist "Whites". The [[Makhnovshchina|Makhnovist movement]] made various tactical military pacts while fighting various reactionary forces and organizing an [[list of anarchist communities|anarchist society]] committed to resisting state authority, whether [[Capitalist state|capitalist]] or [[Bolshevik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last =Yekelchyk |first =Serhy |author-link =Serhy Yekelchyk |date =2007 |title =Ukraine : Birth of a Modern Nation |publisher =Oxford University Press |page =80 |isbn =978-0-19-530546-3}}</ref><ref name="OIHMW163">{{cite book |editor-first =Charles |editor-last =Townshend |title =The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War |publisher =[[Oxford University Press]] |year =1997 |isbn =978-0198204275 |url-access =registration |url =https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_i3j8|page =[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_i3j8/page/163/mode/1up 163]}}</ref>

The [[Dielo Truda]] platform in Spain also met with strong criticism. Miguel Jimenez, a founding member of the [[Iberian Anarchist Federation]] (FAI, founded in 1927), summarized this as follows: too much influence in it of [[Marxism]], it erroneously divided and reduced anarchists between individualist anarchists and anarcho-communist sections, and it wanted to unify the anarchist movement along the lines of the anarcho-communists. Jimenez saw anarchism as more complex than that, that anarchist tendencies are not mutually exclusive as the [[platformism|platformists]] saw it and that both individualist and communist views could accommodate [[anarcho-syndicalism]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Garner|2008}}: "Jiménez evitó ahondar demasiado en sus críticas hacia la naturaleza abiertamente marxista de algunas partes de la Plataforma, limitándose a aludir a la crítica de Santillán en La Protesta, que afirmaba que los rusos no habían sido el único grupo responsable de permitir la infiltración de las ideas marxistas, lo que iba claramente dirigido a los sindicalistas de España17. Jiménez aceptó que la Plataforma había sido un intento encomiable de resolver el eterno problema de la desunión dentro de las filas anarquistas, pero consideraba que el programa ruso tenía sus defectos. La Plataforma se basaba en una premisa errónea sobre la naturaleza de las tendencias dentro del movimiento anarquista: dividía a los anarquistas en dos grupos diferentes, individualistas y comunistas, y con ello rechazaba la influencia de los primeros y proponía la unificación del movimiento anarquista en torno a la ideas de los segundos. Jiménez afirmaba que la realidad era mucho más compleja: esas diferentes tendencias dentro del movimiento anarquista no eran contradictorias ni excluyentes. Por ejemplo, era posible encontrar elementos en ambos grupos que apoyaran las tácticas del anarcosindicalismo. Por tanto, rechazaba el principal argumento de los plataformistas según el cual las diferentes tendencias se excluían entre sí."</ref> Sébastian Faure had strong contacts in Spain, so his proposal had more impact on Spanish anarchists than the Dielo Truda platform, even though individualist anarchist influence in Spain was less intense than it was in France. The main goal there was reconciling anarcho-communism with [[anarcho-syndicalism]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Garner|2008}}: "Debido a sus contactos e influencia con el movimiento del exilio español, la propuesta de Faure arraigó más en los círculos españoles que la Plataforma, y fue publicada en las prensas libertarias tanto en España como en Bélgica25. En esencia, Faure intentaba reunir a la familia anarquista sin imponer la rígida estructura que proponía la Plataforma, y en España se aceptó así. Opuesta a la situación de Francia, en España la influencia del anarquismo individualista no fue un motivo serio de ruptura. Aunque las ideas de ciertos individualistas como Han Ryner y Émile Armand tuvieron cierto impacto sobre el anarquismo español, afectaron sólo a aspectos como el sexo y el amor libre."</ref>

=== Spanish Revolution of 1936 ===
{{main|Spanish Revolution of 1936}}
[[File:CNT-AIT-FAI.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|CNT-FAI Anarchists during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]]]]
The most extensive application of anarcho-communist ideas happened in the anarchist territories during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]].<ref name="Spain 1936">{{cite book |url =http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1045 |first =Murray |last=Bookchin |author-link=Murray Bookchin |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194646/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D1045 |archive-date =23 October 2021 |title =To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936|date =2 February 2017}}</ref>

In Spain, the national anarcho-syndicalist trade union [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT) initially refused to join a popular-front electoral alliance, and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right-wing election victory. In 1936, the CNT changed its policy, and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an attempted [[Spanish coup of July 1936|coup]], which led to the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936–1939.<ref>{{cite book |last =Beevor |first =Antony |author-link =Antony Beevor |year =2006 |page =46 |title =The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 |publisher =[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location =London |isbn =978-0297848325}}</ref> In response to the army rebellion, an [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchist-inspired]] movement of peasants and industrial workers, supported by armed militias, took control of [[Barcelona]] and of large areas of rural Spain, where they [[Collective farming|collectivized]] the land.<ref name='Bolloten 1984, p.54'>{{cite book |last = Bolloten |first =Burnett |author-link =Burnett Bolloten |title =The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher =[[University of North Carolina Press]] |year =1984 |page =1107 |isbn =978-0-8078-6043-4}}</ref> However, even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the [[Stalinism|Stalinists]], who controlled the distribution of military aid from the [[Soviet Union]] to the Republican cause. The events known as the "Spanish Revolution" was a workers' [[social revolution]] that began during the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchist]] and, more broadly, [[libertarian socialist]] organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily in [[Catalonia]], [[Anarchist Aragon|Aragon]], [[Andalusia]], and parts of [[Levante, Spain|the Levante]]. Much of [[Spain's economy]] was put under worker control; in [[anarchist]] strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Communist Party of Spain]] influence, as the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-allied party actively resisted attempts at [[collectivization]]-enactment. Factories were run through worker committees, and [[Agriculture|agrarian]] areas became collectivized and ran as libertarian [[Commune (intentional community)|communes]].

Anarchist [[Gaston Leval]] estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish Revolution,{{Sfn|Dolgoff|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/anarchistcollect0000dolg/page/6/mode/1up 6]}} which historian [[Sam Dolgoff]] claimed was the closest any revolution had come to realizing a free, [[Stateless society|stateless mass society]].{{Sfn|Dolgoff|1974|p=5}} Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both [[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification|dissident Marxists]] and anarchists.<ref>{{cite book |isbn =978-1571815422 |page =29 |title =Sartre Against Stalinism |first =Ian |last =Birchall |year =2004 |publisher =[[Berghahn Books]]}}</ref>

=== Post-war years ===
[[File:Museo Reina Sofía cartel 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|An [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] poster from the libertarian socialist factions of [[Madrid]], reading "The surveillance of the city must be ensured by the Antifascist Popular Guard" as a warning against [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] terrorism]]
Anarcho-communism entered into internal debates over the organization issue in the post-World War II era. Founded in October 1935, the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Argentina (FACA, Federación Anarco-Comunista Argentina) in 1955 renamed itself the [[Argentine Libertarian Federation]]. The [[Fédération Anarchiste]] (FA), founded in Paris on 2 December 1945,  elected the platformist anarcho-communist George Fontenis as its first secretary the following year. It was composed of a majority of activists from the former FA (which supported [[Volin]]'s [[Synthesis anarchism|Synthesis]]) and some members of the former Union Anarchiste (which supported the CNT-FAI support to the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War), as well as some young [[Resistance during World War II|Resistant]]s.<ref>
[https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 ''Économie anarchiste: Libérer l’économie anarchiste, repenser la richesse, le pouvoir et la coopération'']
</ref>
In 1950 a clandestine group formed within the FA called Organisation Pensée Bataille (OPB), led by George Fontenis.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}}

The new decision-making process was founded on [[unanimity]]: each person has a right of veto on the orientations of the federation. The FCL published the same year {{lang|fr|Manifeste du communisme libertaire}}. Several groups quit the FCL in December 1955, disagreeing with the decision to present "revolutionary candidates" to the legislative elections. On 15–20 August 1954, the Ve intercontinental plenum of the CNT took place. A group called {{lang|fr|Entente anarchiste}} appeared, which was formed of militants who did not like the new ideological orientation that the OPB was giving the FCL seeing it was authoritarian and almost Marxist.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guérin|2000}}: "Si la critique de la déviation autoritaire de la FA est le principal fait de ralliement, on peut ressentir dès le premier numéro un état d'esprit qui va longtemps coller à la peau des anarchistes français. Cet état d'esprit se caractérise ainsi sous une double forme : d'une part un rejet inconditionnel de l'ennemi marxiste, d'autre part des questions sur le rôle des anciens et de l'évolution idéologique de l'anarchisme. C'est Fernand Robert qui attaque le premier : "Le LIB est devenu un journal marxiste. En continuant à le soutenir, tout en reconnaissant qu'il ne nous plaît pas, vous faîtes une mauvaise action contre votre idéal anarchiste. Vous donnez la main à vos ennemis dans la pensée. Même si la FA disparaît, même si le LIB disparaît, l'anarchie y gagnera. Le marxisme ne représente plus rien. Il faut le mettre bas; je pense la même chose des dirigeants actuels de la FA. L'ennemi se glisse partout."</ref> The FCL lasted until 1956, just after participating in state legislative elections with ten candidates. This move alienated some members of the FCL and thus produced the end of the organization.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} A group of militants who disagreed with the FA turning into FCL reorganized a new Federation Anarchiste established in December 1953.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} This included those who formed ''L'Entente anarchiste,'' who joined the new FA and then dissolved L'Entente. The new base principles of the FA were written by the individualist anarchist [[Charles-Auguste Bontemps]] and the non-platformist anarcho-communist [[Maurice Joyeux]] which established an organization with a plurality of tendencies and autonomy of groups organized around [[Synthesist anarchism|synthesist principles]].{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} According to historian Cédric Guérin, the new Federation Anarchiste identity included the unconditional rejection of [[Marxism]], motivated in significant part by the previous conflict with George Fontenis and his OPB.{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}} In the 1970s, the French [[Fédération Anarchiste]] evolved into a joining of the principles of [[synthesis anarchism]] and [[platformism]].{{Sfn|Guérin|2000}}

== Philosophical debates ==

=== Motivation ===
	
Anarchist communists reject the belief that "wage labor is necessary because people are selfish by human nature." Most would point to examples of humans being willing to sacrifice time or resources for others and believe that systems of wage labor and state taxation serve more to restrict that instinct to help others rather than ensuring a society continues to function. Anarcho-communists generally do not agree with the belief in a pre-set "human nature", arguing that human culture and behavior are primarily determined by [[socialization]] and the [[mode of production]]. Many anarchist communists, like [[Peter Kropotkin]], also believe that the [[evolutionary anthropology|human evolutionary tendency]] is for [[evolution of morality|humans to cooperate for mutual benefit and survival]] instead of existing as lone competitors, a position that Kropotkin argued for at length.<ref name="Mutual Aid">{{Cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]] |date=1902 |publisher=McClure Philips & Co. |location=New York}}</ref>
	
While anarchist communists such as [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Murray Bookchin]] believed that the members of such a society would voluntarily perform all necessary labor because they would recognize the benefits of communal enterprise and mutual aid,<ref name="Mutual Aid"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=[[Conquest of Bread]] |date=1892 |publisher=Tresse et Stock |location= Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]] |date=1902 |publisher= G.P. Putnam's sons |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bookchin |first=Murray |title=Post Scarcity Anarchism |date=2004 |publisher= AK Press |isbn=1-904859-06-2}}</ref> other anarchist communists such as Nestor Makhno and Ricardo Flores Magón argue that all those able to work in an anarchist communist society should be obligated to do so, excepting groups like children, the elderly, the sick, or the infirm.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Dielo Trouda Editorial Group |title=Supplement to the Organizational Platform (Questions and Answers) |date=2 November 1926 |url=http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/supporg.htm |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043010/http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/supporg.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021 |via= The Nestor Makhno Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Puente |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Puente |year=1982 |orig-year=originally published 1932 |title=Libertarian Communism |url=https://libcom.org/article/libertarian-communism-isaac-puente |magazine=Anarchist Review |issue=6 |location=[[Orkney]] |publisher=[[Cienfuegos Press]] |via=libcom.org |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120182615/https://libcom.org/article/libertarian-communism-isaac-puente |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= Berneri |first=Camilo |chapter=The Problem of Work |page=74 |title=Why Work? : Arguments for the Leisure Society |editor-first= Vernon |editor-last= Richards |date=1983 |publisher= Freedom Press |isbn=0-900384-25-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|via=The Internet Archive |last= Flores Magón |first= Ricardo|chapter=Manifesto |orig-year=23 September 1911 |title=Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magón Reader |editor1-first= Charles|editor1-last=Bufe |editor2-first=Mitchell Cowen |editor2-last=Verter |pages=139, 141, 144 |date= 2005 |url= https://archive.org/details/dreamsoffreedomr0000flor/ |publisher=AK Press |isbn= 978-1-904859-24-6 }}</ref> Kropotkin did not think [[laziness]] or [[sabotage]] would be a significant problem in an authentically anarchist-communist society. However, he did agree that a freely associated anarchist commune could, and probably should, deliberately disassociate from those not fulfilling their communal agreement to do their share of work.<ref>{{cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |title= Chapter 12: Objections |wslink=The Conquest of Bread/Chapter 12 |work=[[The Conquest of Bread]] |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |location= New York and London |date=1906}}</ref> [[Peter Gelderloos]], based on the [[Kibbutz]], argues that motivation in a moneyless society would be found in the satisfaction of work, concern for the community, competition for prestige, and praise from other community members.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Anarchy Works |last=Gelderloos |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Gelderloos |year=2010 |publisher=Ardent Press |isbn=978-1-62049-020-4}}</ref>
	
=== Freedom, work, and leisure ===
	
Anarchist communists support communism as a means for ensuring the greatest freedom and well-being for everyone, rather than only the wealthy and powerful. In this sense, anarchist communism is a profoundly [[egalitarian]] philosophy.
	
Kropotkin said that the main authoritarian mistakes in communist experiments of the past were their being based on "religious enthusiasm"<ref>{{Harvnb|Kropotkin|1901}}: "nearly all communities were founded by an almost religious wave of enthusiasm. People were asked to become 'pioneers of humanity;' to submit to the dictates of a punctilious morality, to become quite regenerated by Communist life, to give all their time, hours of work and of leisure, to the community, to live entirely for the community. This meant acting simply like monks and to demand—without any necessity—men to be what they are not."</ref> and the desire to live "as a family"<ref>{{Harvnb|Kropotkin|1901}}: "The second mistake lay in the desire to manage the community after the model of a family, to make it 'the great family' They lived all in the same house and were thus forced to continuously meet the same 'brethren and sisters.' It is already difficult often for two real brothers to live together in the same house, and family life is not always harmonious; so it was a fundamental error to impose on all the 'great family' instead of trying, on the contrary, to guarantee as much freedom and home life to each individual."</ref> where the individual had to "submit to the dictates of a punctilious morality".{{Sfn|Kropotkin|1901}} For him, anarcho-communism should be based on the right of free association and disassociation for individuals and groups and on significantly lowering the number of hours each individual dedicates to necessary labor.{{Sfn|Kropotkin|1901}} He says that "to recognise a variety of occupations as the basis of all progress and to organise in such a way that man may be absolutely free during his leisure time, whilst he may also vary his work, a change for which his early education and instruction will have prepared him—this can easily be put in practice in a Communist society—this, again, means the emancipation of the individual, who will find doors open in every direction for his complete development".{{Sfn|Kropotkin|1901}}
	
=== Individualism and collectivism ===
	
Peter Kropotkin argued that individuals sacrificing themselves for the "greater", or being ruled by the "community" or "society", is not possible because society is composed of individuals rather than being a cohesive unit separate from the individual and argue that collective control over the individual is tyrannical and antithetical to anarchism.<ref>{{Cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |translator-first=Henry |translator-last=Glasse |date=1886 |title=The Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution |pp=14–15}}</ref> Others such as [[Lucien van der Walt]] and Michael Schmidt argue that "[t]he anarchists did not [...] identify freedom with the right of everybody to do exactly what one pleased but with a social order in which collective effort and responsibilities—that is to say, obligations—would provide the material basis and social nexus in which individual freedom could exist." They argued that "genuine freedom and individuality could only exist in a free society" and that in contrast to "misanthropic bourgeois individualism" anarchism was based in "a deep love of freedom, understood as a social product, a deep respect for human rights, a profound celebration of humankind and its potential and a commitment to a form of society where a 'true individuality' was irrevocably linked to 'the highest communist socieability'".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Michael |last2=van der Walt |first2=Lucien |author2-link=Lucien van der Walt |title=[[Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Counter-Power vol 1)]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |date=2009 |page=48 |isbn=978-1-904859-16-1}}</ref>
	
=== Property ===
	
[[File:Alexander Berkman 001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alexander Berkman]] advocated for profit to be replaced with communities of common property, where all group members shared possessions]]
	
Anarchist communists counter the capitalist conception that communal property can only be maintained by force and that such a position is neither fixed in nature<ref name="Mutual Aid"/> nor unchangeable in practice, citing numerous examples of communal behavior occurring naturally, even within capitalist systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Ward |date=1973 |title=Anarchism in Action |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-62963-318-6}}</ref> Anarchist communists call for the abolition of [[private property]] while maintaining respect for [[personal property]]. As such, the prominent anarcho-communist [[Alexander Berkman]] maintained that "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people. Land, machinery, and all other public utilities will be collective property, neither to be bought nor sold. Actual use will be considered the only title-not to ownership but to possession. The organization of the coal miners, for example, will be in charge of the coal mines, not as owners but as the operating agency. Similarly will the railroad brotherhoods run the railroads, and so on. Collective possession, cooperatively managed in the interests of the community, will take the place of personal ownership privately conducted for profit."{{Sfn|Berkman|1972}}
	
=== Free association of communes as opposed to the nation-state ===
	
Anarcho-communism calls for a [[Libertarian socialist decentralization|decentralized]] [[Confederalism|confederal]] form in relationships of mutual aid and [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free association]] between communes as an alternative to the [[centralism]] of the [[nation-state]]. Peter Kropotkin thus suggested:
	
{{blockquote|Representative government has accomplished its historical mission; it has given a mortal blow to court-rule; and by its debates it has awakened public interest in public questions. But to see in it the government of the future socialist society is to commit a gross error. Each economic phase of life implies its own political phase; and it is impossible to touch the very basis of the present economic life—private property—without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political organization. Life already shows in which direction the change will be made. Not in increasing the powers of the State, but in resorting to free organization and free federation in all those branches which are now considered as attributes of the State.|author=[[Peter Kropotkin]] |source=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles<ref>{{Cite wikisource |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles |date=1920 |publisher=Freedom Press |location=London}}</ref>}}
	
=== Patriotism ===
Rob Sparrow outlined four main reasons why anarcho-communists oppose patriotism:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Primoratz |first1=Igor |last2=Pavković |first2=Aleksandar |title=Patriotism : philosophical and political perspectives |date=2007 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-8978-2 |location=Aldershot, England |oclc=318534708}}</ref>

* The belief in equality for all people
* The use of patriotism to [[Bourgeois nationalism|subjugate the working class]]
* The association between patriotism and [[militarism]]
* The use of patriotism to encourage [[Nationalism|loyalty to the state]]

== See also ==

{{cols|colwidth=20em}}
* [[:Category:Anarcho-communists|Anarcho-communists]] (category)
* [[Communization]]
* [[Council communism]]
* [[Gift economy]]
* ''[[Libertarian Communism (journal)|Libertarian Communism]]''
* [[Libertarian Marxism]]
* [[Neozapatismo]]
* [[Outline of libertarianism]]
* [[Refusal of work]]
* [[Social anarchism]]
* [[Workers' council]]
{{colend}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
<!-- Comment with which terminology the cited source uses, for easier verifiability -->
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last=Avrich|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Avrich|title=The Russian Anarchists|title-link=The Russian Anarchists|year=1971|orig-year=1967|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=0-691-00766-7|oclc=1154930946}} <!-- Uses "anarchist-communism". -->
* {{cite book |last=Berkman |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Berkman |year=1972 |orig-year=1929 |title-link=Now and After |title=What is Communist Anarchism? |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-22839-8 |lccn=79-188813 |oclc=573111}} <!-- Cited by McLaughlin 2007 and Pengam 1987 -->
* {{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Paresh|year=2018|chapter=Anarchist Communism|title=Socialism and Commodity Production|location=[[Leiden]]|publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill]]|isbn=978-9004377516|doi=10.1163/9789004377516_008|pages=169–185}} <!-- Uses "anarchist communism" -->
* {{cite book |last=Dolgoff |first=Sam |author-link=Sam Dolgoff |year=1974 |title=The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution |title-link=The Anarchist Collectives |publisher=Free Life Editions |isbn=0-914156-03-9 |lccn=73-88239 }} <!-- Uses "libertarian communism" and "anarcho-communism" -->
*{{cite book|last=Esenwein|first=George Richard|year=1989|title=Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520063983}} <!-- Uses "anarchist communism". -->
* {{Cite magazine |last=Garner |first=Jason |date=2008 |url=http://www.acracia.org/Acracia/La_busqueda_de_la_unidad_anarquista.html |title=La búsqueda de la unidad anarquista: la Federación Anarquista Ibérica antes de la II República |lang=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031042738/http://www.acracia.org/Acracia/La_busqueda_de_la_unidad_anarquista.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 |magazine=Germinal. Revista de Estudios Libertarios |issue=6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Robert|date=2019 |chapter=Anarchism and the First International|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=325–342|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19|s2cid=158605651 }}<!-- Uses "anarchist communism". -->
* {{Cite web |url=http://public.federation-anarchiste.org/IMG/pdf/Cedric_Guerin_Histoire_du_mvt_libertaire_1950_1970.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014916/http://public.federation-anarchiste.org/IMG/pdf/Cedric_Guerin_Histoire_du_mvt_libertaire_1950_1970.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |first=Cédric |last=Guérin |date=2000 |title=Pensée et action des anarchistes en France : 1950–1970 |publisher=University of Lille III |language=fr }}
* {{Cite web |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |date=1901 |url=https://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-communism-and-anarchy |title=Communism and Anarchy |via=The Anarchist Library |access-date=2 July 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702232904/https://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-communism-and-anarchy |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|first=Peter H.|last = Marshall|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|title=[[Demanding the Impossible|Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]|year=2008|orig-year=1992|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]]|isbn=978-0-00-686245-1|oclc=218212571}} <!-- Uses "anarchist communism", "anarcho-communism", "voluntary communism" and "communist anarchism". -->
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Anarchism |last=Nettlau |first=Max |author-link=Max Nettlau |year=1996 |publisher=Freedom Press |isbn=978-0900384899}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pengam|first=Alain|chapter=Anarcho-Communism|editor-last1=Ribel|editor-first1=Maximilien|editor-last2=Crump|editor-first2=John|year=1987|title=Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqmvCwAAQBAJ&q=anarcho-communism+stateless+communism&pg=PA60|pages=60–82|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-18775-1_4|isbn=978-1-349-18775-1}}<!-- Uses "anarcho-communism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Pernicone|first=Nunzio|year=1993|title=Italian Anarchism, 1864–1892|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=0-691-05692-7|lccn=92-46661}}<!-- Uses "anarchist communism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Turcato|first=Davide|date=2019 |chapter=Anarchist Communism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=237–248|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_13|s2cid=242094330 }}<!-- Uses "anarchist communism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Wilbur|first=Shawn P.|date=2019 |chapter=Mutualism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=213–224|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_11|s2cid=242074567 }}<!-- Uses "anarchist communism". -->
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
<!-- Comment with which reliable source has cited these works -->
* {{Cite book |last1=Arshinov |first1=Peter |author1-link=Peter Arshinov |url=http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/newplatform/org_plat.htm |last2=Makhno |first2=Nestor |author2-link=Nestor Makhno |last3=Mett |first3=Ida |author3-link=Ida Mett |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |orig-year=1926 |title=The Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists |translator-last=McNab |translator-first=Nestor |publisher=[[Delo Truda]] |via=The Nestor Makhno Archive}} <!-- Cited by Turcato 2019 -->
*{{cite book|title=The Spanish Anarchists|title-link=The Spanish Anarchists|first=Murray|last=Bookchin|author-link=Murray Bookchin|date=1978|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]]|isbn=0-06-090607-3|location=[[New York City|New York]]}}<!-- Uses "anarchist communism" and "libertarian communism" -->
* {{cite book |last=Cafiero |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo Cafiero |year=2005 |orig-year=1880 |chapter=Anarchy and Communism |chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/anarchism/cafiero/anarchy-communism.htm |title=Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas |title-link=Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas |location=[[Montreal]] |publisher=[[Black Rose Books]] |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Graham |volume=1 |isbn=1-55164-250-6 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 and Turcato 2019 -->
* {{cite book |last=Déjacque |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Déjacque |url=https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/working-translations/joseph-dejacque-the-revolutionary-question/ |year=2012 |orig-year=1854 |title=The Revolutionary Question |translator-first=Shawn P. |translator-last=Wilbur |via=The Libertarian Labyrinth}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 -->
* {{cite book |last=Déjacque |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Déjacque |url=https://drc.libraries.uc.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/d32e8d93-3951-4120-809e-852a7ae85c66/content |year=2012 |orig-year=1858 |title=In the Sphere of Humanity |editor1-first=Janine C. |editor1-last=Hartman |editor2-first=Mark A. |editor2-last=Lause |publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]]}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 -->
* {{cite book |last=Dézamy |first=Théodore |chapter=Théodore Dézamy: Philosophy of the Current Crisis |author-link=Théodore Dézamy |year=1983 |orig-year=1842 |editor-last=Corcoran |editor-first=Paul E. |title=Before Marx: Socialism and Communism in France, 1830–48 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-349-17146-0 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-17146-0_4 |pages=188–196}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 -->
* {{cite book |last=Flores Magón |first=Ricardo |author-link=Ricardo Flores Magón |year=1977 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Poole |title=Land and liberty: anarchist influences in the Mexican revolution |location=[[Montreal]] |publisher=[[Black Rose Books]] |isbn=0-919-61830-8 |oclc=4916961}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 -->
* {{cite book |last=Galleani |first=Luigi |author-link=Luigi Galleani |year=1982 |orig-year=1925 |title=The End of Anarchism?|translator1-first=Max |translator1-last=Sartin |translator2-first=Robert |translator2-last=D’Attilio |location=[[Orkney]] |publisher=[[Cienfuegos Press]] |oclc=10323698}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 --> <!-- ISBN 0-904564-55-2 -->
* {{cite book|last=Kinna|first=Ruth|chapter=Anarchism, Individualism and Communism: William Morris’s Critique of Anarcho-communism|editor-last1=Prichard|editor-first1=Alex|editor-last2=Kinna|editor-first2=Ruth|editor-last3=Pinta|editor-first3=Saku|editor-last4=Berry|editor-first4=Dave|date=December 2012|title=Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-28037-3|pages=35–56}}<!-- Uses "anarcho-communism". -->
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |year=1974 |orig-year=1899 |editor-first=Colin |editor-last=Ward |editor-link=Colin Ward |title=Fields, Factories and Workshops |title-link=Fields, Factories and Workshops |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] |lccn=74-9072}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 and Turcato 2019 --> <!-- ISBN 06-136161-5 -->
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |year=2015 |orig-year=1892 |title=The Conquest of Bread |title-link=The Conquest of Bread |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |isbn=978-0-141-39611-8 |oclc=913790063}} <!-- Cited by Pengam 1987 and Turcato 2019 --> 
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |chapter=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles |chapter-url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/revpamphlets/anarchistcommunism.html |editor-first=Roger Nash |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-link=Roger Nash Baldwin |year=1970a |orig-year=1927 |title=Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets |url=https://archive.org/details/kropotkinsrevolu00krop |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |pages=44–78 |lccn=77-111606 |oclc=943046641}} <!-- "Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles" cited by McLaughlin 2007 and Turcato 2019 --> <!-- ISBN 486-22519-4 -->
* {{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |chapter=Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal |chapter-url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/philandideal.html |editor-first=Roger Nash |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-link=Roger Nash Baldwin |year=1970b |orig-year=1927 |title=Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets |url=https://archive.org/details/kropotkinsrevolu00krop |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |pages=114–144 |lccn=77-111606 |oclc=943046641}} <!-- "Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal" cited by McLaughlin 2007 and Pengam 1987 --> <!-- ISBN 486-22519-4 -->
* {{cite book | last = Mclaughlin | first = Paul | title = Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]] | location = Aldershot | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7546-6196-2 |lccn=2007007973}} <!-- Uses "communist anarchism" and "anarcho-communism" -->
* {{cite book |last=Malatesta |first=Errico |author-link=Errico Malatesta |year=2014|editor-first=David |editor-last=Turcato |translator-first=Paul |translator-last=Sharkey |title=The Method of Freedom |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1849351447 |oclc=859185688}} <!-- Cited by Turcato 2019 -->
* {{cite book |last=Malatesta |first=Errico |author-link=Errico Malatesta |year=2016 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Turcato |translator-first=Paul |translator-last=Sharkey |title=The Complete Works of Errico Malatesta |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1849352581 |oclc=974145362}} <!-- Cited by Turcato 2019 -->
* {{cite book|last=Nappalos|first=Scott|year=2012|chapter=Ditching Class: The Praxis of Anarchist Communist Economics|title=The Accumulation of Freedom: Writings on Anarchist Economics|editor-first1=Deric|editor-last1=Shannon|editor-first2=Anthony J.|editor-last2=Nocella|editor-first3=John|editor-last3=Asimakopoulos|publisher=[[AK Press]]|lccn=2011936250|isbn=978-1-84935-094-5|pages=291–312}}<!-- Uses "anarchist communism" and "libertarian communism". -->
* {{cite magazine |last=Puente |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Puente |year=1982 |orig-year=1932 |title=Libertarian Communism |url=https://libcom.org/article/libertarian-communism-isaac-puente |magazine=Anarchist Review |issue=6 |location=[[Orkney]] |publisher=[[Cienfuegos Press]]}} <!-- Cited by Turcato 2019 -->
* {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|date=2019 |chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }}<!-- Uses "anarcho-communism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Shannon|first=Deric|date=2019 |chapter=Anti-Capitalism and Libertarian Political Economy|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=91–106|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_5|s2cid=158841066 }}<!-- Uses "communist anarchism" and "libertarian communism". -->

== External links ==
* [http://www.anarkismo.net/ Anarkismo.net] – anarchist communist news maintained by platformist organizations with discussion and theory from across the globe
* [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/topic/anarcho-communism Anarchocommunism texts at The Anarchist Library]
* [http://vimeo.com/30571222 Kropotkin: The Coming Revolution] – short documentary to introduce the idea of anarcho-communism in Peter Kropotkin's own words

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