Editing Andrew Project

{{Short description|Computing project at Carnegie Mellon University}}
The '''Andrew Project''' was a [[distributed computing|distributed computing environment]] developed at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] beginning in 1982. It was an ambitious project for its time and resulted in an unprecedentedly vast and accessible university computing infrastructure.<ref name="cmu_overview">[http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/history_overview.shtml CMU's overview of the history of the Andrew Project] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717075926/http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/history_overview.shtml |date=July 17, 2012 }}</ref> The project was named after [[Andrew Carnegie]] and [[Andrew Mellon]], the founders of the institutions that eventually became Carnegie Mellon University. 

==History==
The ''Information Technology Center'', a partnership of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and the [[IBM|International Business Machines Corporation]] (IBM), began work on the Andrew Project in 1982.<ref name="cmu_overview"/> In its initial phase, the project involved both software and hardware, including wiring the campus for data and developing [[workstation]]s to be distributed to students and faculty at CMU and elsewhere. The proposed "[[3M computer]]" workstations included a [[Megapixel|million pixel]] display and a [[megabyte]] of memory, running at a million [[instructions per second]]. Unfortunately, a cost on the order of US{{Inflation|US-GDP|10,000|1985|fmt=eq|orig=yes|r=-3}}{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} made the computers beyond the reach of students' budgets. The initial hardware deployment in 1985 established a number of university-owned "clusters" of public workstations in various academic buildings and dormitories. The campus was fully wired and ready for the eventual availability of inexpensive personal computers.

Early development within the Information Technology Center, originally called VICE (Vast Integrated Computing Environment) and VIRTUE (Virtue Is Reached Through [[Unix]] and [[Emacs]]), focused on centralized tools, such as a [[file server]], and workstation tools including a [[window manager]], editor, email, and file system client code.<ref>[http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/history_details.shtml CMU's detailed history of the Andrew Project] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909110712/http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/history_details.shtml |date=September 9, 2011 }}</ref>

Initially the system was prototyped on [[Sun Microsystems]] machines, and then to [[IBM RT PC]] series computers running a special [[IBM Academic Operating System]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= CMU's Andrew project: a retrospective |author= N. S. Borenstein |author-link= Nathaniel Borenstein |date= December 1996 |journal= Communications of the ACM |volume= 39 |issue= 12 |doi= 10.1145/272682.272717 |url= http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~AUIS/ftp/PAPERS/atk/Boren.CACM |pages= 298–es |s2cid= 18502200 |url-access= subscription }}<!-- Alternate location: [http://www.cs.cmu.edu]/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/atk-ftp/PAPERS/atk/Boren.CACM --></ref> People involved in the project included [[James H. Morris]], [[Nathaniel Borenstein]], [[James Gosling]], and [[David S. H. Rosenthal]].

The project was extended several times after 1985 in order to complete the software, and was renamed "Andrew" for [[Andrew Carnegie]] and [[Andrew Mellon]], the founders of the institutions that eventually became Carnegie Mellon University. Mostly rewritten as a result of experience from early deployments, Andrew had four major software components:

* The '''Andrew Toolkit''' (ATK), a set of tools that allows users to create and distribute documents containing a variety of formatted and embedded objects,
* The '''Andrew Messaging System''' (AMS), an email and [[bulletin board system]] based on ATK, and
* The '''[[Andrew File System]]''' (AFS), a distributed file system emphasizing scalability for an academic and research environment.
* The '''Andrew Window Manager''' (WM), a tiled (non-overlapping windows) [[window system]] that allowed remote display of windows on a workstation display. It was one of the first network-oriented [[window manager]]s to run on Unix as a graphical display.<ref name="Borenstein">{{cite book|last=Borenstein|first=Nathaniel S.|title=Programming as if people mattered : friendly programs, software engineering, and other noble delusions|year=1991|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=9780691087528|edition=4 print.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/programmingasifp00bore_0/page/55 55–56]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/programmingasifp00bore_0/page/55}}</ref> As part of the CMU's partnership with IBM, IBM retained the [[Software licensing|licensing rights]] to WM.<ref name="Borenstein"/> WM was meant to be licensed under reasonable terms, which CMU thought would resemble a relatively cheap UNIX license, while IBM sought a more lucrative licensing scheme.<ref name="Borenstein"/> WM was later replaced by [[X11]] from [[Project Athena]] at the [[MIT|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. Its developers, Gosling and Rosenthal, would next develop the [[NeWS]] (Network extensible Window System).<ref>{{cite book |title= The NeWS Book |author1= James Gosling |author-link= James Gosling |author2= David S. H. Rosenthal |author2-link= David S. H. Rosenthal |author3= Michelle J. Arden |pages= 34–36 |publisher= Springer Verlag |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-0-387-96915-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xHSoK66z34YC&pg=34 }}</ref>
  
AFS moved out of the Information Technology Center to [[Transarc]] in 1988. AMS was fully decommissioned and replaced with the [[Cyrus IMAP server]] in 2002.

==The Andrew User Interface System==
After IBM's funding ended, Andrew continued as an open source project named the '''Andrew User Interface System'''. AUIS is a set of tools that allows users to create and distribute documents containing a variety of formatted and embedded [[object (computer science)|object]]s. It is an open-source project run at the Department of Computer Science at CMU. The Andrew Consortium governs and maintains the development and distribution of the Andrew User Interface System.<ref>{{cite web |title= Welcome to the Andrew Consortium |author=  Fred Hansen |url= http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~AUIS/ |access-date= May 3, 2011 }}</ref>

The Andrew User Interface System encompasses three primary components. The Andrew User Environment (AUE) contains the main editor, help system, user interface, and tools for rendering multimedia and embedded objects. The Andrew Toolkit (ATK) contains all of the formattable and embeddable objects, and allows a method for developers to design their own objects. ATK allows for multi-level object embedding, in which objects can be embedded in one another. For example, a [[raster image]] object can be embedded into a spreadsheet object. The Andrew Message System (AMS) provides a mail and bulletin board access, which allows the user to send, receive, and organize mail as well as post and read from message boards.

As of version 6.3{{when|date=April 2019}}, the following were components of AUIS:

===Applications===
* [[Word processor]] ([[EZ Word|EZ]])
* Drawing Editor (Figure)
* Mail and News Reader (Messages)
* Mail and News Sender (SendMessage)
* Font Editor (BDFfont)
* Documentation Browser (Help)
* Directory Browser (Bush)
* Schedule Maintainer (Chump)
* Shell Interface/[[Computer terminal|Terminal]] (Console, TypeScript)
* AUIS Application Menu (Launch)
* Standard Output Viewer (PipeScript)
* Preferences Editor (PrefEd)

===Graphical and interactive editors===
* Equation Insert (EQ)
* [[Animation]] Editor (Fad)
* Drawing Editor (Figure)
* Insert Layout Insert (Layout)
* Display Two Adjacent Inserts (LSet)
* Extension and String Processing Language (Ness)
* Display and Edit Hierarchies (Org)
* Page Flipper (Page)
* [[Monochrome]] BMP Image Editor (Raster)
* Spreadsheet Insert (Table)
* Text, Document, and Program Editor (Text)

==Wireless Andrew==

'''Wireless Andrew''' was the first campus-wide wireless Internet network. It was built in 1993,<ref>
{{Cite web |title= How Wi-Fi got its start on the campus of CMU, a true story |publisher= [[Pop City Media]] |year= 2011 |url= http://popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx |access-date= October 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111007191316/http://www.popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx |archive-date= October 7, 2011 |url-status= dead }}
</ref> predating [[Wi-Fi]] branding.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Wireless Andrew: Creating the World's First Wireless Campus | publisher=Carnegie Mellon University | year=2007 | url=http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtml | access-date=October 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901202026/http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtml | archive-date=September 1, 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lemstra |first1=Wolter |last2=Hayes |first2=Vic |last3=Groenewegen |first3=John |title=The innovation journey of Wi-Fi: the road to global success |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&dq=cmu+1993+wireless+andrew&pg=PA121  |format=pdf |access-date=October 6, 2011 |year=2011 |orig-year=2011 |publisher=University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-19971-1|page= 121}}</ref>

Wireless Andrew is a 2-megabit-per-second wireless local area network connected through access points to the wired Andrew network, a high-speed Ethernet backbone linking buildings across the CMU campus. Wireless Andrew consists of 100 access points covering six buildings on the campus. The university tested the setup with over 40 mobile units before allowing general use by researchers and students in February 1997.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Wireless LAN applications | url=http://www.iet.unipi.it/f.giannetti/documenti/wlan/Data/refer/prosp/application.pdf | access-date=October 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002243/http://www.iet.unipi.it/f.giannetti/documenti/wlan/Data/refer/prosp/application.pdf | archive-date=April 26, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite tech report
    |author=Morris, J.H.
    |author2=Van Houweling, D.
    |author3=Slack, K.
    |title=The Information Technology Center
    |date=1983
    |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University
    |id=CMU-ITC-025
    |url=http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/itc/CMU-ITC-025.pdf}}
* {{cite journal
    |author=Morris, J.H.
    |author2=Satyanarayanan, M.
    |author3=Conner, M.H.
    |author4=Howard, J.H.
    |author5=Rosenthal, D.S.H.
    |author6=Smith, F.D.
    |name-list-style=amp
    |title=Andrew, a Distributed Computing Environment
    |journal=Communications of the ACM
    |volume=29
    |issue=3
    |date=March 1986
    |pages=184–201
    |doi=10.1145/5666.5671
    |s2cid=18599806
    |issn=0001-0782|doi-access=free
    }}
* {{cite tech report
    |author=Nathaniel Borenstein
    |author2=Craig Everhart
    |author3=Jonathan Rosenberg
    |author4=Adam Stoller
    |title=A Multi-media Message System for Andrew
    |date=1988
    |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University
    |id=CMU-ITC-064
    |s2cid=12818358
    |url=http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/itc/CMU-ITC-064.pdf}}
* {{cite tech report
    |author=Nathaniel S. Borenstein
    |author2=Craig F. Everhart
    |author3=Jonathan Rosenberg
    |author4=Adam Stoller
    |title=Architectural Issues In The Andrew Message System
    |date=1989
    |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University
    |id=CMU-ITC-076
    |url=http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/itc/CMU-ITC-076.pdf}}
* {{cite tech report
    |author=Christina Haas
    |author2=Daniel Boyarski
    |author3=Nathaniel Borenstein
    |title=Carnegie Mellon's Andrew: The Evolving User Interface of the Messages Program
    |date=1989
    |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University
    |id=CMU-ITC-079
    |url=http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/itc/CMU-ITC-079.pdf}}
* {{cite book
    |author=Nathaniel S. Borenstein
    |author2=Chris A. Thyberg
    |title=Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW '88
 |chapter=Cooperative work in the Andrew message system
 |doi=10.1145/62266.62291
    |date=September 1988
    |pages=306–323
    |isbn=978-0-89791-282-2
    |s2cid=14943353
    |doi-access=free
    }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100628060635/http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/andrew/index.shtml The Andrew Project] - CMU's site chronicling the history of the project and the people involved.
* [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~AUIS/ The Andrew Consortium] - Website of the Andrew User Interface System project.
* [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/atk-ftp/ {{mono|/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/atk-ftp}}] - AUIS FTP archive.

{{Carnegie Mellon}}

[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University software]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]