Editing Andriyan Nikolayev

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{{short description|Soviet cosmonaut (1929–2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox astronaut
|type          = Cosmonaut
|image         = Andriyan Nikolayev 1976.jpg
|caption       = Nikolayev in 1976
| nationality   =[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]
|othername          = Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1929|9|5|df=y}}
|birth_place   = [[Shorshely]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Russia]])
|death_date    = {{death date and age|2004|7|3|1929|9|5|df=y}}
|death_place   = [[Cheboksary]], [[Chuvashia]], [[Russia]]
|occupation    = [[Aviator|Pilot]]
|spouse        = {{marriage|[[Valentina Tereshkova]]|1963|1982|end=div}}
|children      = 1
|rank          = [[Major General]], [[Soviet Air Force]] (1954–1982) 
|selection     = [[List of astronauts by selection#1960|Air Force Group 1]]
|time          = 21d 15h 20m 
|mission       = [[Vostok 3]], [[Soyuz 9]]
|insignia      = [[Image:Vostok3-4patch.png|40px]] 
||signature=File:Signature. Andriyan Nikolayev.jpg|native_name=Андриян Николаев|native_name_lang=ru}}

'''Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev''' ([[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] and {{langx|ru|Андриян Григорьевич
Николаев}}; 5 September 1929 – 3 July 2004) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Astronaut|cosmonaut]]. In 1962, aboard [[Vostok 3]], he became the third Soviet cosmonaut to fly into space. Nikolayev was an ethnic [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1466177/Andrian-Nikolayev.html |title=Andrian Nikolayev |last= |first= |date= 5 July 2004|website= |publisher=The Telegraph |access-date=January 21, 2024 |quote=}}</ref> and because of it considered the first [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] cosmonaut.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Uzaya Çıkan İlk Türk Andriyan G. Nikolayev|publisher=Kemalyeri Dergisi |issn=2791-7568|pages=44–49}}</ref>

==Early life==

Andrian Grigoryevich Nikolayev was born on 5 September 1929, in [[Shorshely]], a village in the [[Chuvashia|Chuvash]] region of the [[Volga|Volga River]] valley, and spent his time growing up on a collective farm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Escaping the Bonds of Earth: The Fifties and the Sixties|last=Evans|first=Ben|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Springer-Praxis Publishing|isbn=978-0-387-79093-0|pages=41, 42}}</ref>

== Education and career ==

Nikolayev supported his family following the death of his father in 1944, however this was not preferred by his mother, who preferred that he earn an education. Nikolayev later entered medical school before he joined the Soviet army.<ref name=":0" /> During his training Nikolayev was able to maintain a very calm state during stressful situations. Nikolayev's calm made him a fair candidate for becoming a cosmonaut. His future colleagues [[Yuri Gagarin]], [[Gherman Titov]], and seventeen others joined him in March 1960. Nikolayev's future wife was cosmonaut [[Valentina Tereshkova]], and he reportedly kissed her goodbye before boarding Vostok 3.<ref name=":0" />

==History==

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}

Nikolayev flew on two [[Human spaceflight|space flights]]: [[Vostok 3]] (becoming the third Soviet cosmonaut) and [[Soyuz 9]]. His call sign in these flights was [[Falcon]] ({{langx|ru|Со́кол}}). On both, he set new endurance records for the longest time a human being had remained in orbit. He also served as backup for the [[Vostok 2]] and [[Soyuz 8]] missions. On 22 January 1969, Nikolayev survived an [[Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev|assassination attempt on Leonid Brezhnev]], undertaken by a Soviet Army deserter, [[Viktor Ilyin]]. He left the cosmonaut corps on 26 January 1982.

Nikolayev was also the first person to make a television broadcast from space, in August 1962. Vostok 3 was part the first dual space flight, with [[Pavel Popovich]] on [[Vostok 4]].

In the early days of space travel, it was usual to place trainee astronauts into isolation chambers to see how long they could last alone. They sat in silence unable to gauge time. Many men cracked but Nikolayev lasted the longest – four days – and became known as the Iron Man.

On 3 November 1963, he married [[Valentina Tereshkova]], the first woman to fly in space (see [[Vostok 6]]). They had one daughter, [[Elena Andriyanovna]] (now a doctor of medicine), before their marriage collapsed. However, it was not until 1982 that they divorced.

In 2004, Nikolayev died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in [[Cheboksary]], the capital of [[Chuvashia]] in Russia. A scandal ensued. His daughter, who lives in Moscow, desired that he be interred in the cemetery at [[Star City, Russia|Star City]]. The [[Nikolay Fyodorov (politician)|President of Chuvashia]] had other ideas. After a farewell ceremony in Cheboksary, Nikolayev was buried in his native village of Shorshely. He has no family living in the republic. Plans are in the works to move the body to Star City.

Nikolayev was also a keen skier:
<blockquote>Service in the Air Force made us strong, both physically and morally. All of us cosmonauts took up sports and PT seriously when we served in the Air Force. I know that [[Yuri Gagarin]] was fond of [[ice hockey]]. He liked to play goal keeper. [[Gherman Titov]] was a [[gymnastics]] enthusiast, Andriyan Nikolayev liked [[skiing]], [[Pavel Popovich]] went in for weight lifting. I don't think I am wrong when I say that sports became a fixture in the life of the cosmonauts.<ref>[[Valery Bykovsky|Bykovsky]] quoted in Gavrilin, Vyacheslav ''Sportsmen of the Soviet Union''. pp. 26–7</ref></blockquote>

==Awards==

{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
*[[Hero of the Soviet Union]], twice (18 August 1962, 3 July 1970)
*[[Order of Lenin]] (18 August 1962)
*[[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (15 January 1976)
*[[Order of the Red Star]] (1961)
*[[Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR"]], 3rd class (30 May 1988)
*[[Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"]] (18 February 1991)
*[[USSR State Prize]] (1981)
*[[Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR]]
*[[Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic]]
*[[Hero of Labour of Mongolia]] (1965)
*[[Order of Sukhbaatar]] (1965, Mongolia)
*[[Hero of Socialist Labour (Bulgaria)|Hero of Socialist Labour]] (Bulgaria)
*[[Order of Georgi Dimitrov]] (Bulgaria)
*[[Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius|Order of Cyril and Methodius]] (Bulgaria)
*[[Hero of Labor (Vietnam)|Hero of Socialist Labour]] (Vietnam, 1962)
*[[Order "State Banner IRR]]" (Hungary, 1964)
*[[National Order of Nepal]] (1963)
*[[Star of the Republic of Indonesia]], 2nd class (1963)
*[[Order of the Nile]] (Egypt)
*Honorary Citizen of the [[Chuvashia|Chuvash Republic]], [[Petrozavodsk]] (1980), [[Karaganda]] and [[Smolensk]]
*[[Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR]] (1962)

The lunar crater [[Nikolaev (crater)|Nikolaev]] is named after him.

<gallery class="center">
RIAN archive 611957 Valentina Tereshkova and Andrian Nikolaev.jpg|Wedding of Tereshkova and Nikolayev in 1963
RIAN archive 68289 Nikolayev, Tereshkova and Sato.jpg|Tereshkova and Nikolayev with Japanese prime minister [[Eisaku Satō]] in 1965
Cheboksary. Monument to Andriyan Nikolayev, Soviet cosmonaut.jpg|Monument to Andriyan Nikolayev in [[Cheboksary]]
Бронзовый бюст космонавта Николаева (Шоршелы).JPG|Nikolayev Monument in [[Shorshely]]
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.peoples.ru/military/cosmos/nikolaev/ Биография на сайте Люди]
*[http://www.lib.cap.ru/nikolaev/index.htm Электронная выставка «Андриян Николаев: Путь к звёздам»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117220617/http://www.lib.cap.ru/nikolaev/index.htm |date=17 November 2011 }}
*[http://pda.lenta.ru/russia/2004/07/04/nikolaev/ Умер третий космонавт Андриян Николаев]
*[http://shorsheli.narod.ru/ Шоршелы и А. Г. Николаев]
*[http://www.stihi.ru/2011/03/30/2247 Стихотворение Андрияну Николаеву летчику-космонавту посвящается (автор Елена Светлая, г. Чебоксары)]
*[http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d0a7d183d0b2d0b0d188d181d0bad0b8d0b920d0bad0bed181d0bcd0bed0bdd0b0d0b2d1822028d0a2d0b8d185d0bed0bdd0bed0b220d0a1d0b5d180d0b3d0b5d0b929 Стихотворение про А. Г. Николаева «Чувашский космонавт»]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043952/http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=180 The official website of the city administration Baikonur – Honorary citizens of Baikonur]

==Further reading==

* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html ''Rockets and people''] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. {{ISBN|5-217-02942-0}} {{in lang|ru}}
* "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]], 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html];
* ''Bank of the Universe'' – edited by Boltenko A. C., [[Kyiv]], 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", {{ISBN|978-966-136-169-9}}
* [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], ''Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov – The Genius of the 20th Century'' — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL {{ISBN|978-5-8135-0510-2}}.
* ''S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity'' – edited by C. A. Lopota, [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev]], 2014 {{ISBN|978-5-906674-04-3}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikolayev, Andrian}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:1962 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1970 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Valentina Tereshkova]]
[[Category:People from Mariinsko-Posadsky District]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chuvashia]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of Russia]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1963–1967]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1971–1975]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1975–1980]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the USSR State Prize]]
[[Category:Chuvash people]]
[[Category:Vostok program cosmonauts]]
[[Category:Soviet Air Force generals]]
[[Category:Soviet cosmonauts]]
[[Category:Soviet major generals]]