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Angami language
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{{short description|Sino-Tibetan language native to the Naga Hills}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox language |name = Angami |nativename = |pronunciation = |states = [[India]] |region = [[Nagaland]] |ethnicity = [[Angami Naga]] |speakers = {{sigfig|152,716|2}} |date = 2011 census |ref = e25 |familycolor = Sino-Tibetan |fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] |fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?) |fam4=[[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]] |fam5 = [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]] |script = [[Latin script|Latin]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Angami is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''Language Vitality and Endangerment framework''}}}} |iso3 = njm |glotto=anga1288 |glottorefname=Angami Naga |notice = IPA }} {{Naga people}} '''Angami''', also known as '''Tenyidie''', is a [[Naga language]] spoken in the [[Naga Hills]] in the northeastern part of [[India]], in [[Kohima district]], [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://morungexpress.com/angami-vulnerable-language-nagaland |title=Angami: The "Vulnerable" Language of Nagaland |publisher=[[The Morung Express]] |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> In 2011, there is an estimate of 153,000 first language (L1) Angami speakers.<ref name=e25/> Under the UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework, Angami is at the level of "vulnerable", meaning that it is still spoken by most children, but "may be restricted to certain domains".<ref>Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas</ref> ==Phonology== === Consonants === This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last=Blankenship |first=B |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Glottalic consonant|Glottal]] |- ! {{small|plain}} ! {{small|[[Labialization|labialized]]}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|m̥|m̥ʰ}} | {{IPA link|n̥|n̥ʰ}} | | | {{IPA link|ɲ̊|ɲ̊ʰ}} | | | |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | | |- ! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]] ! {{small|voiceless}} | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|kʷ}} | |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | | | | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | {{IPA link|ɡʷ}} | |- ! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}} | {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} | | | | {{IPA link|kʰ}} | {{IPA link|kʷʰ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]] | | {{IPA link|t͡s}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]] ! {{small|voiceless}} | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | | | | | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]] ! {{small|voiceless}} | | {{IPA link|l̥|l̥ʰ}} | | {{IPA link|ɻ̊}} | {{IPA link|j̊}} | | {{IPA link|ʍ}} | |- ! {{small|voiced}} | | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|ɻ}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | {{IPA link|w}} | |} Other dialects also contrast {{IPA|/tʃʰ tʃ dʒ/}}. {{IPA|[f]}} only occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/p/}}. The velar fricative is in free variation with {{IPA|[h]}}. The post-alveolar approximants are truly [[retroflex]] (sub-apical) {{IPA|[ɻ̊ ɻ]}} before mid and low vowels, but [[laminal consonant|laminal]] {{IPA|[ɹ̠̊ ɹ̠]}} before high vowels ({{IPA|/i u/}}).<ref name=":0"/> Angami voiceless nasals are unusual in that, unlike the voiceless nasals of [[Burmese language|Burmese]], they have a positive rather than negative [[voice onset time]]—that is, they are [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] rather than partially voiced. The same is true of the laterals. In both cases, the aspiration has the formants characteristic of Angami ''h,'' which is somewhat velar in pronunciation. The other voiceless approximants may not be aspirated, as the h-like formants occur during the entire hold of the consonant.<ref name=":0"/> === Vowels === The following are the vowels of the Khonoma dialect.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|o}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | |{{IPA link|a}} | |} The labial and labialized consonants have labiodental affricate allophones before {{IPA|/ə/}} (but not in {{IPA|/[[consonant|C]]ɻə/}} consonant clusters). In addition, about half the time, the rhotic becomes syllabic (a [[rhotic vowel]]) in this environment: {| class=" wikitable IPA" border="1" |- ! Phon. !! allophone<br>before {{IPA|/ə/}} |- | p | pfə ~ fə ?{{efn|Blankenship states that {{IPA|[f]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/p/}}. However, in the text only {{IPA|[pf]}} is found. It is not clear if these are in free variation, or if one is perhaps an allophone of {{IPA|/pʰ/}}.}} |- | (b) | (bvə){{efn|In Kohima, but not Khonoma dialect.}} |- | m̥ʰ | ɱ̊ʰə |- | m | ɱə |- | kʷʰ | kʰfə |- | kʷ | kvə |- | ɡʷ | ɡvə |- | ɻ | ɻ̩ ~ ɚ |} Angami syllables may be of the form [[vowel|V]], [[consonant|C]]V, or {{IPA|CɻV}}. Attested clusters are {{IPA|/pʰɻ/, /pɻ/, /kʰɻ/, /kɻ/}}.<ref name=":0"/> ==Phonological reconstruction== Meyase (2023) recognizes southern, northern, and western dialects of Angami, including the following.<ref name="ICSTLL56">{{cite conference|conference=56th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, 10–12 October 2023|location=Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok|date=2023|title=Historical Sound Changes within the Tenyidie (Angami) Language|first=Savio|last=Meyase}}</ref> *Southern: Jokha, Kiwe *Northern: Kewhi *Western: Khwüno Preliminary Proto-Tenyi lexical reconstructions by Meyase (2023), with supporting data from four Tenyidie dialects, are as follows.<ref name="ICSTLL56"/> {| class="wikitable" ! Gloss !! Proto-Tenyi !! Jokha (Southern 1) !! Kiwe (Southern 2) !! Kewhi (Northern) !! Khwüno (Western) |- | do || *tsʰi || tʰə́ || cʰə́ || tsʰə́ || ʃə́ |- | hurt || *tsʰi || tʰə̄ || cʰə̄ || tsʰə̄ || ʃə̄ |- | flesh || *tsʰi || tʰə̀ || cʰə̀ || tsʰə̀ || ʃə̀ |- | old || *gwe || wé || wé || wé || gwé |- | bison || *gwi || wí || wí || wí || gwí |- | wash hand || *m-to || metò || metò || metì || metì |- | transform || *m-vi || meví || meví || meví || meví |- | make good || *p-vi || meví || meví || peví || peví |- | all || *p-te || metē || metē || petē || petē |- | green || *p-ɟo || meɟò || meɟò || peɟò || peʒiè |- | wait || *kʰwe || qʰwé || kʰwé || fé-pfʰé || kʰwé |- | shawl || *kʰwe || qʰwè || kʰwè || fè-pfʰè || kʰwè |- | bee || *m-kʰwi || oqʰwí || akʰwí || mefī || mekʰwí |- | monkey || *t-kwi || oqwī || akwī || tepfī || tekwī |- | tidy up || *k-kwe || qeqwè || kekwè || kepfè || kekwè |- | to fly || *pro || prō || prō || pruō || pō |- | strong || *ko || qō || kō || kuō || kō |- | to walk || *to || tò || tò || tiò || tò |} Northern sound change innovations include:<ref name="ICSTLL56"/> * *kw > pf, f * *o > uo, io Southern sound change innovations include:<ref name="ICSTLL56"/> * *pe- > me- == Grammar and lexicon == A wealth of Angami grammars, lexicons are available in Tenyidie and in English. However, these collections often conflict in their analysis of the phonemic or syntactic nature of the language. This is due to the difference at the time of the documentation, and the choice of informants from varying dialect. Especially in the earlier language documentations (1870s–1960s), mostly by Christian missionary; their informants' meta-data were not specified and any dialect of Angami were assumed to be the "standard" of Angami within the Nagaland region. The Angami-English Phrasebook <ref>Rivenburg, S.W. (1905). Angami-English Phrasebook.</ref> and Angami-English-Hindi dictionary <ref>Giridha, P.P and Handoo, L. (1987). Angami-English-Hindi dictionary. {{cite web|url=http://www.anukriti.net/dicbooks/angami-english/index.asp?chr_val%3Dk |title=A n u k r i t i . N e T |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112161558/http://www.anukriti.net/dicbooks/angami-english/index.asp?chr_val=k |archive-date=2011-11-12 }}</ref> available online. == Text collection == The complete Tenyidie bible was published in 1970. However, only the translated chapter of Genesis <ref>The Bible Society of India. (1970). The Holy Bible: Angami Naga – Genesis Translation. The Long Now Foundation. https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_njm_gen-1</ref> from the bible was posted on the internet under The Rosetta Project. Also, Christian devotional materials such as The Bible...Basically® in Tenyidie <ref>Griffin, R. (n.d.). The Bible…Basically® in Tenyidie. {{cite web|url=http://biblestudydownloads.com/Tenyidie/Tenyidie.html |title=Tenyidie |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211050/http://biblestudydownloads.com/Tenyidie/Tenyidie.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 }}</ref> are also available online. Another source of text is largely from the ethnic folktales (e.g. Angami Naga folklore by Sekhose, 1970) and especially from song lyrics written in Tenyidie. Other than Christian songs written by the Angami church community (e.g. Shieshülie songbook by Baptist Revival Church<ref>Baptist Revival Church (2011). Shieshülie - Tenyidie songbook. Retrieved from http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwNDA3Nzk%3D-ZxNlAmDAZ8A%3D {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729195821/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwNDA3Nzk%3D-ZxNlAmDAZ8A%3D |date=29 July 2013 }}</ref>), the rising rock music culture started to stir in the Nagaland as the music events and societies like the Hornbill National Rock Contest <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hornbillfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=2|title=Hornbill Festival - Hornbill festival of Nagaland|last=www.site5.com|website=Hornbill Festival|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> The next largest source of Tenyidie is the educational materials used in the Kohima schools and university. Although much of these texts are in printed forms, a query on the web does retrieve some Indian exams papers <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbsenagaland.com/documents/Syllabus/Class%209%2610_2008%20Syllabus.pdf |title=Secondary School Syllabus |publisher=Nagaland Board of School Education |pages=48–52 |access-date=2018-05-25 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160934/http://www.nbsenagaland.com/documents/Syllabus/Class%209%2610_2008%20Syllabus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.examfear.com/files/00/42/2010-12-08-21-04-57.pdf |title=Higher Secondary School Syllabus for Classes 11 & 12 |publisher=Nagaland Board of School Education |page=36 |access-date=2012-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912000827/http://www.examfear.com/files/00/42/2010-12-08-21-04-57.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-12}}</ref> that contain test questions on Tenyidie. == See also == * [[Angami Naga]] * [[Tibetic languages]] ==References== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== *{{cite journal|last=Blankenship|first=Barbara|author2=Peter Ladefoged |author3=Peri Bhaskararao |author4=Nichumeno Chase |date=June 1993|title=Phonetic Structures of Khonoma Angami|journal=Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages|publisher=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics|volume=84|pages=127–141}} ===Notes=== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==External links== * [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/angami/angami.html Khonama materials at UCLA] * [http://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2009/03/17/angami-the-language-of-the-enchanting-hills/ Angami Language Intro] {{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}} {{Languages of Northeast India}} [[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]] [[Category:Languages of Nagaland]] [[Category:Endangered languages of India]] [[Category:Angami Naga|language]]
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