Editing Anglo-Arabian

{{Short description|Breed of horse}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Redirect|French Anglo-Arab|the Sardinian horse|Sardinian Anglo-Arab}}
{{Infobox horse 
| name            = Anglo-Arabian
| image           = Etalon Anglo-arabe.JPG
| image_caption   = A gray Anglo-Arabian
| image2          = Brand-aa-2.svg
| image_size2     = 100px
| image_caption2  = Anglo-Arabian breed brand
| features        = Well-formed, powerful, good gaits, sport horse characteristics. Combines traits of both [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] and [[Thoroughbred]] breeds
| altname         = Anglo-Arab
| country         = Worldwide, most popular in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States
<!--These are not links to breed standards
| group1          = Association Nationale Anglo-Arabe
| std1            = http://www.anaa.fr/
| group2          = Arabian Horse Association
| std2            = http://www.arabianhorses.org    -->
}}
The '''Anglo-Arabian''', also known as the '''Anglo-Arab''', is a horse breed that originated in France by [[Crossbreed|cross-breeding]] a [[Thoroughbred]] with an [[Arabian horse|Arabian]]. The Anglo-Arabian has origins tracing back to the [[Limousin horse|Limousin Horse]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheung |first=Elisabeth |date=October 16, 2023 |title=How Louis XV's Mistress Founded one of France's Most Successful Stud Farms |url=https://francetoday.com/learn/history/how-louis-xvs-mistress-founded-one-of-frances-most-successful-stud-farms/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=France Today}}</ref> It was officially recognized by Emperor [[Louis Philippe I]] and produced by the [[Haras national du Pin|Haras National du Pin]]. The Anglo-Arabian has long legs, a refined head, larger hindquarters, and are most commonly seen in [[Gray horse|gray]], [[Bay (horse)|bay]], or [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]].<ref name=":2" /> To be recognized as an Anglo-Arabian with the [[Arabian Horse Association]], the horse must have at least 25% Arabian blood.<ref name=":5" /> There are no color or height restrictions to be registered. Due to its lineage and physique, the Anglo-Arabian is utilized for sports-related activities such as [[dressage]], [[show jumping]], [[Endurance riding|endurance]], and [[Cross-country riding|cross-country]].    

[[Genetic disorder|Genetic diseases]] are possible as the foal is likely to inherit a combination of both parent genes. [[Genetic testing]] will help limit fetal [[DNA]] exposure and ensure knowledgeable breeding.<ref name=":6" /> The most common genetic diseases associated with the Anglo-Arabian lineage include [[Severe combined immunodeficiency|Severe Combined Immunodeficiency]], [[Cerebellar abiotrophy|Cerebellar Abiotrophy]], [[Lavender foal syndrome|Lavender Foal Syndrome]], and Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation.<ref name=":4" />

== Origin ==

[[File:Cheval limousin.jpg|thumb|The Limousin horse]]
The [[Limousin horse]] was a breed that originated from the region of [[Limousin]] in France during the [[Middle Ages|Medieval times]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Charles |first1=Louis Maurice Cormier |url= |title=Le cheval berrichon et le cheval limousin: avec de nombreuses simili-gravures hors texte, Chateauroux |last2=La Cépède |publisher=A.-F. Patissier |year=1905 |location=Tours |page=490}}</ref> They were created by breeding French native mares with imported English Thoroughbreds and a sprinkle of Arabian blood.<ref>{{Citation |last=Blaineau |first=Alexandre |title=Chapitre IV. Élevage équin et zootechnie:le façonnement de races? |chapter=Chapitre IV. Élevage équin et zootechnie : Le façonnement de « races » ? |date=2015 |pages=143–168 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.92320 |access-date=2024-03-24 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |doi=10.4000/books.pur.92320 |isbn=978-2-7535-4136-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although this breed is now extinct, the Limousins were the predecessor of the Anglo-Arabians and significantly influenced the creation of this breed. 

In the 1750s, breeders from [[Normandy]], France, bred [[Syrians|Syrian]] imported Arabians with native thoroughbred mares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Kara L. |date=February 28, 2015 |title=Half-Arabian Horse Breeds: Anglo-Arabian |url=https://www.horseillustrated.com/horse-breeds-half-arabian-anglo-arabian |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Horse Illustrated Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> There is limited documentation on their breeding of the Anglo-Arabians, but the breeders are credited with the first traceable origins as the offspring of these mares were later used to produce the officiated Anglo-Arabians. 

In 1833, Emperor [[Louis Phillipe I]] passed an ordinance that led to the creation of the French Studbook. The primary aim of the Studbook was to help establish the breeds of horses suitable for race horsing. The Studbook officially recognized English, Arab, and Anglo-Arab horses as suitable breeds.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dhollade |first1=Mathilde |last2=Arnaud |first2=Cecile |date=February 3, 2021 |title=Horse breeds which are recognised and managed in France |url=https://equipedia.ifce.fr/en/equipedia-the-universe-of-the-horse-ifce/breeding-and-keeping-horses/breeds-and-coats/equine-breeds-and-studbooks/horse-breeds-which-are-recognised-and-managed-in-france |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=equipedia.ifce.fr}}</ref> It also served as a valuable resource for those interested in locating the horse's [[Pedigree chart|pedigree]].

[[File:HarasDuPin 07.jpg|thumb|255x255px|The Haras National du Pin ]]
In 1836, the French National Stud Service, [[Haras national du Pin|Haras National du Pin]], began officially breeding Anglo-Arabians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'histoire du Haras national du Pin |url=https://www.haras-national-du-pin.com/fr/haras-national-pin/histoire/histoire-haras-national-pin.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.haras-national-du-pin.com |language=fr}}</ref> Their service was responsible for maintaining the breedings for private cooperators, and they were highly selective in picking and breeding the most exceptional candidates. They crossed the imported English Thoroughbred mares with Arabians that remained in the country after the French defeated the [[Muslims]] in the [[Battle of Tours]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Davenport |first=H. |date=1908-01-01 |title=The Arabian Horse |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/os-4.1.76 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=os-4 |issue=1 |pages=76–78 |doi=10.1093/jhered/os-4.1.76 |issn=0022-1503}}</ref> The service also attempted to crossbreed in the opposite direction, where Arabian mares bred with English sires, but found that the foal was less desirable as the size of the mother’s uterus affects the adult size of the foal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=W. R. |last2=Wilsher |first2=Sandra |last3=Tiplady |first3=Clare |last4=Butterfield |first4=R. M. |date=2004-01-01 |title=The influence of maternal size on pre- and postnatal growth in the horse: III Postnatal growth |url=https://rep.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/rep/127/1/1270067.xml |journal=Reproduction |language=en-US |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1530/rep.1.00024 |pmid=15056771 |issn=1741-7899|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1880, the Anglo-Arabian breed criteria formally established that a horse only needed 25% Arabian blood to be considered an Anglo-Arabian.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ArabianHorses.org - Registrations |url=https://www.arabianhorses.org/registration/registrations/#half |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.arabianhorses.org}}</ref> As long as they have the minimum ratio, they can be registered with the Anglo-Arabian Horse Registry of the [[Arabian Horse Association]] (AHA) and are eligible to participate in AHA shows.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=ArabianHorses.org - Handbook |url=https://www.arabianhorses.org/membership/handbook.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=www.arabianhorses.org}}</ref> Horses registered with the Arabian Horse Association will be given the [[Livestock branding|breed brand]].   

== Characteristics ==

[[File:Cheval de race anglo-rabe du midi (1852).jpg|thumb|Anglo-Arabian Physique]]
The size and appearance of the Anglo-Arabian breed mix varies depending on their ancestry, just like other breed mixes. On average, they stand between 15.2 and 16.3 hands (62-67 inches, 158-65 cm) tall, which is taller than the average Arabian but just below the height of a thoroughbred.<ref name=":2" /> Their body is sturdily built, similar to the thoroughbred, with refined heads that showcase their Arabian lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loconti |first=Christine |date=December 6, 2022 |title=What to Know About Arabian Horses |url=https://www.webmd.com/pets/what-to-know-about-arabian-horses |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> They have a deep chest, round hindquarters, [[Withers|prominent withers]], and lengthy legs. The most common colors for the Anglo-Arabian are [[Chestnut (horse color)|chestnut]], [[Bay (horse)|bay]], or [[Gray horse|gray]].<ref name=":2" /> The [[Arabian Horse Association]] accepts any color and height for the breed, but the association requires photos of their coloring to be submitted for registration.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Williams |first1=Jeffrey A. |title=Chapter 123 - Lameness in the Arabian and Half-Arabian Show Horse |date=2011-01-01 |work=Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse (Second Edition) |pages=1195–1205 |editor-last=Ross |editor-first=Mike W. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416060697001231 |access-date=2024-03-25 |place=Saint Louis |publisher=W.B. Saunders |isbn=978-1-4160-6069-7 |last2=Root |first2=Bradley S. |editor2-last=Dyson |editor2-first=Sue J.}}</ref>

== Genetic diseases ==

Breeding Arabians and thoroughbreds comes with a risk of breed-specific diseases that can be inherited. When breeding Anglo-Arabians, it is vital to prioritize the breed's well-being and genetic health by noting potential health problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Elissa J. |last2=Sadeghi |first2=Raheleh |last3=Schlamp |first3=Florencia |last4=Holl |first4=Heather M. |last5=Moradi-Shahrbabak |first5=Mohammad |last6=Miraei-Ashtiani |first6=Seyed Reza |last7=Abdalla |first7=Salma |last8=Shykind |first8=Ben |last9=Troedsson |first9=Mats |last10=Stefaniuk-Szmukier |first10=Monika |last11=Prabhu |first11=Anil |last12=Bucca |first12=Stefania |last13=Bugno-Poniewierska |first13=Monika |last14=Wallner |first14=Barbara |last15=Malek |first15=Joel |date=2020-06-16 |title=Genome Diversity and the Origin of the Arabian Horse |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9702 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66232-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7298027 |pmid=32546689|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9702C }}</ref> Genetic testing can help identify [[Genetic carrier|carriers]] of these diseases, prevent them from entering the breeding stream, and assist breeders in making informed decisions before breeding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Emery |first=Jon |date=2001-06-25 |title=Is informed choice in genetic testing a different breed of informed decision-making? A discussion paper |journal=Health Expectations |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=81–86 |doi=10.1046/j.1369-6513.2001.00124.x |issn=1369-6513 |pmc=5060052 |pmid=11359537}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Bellone |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Avila |first2=Felipe |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Genetic Testing in the Horse |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534857/ |journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=211–234 |doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.003 |issn=1558-4224 |pmid=32534857 |access-date=2024-03-24}}</ref> By being mindful of these health concerns, breeders can ensure the breed's continued success. The following diseases are [[Autosome|autosomal]] [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive traits]] that will lead to the death or euthanasia of the affected foal.

; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
: [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] (SCID) is a fatal genetic disorder by a mutation which causes the complete absence of [[White blood cell|immune cells]]. The foals will have [[immunodeficiency]], where they will be cease within 4-6 months.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ela |first1=Nahla A. |last2=El-Nesr |first2=Khalid A. |last3=Ahmed |first3=Hanaa A. |last4=Brooks |first4=Samantha A. |date=May 26, 2018 |title=Molecular Detection of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder in Arabian Horses in Egypt |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31256889/#:~:text=Severe%20combined%20immunodeficiency%20(SCID)%20is,protein%20kinase%20catalytic%20subunit%20gene. |journal=Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |volume=68 |pages=55–58 |doi=10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.210 |issn=0737-0806 |pmid=31256889}}</ref> 

; Cerebellar Abiotrophy
[[File:AwkwardGait.jpg|thumb|Filly with [[cerebellar abiotrophy]] exhibiting a stiff, awkward gait ]]
: Arabian horses and other horses of Arabian ancestry can inherit a [[Neurological disorder|neurological condition]] called [[cerebellar abiotrophy]] (CA), which causes the progressive death of [[Neuron|neurons]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Amy |date=2020-06-08 |title=Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA) {{!}} School of Veterinary Medicine |url=https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/cerebellar-abiotrophy-ca |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> Affected foals will have head tremors, lack of balance equilibrium ([[ataxia]]), and other neurological problems.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Ayad |first1=Abdelhanine |last2=Almarzook |first2=Saria |last3=Besseboua |first3=Omar |last4=Aissanou |first4=Sofiane |last5=Piórkowska |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Musiał |first6=Adrianna D. |last7=Stefaniuk-Szmukier |first7=Monika |last8=Ropka-Molik |first8=Katarzyna |date=2021-11-26 |title=Investigation of Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA), Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS), and Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Variants in a Cohort of Three MENA Region Horse Breeds |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1893 |doi=10.3390/genes12121893 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=8701198 |pmid=34946842}}</ref> 

; Lavender Foal Syndrome
[[File:Lavender foal syndrome.png|thumb|Foal with Lavender Foal Syndrome ]]
: [[Lavender foal syndrome|Lavender Foal Syndrome]] (LFS), also known as Coat Color Dilution Lethal (CCDL), is a rare genetic condition that affects foals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Amy |date=2020-06-09 |title=Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) {{!}} School of Veterinary Medicine |url=https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/lavender-foal-syndrome-lfs |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> This syndrome causes the foals to have a unique pink-gray coat and neurological dysfunctions that hinder their ability to stand and nurse properly. The syndrome is caused by a mutation in the [[Myosin|myosin Va]] ([[Unconventional myosin-Va|MYO5A]]) gene.<ref name=":4" /> Clinical signs of LFS include [[Seizure|seizures]], [[nystagmus]], and severe [[Anatomical terms of motion|hyperextension]] of limbs and back ([[Opisthotonus|opisthotonos]]). 

; Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation
: Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) is a neurological disorder that affects the first two [[Vertebra|vertebrae]] of the neck and the base of the [[skull]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Amy |date=2020-06-09 |title=Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) {{!}} School of Veterinary Medicine |url=https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/occipitoatlantoaxial-malformation-oaam |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu |language=en}}</ref> This disorder is caused by a deletion in the homeobox D3 gene ([[HOXD3]]), resulting in [[Compression of genomic sequencing data|spinal compression]], damage to the [[spinal cord]], reduced body coordination, and limited movement of the foal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bordbari |first1=M. H. |last2=Penedo |first2=M. C. T. |last3=Aleman |first3=M. |last4=Valberg |first4=S. J. |last5=Mickelson |first5=J. |last6=Finno |first6=C. J. |date=January 23, 2017 |title=Deletion of 2.7kb near HOXD3 in an Arabian horse with occipitoatlantoaxial malformation |journal=Animal Genetics |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=287–294 |doi=10.1111/age.12531 |issn=1365-2052 |pmc=5441686 |pmid=28111759}}</ref>

== Use ==

[[File:Anglo-arabe-cso.jpg|thumb|Anglo-Arabian performing in show jumping]]
The Arabian breed was initially developed to be [[Horses in warfare|war horses]], known for their great stamina, endurance, and intelligence, which aided their riders on the battlefield.<ref name=":3" /> On the other hand, thoroughbreds were primarily bred for [[Horse racing|racing]] and [[show jumping]] due to their athleticism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bower |first1=Mim A. |last2=McGivney |first2=Beatrice A. |last3=Campana |first3=Michael G. |last4=Gu |first4=Jingjing |last5=Andersson |first5=Lisa S. |last6=Barrett |first6=Elizabeth |last7=Davis |first7=Catherine R. |last8=Mikko |first8=Sofia |last9=Stock |first9=Frauke |last10=Voronkova |first10=Valery |last11=Bradley |first11=Daniel G. |last12=Fahey |first12=Alan G. |last13=Lindgren |first13=Gabriella |last14=MacHugh |first14=David E. |last15=Sulimova |first15=Galina |date=2012-01-24 |title=The genetic origin and history of speed in the Thoroughbred racehorse |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1644 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=643 |doi=10.1038/ncomms1644 |pmid=22273681 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..643B |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> Combining these two breeds resulted in the Anglo-Arabian, which is an ideal breed for sports-related activities such as show jumping, [[Cross-country riding|cross-country]], [[Endurance riding|endurance]], or [[dressage]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cochran |first=Caroline |date=November 10, 2023 |title=Anglo-Arabian Horse Breed Guide: Characteristics, Health & Nutrition {{!}} Mad Barn |url=https://madbarn.com/anglo-arabian-horse-breed-profile/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=madbarn.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The best examples of this breed inherit the Arabian's refinement, structure, and endurance as well as the speed and scope of the Thoroughbred.  

== See also ==

*[[Zweibrücker]]
*[[Arabian horse]]
*[[Thoroughbred]]
*[[Sardinian Anglo-Arab]]
*[[Gidran]]
*[[List of horse breeds]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Anglo-Arabian}}
* [http://www.anaa.fr/ Association Nationale Anglo-Arabe] (France)
* [http://www.arabianhorses.org Arabian Horse Association] (USA)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Part-Arabian breeds of horses and ponies]]