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Angra Nuclear Power Plant
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{{Short description|Nuclear power plant in Brazil}} {{Infobox power station | name = Angra Nuclear Power Plant | image = Around Paraty, Brazil 2018 239.jpg | image_caption = Angra Nuclear Power Plant | country = Brazil | coordinates = {{coord|23|00|30|S|44|27|26|W|region:BR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | operator = [[Eletronuclear|Eletrobrás Termonuclear S.A. - Eletronuclear]] | construction_began = 1971 | commissioned = 1 January 1985 | decommissioned = | ps_cooling_source = [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]] | ps_cooling_towers = | ps_units_operational = 1 × {{nowrap|640 MW}} (gross)<br/>1 × {{nowrap|1350 MW}} (gross) | ps_units_uc = 1 × {{nowrap|1405 MW}} (gross) | ps_thermal_capacity = 1 × {{nowrap|1882 MW<sub>th</sub>}}<br>1 × {{nowrap|3764 MW<sub>th</sub>}} | ps_electrical_capacity = 1884 | ps_electrical_cap_fac = 88.4% (2014-2018) | ps_annual_generation = 14,593 | website = [http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br eletronuclear.gov.br] }} '''Angra Nuclear Power Plant''' is Brazil's only nuclear power plant. It is located at the '''Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto''' ('''CNAAA''') on the Itaorna Beach in [[Angra dos Reis]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. It consists of two [[pressurized water reactor]]s ('''PWR'''), '''Angra I''', with a net output of 609 [[MWe#Electrical and thermal watts|MWe]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/AEmpresa/CentralNuclear/Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5esAngra1.aspx |title=Eletronuclear - Informações Angra 1 |access-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507032609/http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/AEmpresa/CentralNuclear/Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5esAngra1.aspx |archive-date=2014-05-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> first connected to the power grid in 1985<ref name=IAEAreport>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/33/029/33029574.pdf|publisher=IAEA|title=Second National Report of Brazil, Nuclear Installations|accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref> and '''Angra II''', with a net output of 1,275 MWe,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/AEmpresa/CentralNuclear/Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5esAngra2.aspx |title=Informações Angra 2 |access-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193058/http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/AEmpresa/CentralNuclear/Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5esAngra2.aspx |archive-date=2014-09-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> connected in 2000. Work on a third reactor, '''Angra III''', with a projected output of 1,245 MWe,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/AEmpresa/CentralNuclear/Angra3.aspx |title=Eletronuclear - Angra 3 |access-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307204349/http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/AEmpresa/CentralNuclear/Angra3.aspx |archive-date=2014-03-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> began in 1984 but was halted in 1986. Work started again on 1 June 2010 for entry into service in 2015 and later delayed into the 2020s.<ref name="IAEA">[http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/ Power Reactor Information System] of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]]: [http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.powrea.htm?country=BR&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic "Brazil, Federative Republic of : Nuclear Power Reactors"]</ref><ref name="Eletronuclear">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/Not%C3%ADcias/NoticiaDetalhes.aspx?NoticiaID=1446 |title="Eletronuclear - Obras civis de Angra 3 voltarão ao ritmo normal" |access-date=2014-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193245/http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/Not%C3%ADcias/NoticiaDetalhes.aspx?NoticiaID=1446 |archive-date=2014-09-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Construction resumed in November 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2022-11/reinicio-da-concretagem-marca-retomada-de-obras-de-angra-3|title=Reinício da concretagem marca retomada de obras de Angra 3|website=Agência Brasil|language=pt-br|first=Léo|last=Rodrigues|date=12 November 2022|accessdate=18 April 2024}}</ref> ==Existing complex== The '''Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto''' complex is administered by [[Eletronuclear]], a state company with the [[monopoly]] in nuclear power generation in Brazil. The complex employs some 3,000 people and generates another 10,000 indirect jobs in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]]. Angra I was purchased from [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)|Westinghouse]] of the [[United States|USA]] (its sister power plant is [[Krško Nuclear Power Plant]] in Slovenia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entrac.iaea.org/I-and-C/TM_PRAGUE_2007_05/CD/Papers/Furieri_paper.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004072938/http://entrac.iaea.org/I-and-C/TM_PRAGUE_2007_05/CD/Papers/Furieri_paper.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>). The [[balance of plant]] design was subcontracted to Gibbs and Hill (USA) in association with PROMON Engenharia S.A. and construction to Brasileira de Engenharia S.A.<ref name=IAEAreport/> The purchase did not include the transfer of sensitive reactor technology. As a result, Angra II was built with [[pre-Konvoi]] German technology, as part of a comprehensive nuclear agreement between Brazil and [[West Germany]] signed by President [[Ernesto Geisel]] in 1975. The complex was designed to have three [[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] units with a total output of around 3,000 MWe and was to be the first of 4 nuclear plants that would be built up to 1990. ==Reactors== The plant has two operating [[pressurized water reactor]]s, with a total net capacity of {{nowrap|1,854 MW<sub>e</sub>}}. Its units are rated as follows: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Unit ! Type ! Start construction ! First criticality ! Commercial operation ! Electric Power (net) ! Comments |- | Angra – 1<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRIS - Reactor Details |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=24 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=pris.iaea.org}}</ref> | [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]] 2-loop [[Pressurized Water Reactor|PWR]] | 1 May, 1971 | 3 March, 1982 | 1 January, 1985 | 609 [[megawatt|MW<sub>e</sub>]] | In operation |- | Angra – 2<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRIS - Reactor Details |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=25 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=pris.iaea.org}}</ref> | [[Siemens]] [[Pre-Konvoi]] [[Pressurized Water Reactor|PWR]] | 1 January, 1976 | 14 July, 2000 | 1 February, 2001 | 1245 MW<sub>e</sub> | In operation |- | Angra – 3<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRIS - Reactor Details |url=https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=26 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=pris.iaea.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto - Angra 3 |website=Eletrobras |url=https://www.eletronuclear.gov.br/Nossas-Atividades/Paginas/Angra-3.aspx |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> | [[Siemens]] [[Pre-Konvoi]] [[Pressurized Water Reactor|PWR]] | 1 June, 2010 | – | – | 1405 MW<sub>e</sub> | Under construction |} ==Future developments== [[File:Angra 04780011 (8388174267).jpg|thumb|260px|Construction site Angra II in 1990s]] The development of Angra III began in 1984 as a Siemens/KWU [[pressurized water reactor]] but was halted in 1986. About 70% of the plant's equipment was purchased in 1985 but has been in storage ever since. In June 2007, restarting of work on was approved by the [[National Council for Energy Policy]] but was halted again. On 31 May 2010, the [[National Nuclear Energy Commission]] granted a licensee for construction of the third reactor. Construction of the reactor, which has a capacity of 1,350 MWe, begun on 1 June 2010 and was predicted to be operational by 2018.<ref name="IAEA"/><ref name=wnn020610> {{cite news | url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN_Construction_of_Angra_3_0206109.html | title= Angra 3 construction | date= 2010-06-02 | work= World Nuclear News | accessdate= 2010-06-18}} </ref> After stopping construction in 2014, the Brazilian government have decided to auction off the incomplete power station to private investors in 2018. Based on that timetable and the volume of construction works to complete, the Energy deputy minister expected completion to be achieved by 2023.<ref> {{cite news | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-auction-angra-iii-idUSL2N1GY0V1 | title= Brazil's Angra III nuclear project to be auctioned by 2018 -deputy minister | date= 2017-03-22 | work= Reuters | accessdate= 2017-07-21}} </ref> In November 2021, the Brazilian government rescheduled the conclusion of Angra III for 2026–27, and announced the construction of a fourth nuclear power plant, to be inaugurated in 2031.<ref>{{cite news|title=De vilã a fonte verde: Brasil retoma projeto de energia nuclear |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/business/de-vila-a-fonte-verde-brasil-retoma-projeto-de-energia-nuclear |website=CNN Brazil|date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Governo prepara nova usina nuclear, mas ainda não retomou obras de Angra 3 |url=https://economia.ig.com.br/2021-11-08/nova-usina-nuclear.html |website=IG|date=9 November 2021}}</ref> In February 2022, the consortium that will complete the reactor agreed a contract, which is planned to enable reactor operations to start in 2026.<ref name=wnn-20220210>{{cite news |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Contract-signed-to-allow-resumption-of-Angra-3-wor |title=Contract signed allowing resumption of Angra 3 works |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Brazil|Energy|Nuclear technology}} *[[List of power stations in Brazil]] *[[List of nuclear power stations]] *[[Nuclear activities in Brazil]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Angra Nuclear Power Plant}} * [http://www.eletronuclear.gov.br Eletronuclear Official Website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060414205756/http://spectrum.ieee.org/mar06/3070 How Brazil Spun the Atom] * [http://www.power-technology.com/projects/angranuclear/ Angra-3 PWR Nuclear], Brazil {{Authority control}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro (state)]] [[Category:Nuclear power stations in Brazil]] [[Category:Nuclear power stations using pressurized water reactors]] [[Category:Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction]] [[Category:1985 establishments in Brazil]] [[Category:Angra dos Reis]]
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