Editing Anodorhynchus

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus-1cp.jpg
| image_caption = [[Hyacinth macaw]]
| taxon = Anodorhynchus
| authority = [[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix]], 1824
| type_species = ''[[Hyacinth macaw|Anodorhynchus maximiliani]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/checklist?viewfamilies=67 |title= Psittacidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-24}}</ref> = ''Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus''
| type_species_authority = von Spix 1824
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''A. glaucus'' <small>(Vieillot, 1816)</small><br/>
''A. hyacinthinus'' <small>(Latham, 1790)</small><br/>
''A. leari'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856</small>
}}

'''''Anodorhynchus''''' is a genus of large blue [[macaw]]s from open and semi-open habitats in central and eastern [[South America]]. It includes two [[extant species]], the [[hyacinth macaw]] and [[Lear's macaw]] also known as the indigo macaw, and one probably [[extinct]] species, the [[glaucous macaw]]. At about {{convert|100|cm|in}} in length the hyacinth macaw is the longest parrot in the world. Glaucous and Lear's macaws are exclusively cliff nesters; hyacinth macaws are mostly tree nesters. The three species mainly feed on the nuts from a few species of palms (notably ''[[Acrocomia aculeata]]'', ''[[Attalea phalerata]]'', ''[[Butia yatay]]'' and ''[[Syagrus coronata]]'').

While blue macaws have been known from taxidermic and captive specimens since at least 1790,{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} location of the Lear's macaw's endemic habitat wasn't known until 1978.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sick|first=H|author2=Teixeira DM |author3=Gonzaga LP|title=Our discovery of the land of the Lear's Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari).|journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências|year=1979|issue=51|pages=575–576}}</ref> 
  
The glaucous macaw was extirpated in the 1800s by clearance for agriculture and cattle grazing of the yatay palm (Butia yatay) groves upon which it fed,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yamashita, Valle|title=On the linkage between Anodorhynchus macaws and palm nuts, and the extinction of Glaucous Macaw. 113|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year=1993|volume=113|pages=53–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Begazo, Munn|author2=Castelino, Yamashita|title=Humans caused the first proven extinction of a South American land bird: a post mortem for the Glaucous Macaw Anodorhynchus glaucus|journal=Draft|date=n.d.}}</ref> though rumors of its continued existence persist. Lear's macaws have made a comeback from near extinction in the early 1980s (about 60 birds) to over 1000 as a result of conservation programs. Hyacinth macaws remain locally common within parts of their range, but their range has become fragmented into three known distinct populations in southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia and northeastern Paraguay; populations are declining due to extensive trapping for the pet trade as well as habitat loss.

All ''Anodorhynchus'' macaws are listed on [[CITES]] Appendix I.

==Taxonomy==
The genus, ''Anodorhynchus'' <small>Spix, 1824</small><ref name = zoonomen>{{cite web | url =http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/psit.html |title = Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.004) |date =2008-07-05 |publisher = www.zoonomen.net }}</ref> is one of six genera of Central and South American macaws in tribe ''Arini'' of macaws, parakeets and closely related genera. The macaws and parakeets comprise the clade of long-tailed parrots which with sister clade the short-tailed Amazonian parrots and allies make up subfamily ''Arinae'' of Neotropical parrots in family ''Psittacidae'' of true parrots. There are three currently recognized species (two extant and one probably extinct), all [[monotypic]]:<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald, Collar|author2=Marsden, Pain|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World, v4|year=1997|publisher=Lynx|location=Barcelona,Spain}}</ref>

Some recent commentators have suggested that the allopatric Lear's macaw and glaucous macaw should be considered conspecifics.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Besides the three recognised species, there is the [[violet macaw]], ''Anodorhynchus purpurascens'', which was described by [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Rothschild]] and featured in his book, ''[[Extinct Birds (Rothschild book)|Extinct Birds]]'' published in 1907, but there is very little evidence to support it as separate species and it should be regarded as a [[hypothetical extinct species]]. In the absence of a specimen, Rothschild scientifically described and named it as a separate species based on the evidence that violet macaws were said to have inhabited the island of [[Guadeloupe]]; however, they were probably hyacinth macaws imported from the mainland of South America.<ref name = Fuller1987>{{cite book |title = Extinct Birds |pages = 148–9 |first = Errol |last = Fuller | year = 1987| publisher = Penguin Books (England) |isbn = 0-670-81787-2}}</ref>

===Species details===
{{Species table |genus=Anodorhynchus |authority-name= [[Johann Baptist von Spix|Spix]]  |authority-year=1824 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name= [[Glaucous macaw]] |binomial=[[Anodorhynchus glaucus]]
|image=File:Aglaucus3.JPG |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]]  |authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= South America<br/>(probably extinct)
|range-image=File:Anodorhynchus glaucus map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, mostly pale turquoise-blue with a large greyish head. It has a long tail and a large bill. It has a yellow, bare eye-ring and half-moon-shaped lappets bordering the mandible.<ref name = birdlife-1545>{{cite web| publisher =BirdLife International (2008) |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1545&m=0 |title = Species factsheet: ''Anodorhynchus glaucus'' |access-date = 24 July 2008}}</ref>
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= CR
|population=
|direction=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Hyacinth macaw]]  |binomial=[[Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus]]
|image=File:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus -Australia Zoo -8-2c.jpg  |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]] |authority-year=1790 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= South America
|range-image=File:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|120|-|140|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan. It is almost entirely blue and has black under the wings. It has a large black beak with bright yellow along the sides of the lower part of the beak and also yellow eyerings.<ref name = birdlife-1543>{{cite web| publisher =BirdLife International (2008) |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1543&m=0 |title = Species factsheet: ''Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus'' |access-date = 24 July 2008}}</ref>
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=
|direction=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Lear's macaw]] |binomial=[[Anodorhynchus leari]]
|image=File:Rákosův pavilon 4 ara Learův.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] |authority-year=1856 |authority-not-original=no
|range= [[Brazil]]
|range-image=File:Anodorhynchus leari map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, mainly blue and the head is a slightly paler blue. It has bare pale yellow skin at the base of its beak and orange-yellow eyerings. It has a large blackish beak.<ref name = birdlife-1544>{{cite web| publisher =BirdLife International (2008) |url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1544&m=0 |title = Species factsheet: ''Anodorhynchus leari'' |access-date = 24 July 2008}}</ref>
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= EN
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/end}}

==See also==
*[[List of macaws]]
*[[Spix's macaw]], another distantly related blue macaw

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bluemacaws.org "Blue Macaws website"]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JP9BshjemB4 ''Macaw Blues (part one): A Postmortem for the Glaucous Macaw'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOxaGTdp0Nw ''Macaw Blues (part two): A Postmortem for the Glaucous Macaw'']

{{Macaws}}
{{Psittacopasseres|Ps.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q635333}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anodorhynchus| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]