Editing Anthurium

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Distinguish|Antirrhinum}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Anthurium3.JPG
| image_caption = ''Anthurium'' sp.
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Anthurium
| authority = [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See [[List of Anthurium species|list of species]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=10581 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
| synonyms = 
* ''Podospadix'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Strepsanthera'' <small>Raf.</small>
| range_map = Anthurium distribution.jpg
| range_map_caption = Range of the genus ''Anthurium''
|type_species = ''[[Anthurium acaule]]''<ref name=ING>[http://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Anthurium ING Database ANTHURIUM - Smithsonian Institution]</ref>
|type_species_authority = ([[Jacq.]]) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]
}}

'''''Anthurium''''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|θj|uː|r|i|ə|m}};<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]], 1829) is a [[genus]] of about 1,000<ref name=man>Mantovani, A. and T. E. Pereira. (2005). [http://rodriguesia.jbrj.gov.br/FASCICULOS/rodrig56_88/10_Mantovani.pdf ''Anthurium'' (section ''Urospadix''; subsection ''Flavescentiviridia'').] ''Rodriguesia'' 56(88), 145–60.</ref><ref>Haigh, A. [http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Araceae.htm Araceae.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032439/http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Araceae.htm |date=2020-11-12 }} Neotropical Araceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> [[species]] of flowering plants, the largest genus of the arum [[family (biology)|family]], [[Araceae]].<ref name=man/> General common names include '''anthurium''', '''tailflower''', '''flamingo flower''',<ref name=nc>[http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Anthusp.htm ''Anthurium'' spp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003023439/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Anthusp.htm |date=2013-10-03 }} Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina State University.</ref> '''pigtail plant''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flamingo Flower {{!}} ASPCA |url=https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/flamingo-flower |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=www.aspca.org |language=en}}</ref> and '''laceleaf'''.<ref>[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42558 ''Anthurium''.] ITIS.</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1–560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Nadruz Coelho, M.A., Waechter, J.L. & Mayo, S.J. (2009). Revisão taxonômica das espécies de Anthurium (Araceae) seção Urospadix subseção Flavescentiviridia. Rodriguésia; Revista do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Jardim Botânico e Estaçao Biologica do Itatiaya 60: 799–864.</ref>

The genus is native to the Americas, where it is distributed from northern [[Mexico]] to northern [[Argentina]] and parts of the [[Caribbean]].<ref>Croat, T. (1983). [http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/abstrap1.php A revision of the genus ''Anthurium'' (Araceae) of Mexico and Central America. Part 1: Mexico and Middle America.] ''Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.'' 70: 211–417.</ref>

== Description and biology ==
''Anthurium'' is a genus of herbs often growing as [[epiphyte]]s on other plants. Some are terrestrial. The leaves are often clustered and are variable in shape. The [[inflorescence]] bears small flowers which are [[perfect flower|perfect]], containing male and female structures. The flowers are contained in close together spirals on the [[spadix (botany)|spadix]]. The spadix is often elongated into a spike shape, but it can be globe-shaped or club-shaped. Beneath the spadix is the [[spathe]], a type of [[bract]]. This is variable in shape, as well, but it is lance-shaped in many species. It may extend out flat or in a curve. Sometimes it covers the spadix like a hood. The fruits develop from the flowers on the spadix. They are juicy [[berry (botany)|berries]] varying in color, usually containing two seeds.<ref>Croat, T. B. [http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/anthintro.php ''Anthurium'' description.] aroid.org</ref>

The spadix and spathe are a main focus of ''Anthurium'' breeders, who develop [[cultivar]]s in bright colors and unique shapes. ''Anthurium scherzerianum'' and ''A. andraeanum'', two of the most common taxa in cultivation, are the only species that grow bright red spathes. They have also been bred to produce spathes in many other colors and patterns.<ref>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Anthurium-scherzerianum.htm ''Anthurium scherzerianum'' (flamingo flower).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023021035/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Anthurium-scherzerianum.htm |date=2013-10-23 }} Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref>

''Anthurium'' plants are poisonous due to [[calcium oxalate]] crystals. The sap is irritating to the skin and eyes.<ref name=nc/>

== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Anthurium scherzerianum 2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Anthurium scherzerianum]]'' inflorescence]]
Like other [[Araceae|aroids]], many species of ''Anthurium'' plant can be grown as [[houseplants]], or outdoors in mild climates in shady spots, including ''[[Anthurium crystallinum]]'' and ''[[Anthurium clarinervium]]'' with its large, velvety, dark green leaves and silvery white venation. Many [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are derived from ''[[Anthurium andraeanum]]'' or ''[[Anthurium scherzerianum]]'' because of their colorful spathes. They thrive in moist soils with high organic matter. In milder climates the plants can be grown in pots of soil. Indoors plants thrive at temperatures of {{convert|16-22|C|F}} and at lower light than other house plants. Wiping the leaves off with water will remove any dust and insects. Plants in pots with good root systems will benefit from a weak fertilizer solution every other week.  In the case of vining or climbing Anthuriums, the plants benefit from being provided with a totem to climb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to grow anthurium |url=https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-grow-anthurium/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=BBC Gardeners World Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Propagation===
''Anthurium'' can be propagated by seed or [[vegetative reproduction|vegetatively]] by cuttings. In the commercial ''Anthurium'' trade, most propagation is via [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]].<ref name=fl>Chen, J., et al. [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep159 Cultural guidelines for commercial production of interiorscape ''Anthurium''.]  ENH956. Environmental Horticulture. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2003, revised 2009.</ref> This method allows for the production of disease-free, genetically uniform plants on a large scale, making it the preferred choice for commercial growers [https://www.youngplant.cn/a-news-why-tissue-culture-anthurium-plants-are-ideal-for-businesses-and-commercial-growers?utm_source=chatgpt.com]

== Species ==
For a full list, see the [[List of Anthurium species|List of ''Anthurium'' species]].
[[Image:Anthurium andreanum Princess Amalia Elegance.jpg|thumb|right|''[[:en:Anthurium andraeanum|Anthurium andraeanum Princess Amalia Elegance]]'']]

In 1860 there were 183 species known to science, and [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]] defined them in 28 sections in the book ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum''.<ref>Schott, H. W. ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum''. Wien. 1860.</ref> In 1905 the genus was revised with a description of 18 sections.<ref>Engler, A. (1905). Araceae-Pothoideae. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV.'' 23B, Heft 21, pp. 1–330.</ref> In 1983 the genus was divided into the following sections:<ref>[http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/anthsections.html Sections of ''Anthurium''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231100640/http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/anthsections.html |date=December 31, 2007 }} aroid.org</ref>

* ''[[Anthurium sect. Belolonchium|Belolonchium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Calomystrium|Calomystrium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Cardiolonchium|Cardiolonchium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Chamaerepium|Chamaerepium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Cordatopunctatum|Cordatopunctatum]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Dactylophyllium|Dactylophyllium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Decurrentia|Decurrentia]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Digitinervium|Digitinervium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Gymnopodium|Gymnopodium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Leptanthurium|Leptanthurium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium|Pachyneurium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Polyphyllium|Polyphyllium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Polyneurium|Polyneurium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Porphyrochitonium|Porphyrochitonium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Schizoplacium|Schizoplacium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Semaeophyllium|Semaeophyllium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Tetraspermium|Tetraspermium]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Urospadix|Urospadix]]''
* ''[[Anthurium sect. Xialophyllium|Xialophyllium]]''

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Flamingo Flower Orchid.JPG|Flamingo Flower
File:Anthuriumpolyschistumjuvenile-araceum1.jpg|''[[Anthurium polyschistum]]''
Image:Anthurium digitatum0.jpg|''[[Anthurium digitatum]]'' inflorescence
File:Anthurium scandens berries.jpg|''[[Anthurium scandens]]'' fruits and leaves
File:Anthurium gracile.jpg|''[[Anthurium gracile]]''
Image:Anthurium.andraeanum1web.jpg|''[[Anthurium andraeanum]]''
Anthurium obtusum (habitus).jpg|''[[Anthurium obtusum]]'' 
File:火鶴霹靂馬20190724201841.jpg|''Anthurium andraeanum'' cv. Previa
</gallery>

== Toxicity ==
* All plants within the Anthurium genus are toxic to cats, dogs, and even horses. Each part of the plant, including the root, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds, poses a risk of toxicity. The plant contains insoluble calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause oral irritation, pain, swelling, excessive drooling, vomiting, and difficulty swallowing. Keeping these plants away from your pets (and equines) is the best way to prevent a medical emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthurium {{!}} Description, Houseplant, Poisonous, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Anthurium |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Spathiphyllum]]'', similar looking plant genus of same family

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Anthurium|''Anthurium''}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q239835|from2=Q21219417}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anthurium| ]]
[[Category:Araceae genera]]
[[Category:Constantly blooming plants]]