Editing Anti-Americanism

{{Short description|Dislike of the United States and Americans}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}[[File:13 Aban (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Protesters set fire to [[Flag of the United States|American flag]], [[Flag of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia flag]] and [[Flag of Israel|Israel flag]] in [[Iran]] on November 4, 2015.]]
[[File:DPRK Museum painting 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|An Anti-American mural on display for [[Propaganda in North Korea|propaganda]] purposes at the Museum of [[Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities]] in [[North Korea]] depicts what the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]] claims is the torture of a North Korean woman by [[United States Army|American soldiers]] during the [[Korean War]].]] 
                                                                                                                 
'''Anti-Americanism''' (also called '''anti-American sentiment''' and '''Americanophobia''') is a term that can describe several sentiments and positions including opposition to, fear of, distrust of, prejudice against or hatred toward the [[United States]], its [[Federal government of the United States|government]], its [[Foreign policy of the United States|foreign policy]], or [[Americans]] in general.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chiozza |first=Giacomo |title=Anti-Americanism and the World Order |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |date=2009}}</ref> Anti-Americanism can be contrasted with [[pro-Americanism]], which refers to support, love, or admiration for the United States.

Political scientist Brendon O'Connor at the [[United States Studies Centre]] in [[Australia]] suggests that "anti-Americanism" cannot be isolated as a consistent phenomenon, since the term originated as a rough composite of [[stereotype]]s, [[prejudice]]s, and criticisms which evolved into more politically-based criticisms. French scholar Marie-France Toinet says that use of the term "anti-Americanism" is "only fully justified if it implies systematic opposition – a sort of allergic reaction – to America as a whole."<ref name="OConnor">{{cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Brendan |title=A Brief History of Anti-Americanism from Cultural Criticism to Terrorism |pages=77–92 |journal=Australasian Journal of American Studies |volume=23 |number=1 |publisher=[[The University of Sydney]] |date=July 2004 |url= http://www.anzasa.arts.usyd.edu.au/a.j.a.s/Articles/1_04/OConnor.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130521145809/http://www.anzasa.arts.usyd.edu.au/a.j.a.s/Articles/1_04/OConnor.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2013 |jstor=41053968}}</ref> Some scholars frequently accused of anti-American biases, such as [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Nancy Snow (academic)|Nancy Snow]], have argued that the application of the term "anti-American" to other countries or their populations is 'nonsensical', as it implies that disliking the American government or its policies is socially undesirable or even comparable to a crime.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|date=1993|title=Totalitarian Culture in a Free Society|url=https://archive.org/details/NoamChomsky-TotalitarianCultureInAFreeSociety-1993|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Snow|first=Nancy|title=The Arrogance of American Power: What U.S. Leaders Are Doing Wrong and Why It's Our Duty to Dissent|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=0-7425-5373-6|location=Lanham, MD|pages=27ff|oclc=69992247}}</ref> In this regard, the term has been likened to the propagandistic usage of the term "[[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Sovietism]]" in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].<ref name=":02" />

Discussions on anti-Americanism have in most cases lacked a precise explanation of what the sentiment entails (other than a general disfavor), which has led the term to be used broadly and in an impressionistic manner, resulting in the inexact impressions of the many expressions described as anti-American.<ref>O'Connor, Brendan, p 89.</ref> Author and [[expatriate]] William Russell Melton argues that criticism largely originates from the perception that the U.S. wants to act as a "[[world policeman]]".<ref>William Russell Melton. ''The New American Expat: thriving and surviving overseas in the post-9/11 world''. (Intercultural Press 2005. p. XIX.)</ref>

Negative or critical views of the United States or its influence have been widespread in [[Russia]], [[China]], [[Serbia]],<ref name="B92_2009"/> [[Pakistan]],<ref name="Gallup2012">[http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/161309/US_Global_Leadership_Report_03-13_mh2.pdf U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713155508/http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/161309/US_Global_Leadership_Report_03-13_mh2.pdf |date=13 July 2015 }} ''[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]''</ref> [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moy|first=Will|title=America: seen as the number one threat to world peace, says one survey|url=https://fullfact.org/news/america-world-peace/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[Full Fact]]|date=11 May 2018|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170023/https://fullfact.org/news/america-world-peace/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Belarus]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Rating World Leaders: 2016-2017 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia (page 12)|url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001|website=Gallup|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213192250/https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Greater Middle East]],<ref name="Pew Research Center Poll">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/|title=Public Opinion of the U.S.|access-date=29 April 2019|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=April 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224240/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbcpoll">{{cite web |title=BBC World Service poll |agency=BBC |website=GlobeScan |date=30 June 2017 |url=http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608143515/https://globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but remain low in [[Israel]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[India]], [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite web |title= U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump's Leadership |date= 26 June 2017 |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 25 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190725003532/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/ |url-status= live }}</ref> the [[Philippines]], and certain countries in [[Central and Eastern Europe|central and eastern Europe]].<ref name="Pew Research Center Poll"/> In [[Western Europe]], anti-Americanism is mainly present in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Philippe Roger|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/723682.html|title=The American Enemy, The History of French Anti-Americanism|date=|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.commentary.org/articles/t-fyvel/realities-behind-british-anti-americanismthe-minority-leading-the-national-pastime/ | title=Realities behind British "Anti-Americanism":The Minority Leading the National Pastime | date=December 1952 }}</ref> A benign form of anti-Americanism has also been present in Canada since the late 18th century following the [[American Revolutionary War]].

Anti-Americanism has also been identified with the term '''Americanophobia''',<ref name="Gulddal2007">{{cite journal | last=Gulddal | first=Jesper | title='The one great Hyperpower in the Sky': anti-Americanism in contemporary European literature | journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=20 | issue=4 | year=2007 | issn=0955-7571 | doi=10.1080/09557570701680720 | pages=677–692| hdl=1959.13/927709 | s2cid=144151095 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="OConnorGriffiths2007">{{cite book | last1=O'Connor | first1=B. | last2=Griffiths | first2=M. | title=Anti-Americanism: Causes and sources | publisher=Greenwood World Pub. | series=Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-84645-024-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVPlvgCOUbIC | access-date=1 August 2022 | pages=7–21}}</ref><ref name="Guerlain2007">{{cite journal | last=Guerlain | first=Pierre | title=A Tale of Two Anti-Americanisms | journal=European Journal of American Studies | publisher=OpenEdition | volume=2 | issue=2 | date=17 October 2007 | issn=1991-9336 | doi=10.4000/ejas.1523 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref> which [[Merriam-Webster]] defines as "hatred of the U.S. or [[Culture of the United States|American culture]]".<ref name="MW">{{cite dictionary|url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Americanophobia |title=Americanophobia|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4">Denis Lacorne, "Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives." (2005).</ref> Anti-Americanism is also widely seen in [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries such as [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]], [[Cuba]], [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]].
                                                                                                            
==Etymology==
In the online [[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]], the term "anti-Americanism" is defined as "Hostility to the interests of the United States".<ref name="Oxforddictionaries.com">{{cite web |title=anti-americanism: definition of anti-Americanism in English by Oxford dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=11 August 2014 |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/anti-americanism |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202141816/https://www.lexico.com/definition/anti-americanism }}</ref>

In the first edition of Webster's [[Webster's Dictionary|American Dictionary of the English Language]] (1828) the term "anti-American" was defined as "opposed to America, or to the true interests or government of the United States; opposed to the revolution in America".<ref>{{cite web |title=The ARTFL Project – Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913+1828) |publisher=Machaut.uchicago.edu |url=http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=antiamerican&use1913=on&use1828=on |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190842/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=antiamerican&use1913=on&use1828=on |archive-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>

In France the use of the noun form ''antiaméricanisme'' has been cataloged from 1948,<ref name="ReferenceA">Le Petit Robert {{ISBN|2-85036-668-4}}</ref> entering ordinary political language in the 1950s.<ref name="introductory excerpt">Roger, Phillipe. ''The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism,'' [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/723682.html introductory excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162427/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/723682.html |date=29 August 2017 }}, University of Chicago Press, 2005.</ref>

==Rationale==
Bradley Bowman, a former professor at the [[United States Military Academy]], argues that United States military facilities overseas and the forces stationed there serve as a "major catalyst for anti-Americanism and radicalization." Other studies have found a link between the presence of the US bases and [[al-Qaeda]] recruitment. These bases are often cited by opponents of repressive governments to provoke anger, protest, and nationalistic fervor against the ruling class and the United States. This in turn, according to JoAnn Chirico, raises concerns in Washington that a democratic transition could lead to the closure of bases, which often encourages the United States to extend its support for authoritarian leaders. This study suggests that the outcome could be an intensifying cycle of protest and repression supported by the United States.{{sfn|Vine|2017}} In 1958, [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] discussed with his staff what he described as a "campaign of hatred against us" in the Arab world, "not by the governments but by the people." The [[United States National Security Council]], concluded that was due to a perception that the U.S. supports corrupt and brutal governments and opposes political and economic development "to protect its interest in Near East oil". 
The [[Wall Street Journal]] reached a similar conclusion after surveying the views of wealthy and Western Muslims after [[September 11 attacks]].{{sfn|Chomsky|2001|p=112-113}}
In this vein, the head of the [[Council of Foreign Relations]] terrorism program believes that the American support for repressive regimes such as [[Egypt]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] is undoubtedly a major factor in anti-American sentiment in the Arab world.{{sfn|Chomsky|2003|pp=142-143}}

==Interpretations==
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright plainrowheaders" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f8cccc;" colspan="2"|Results of 2021 [[Morning Consult]] poll<ref name="Morning Consult">{{cite web |title=How the World Sees America Amid Its Chaotic Withdrawal from Afghanistan |agency=Morning Consult |date=26 August 2021 |url=https://morningconsult.com/2021/08/26/united-states-favorability-global-countries-afghanistan/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831092800/https://morningconsult.com/2021/08/26/united-states-favorability-global-countries-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "Do you have
a favorable or unfavorable view of the U.S.?"<br />(default-sorted by decreasing negativity of each country) 
! scope="col" | Country polled
! scope="col" | <small>Positive</small>
! scope="col" | <small>Negative</small>
! scope="col" | <small>Neutral</small>
! scope="col" | <small>Difference</small>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|China}}
| {{Percentage bar|18|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|77|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|5|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:red;">-59</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| {{Percentage bar|41|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|44|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|15|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:red;">-3</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| {{Percentage bar|41|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|42|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:red;">-1</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| {{Percentage bar|42|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|39|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+3</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| {{Percentage bar|46|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|38|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|16|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+8</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| {{Percentage bar|49|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|35|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|16|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+14</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| {{Percentage bar|51|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|34|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|15|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+17</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|France}}
| {{Percentage bar|50|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|26|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|24|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+24</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| {{Percentage bar|54|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|29|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+25</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Japan}}
| {{Percentage bar|53|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|23|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|24|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+30</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
| {{Percentage bar|60|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|25|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|15|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+35</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| {{Percentage bar|67|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|14|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+53</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| {{Percentage bar|72|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|12|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|16|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+60</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|United States}}
| {{Percentage bar|78|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|5|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+61</span>
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagcountry|India}}
| {{Percentage bar|79|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|10|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|11|c=#F5F5DC|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">+69</span>
|-
|}

In a poll conducted {{as of|2017|alt=in 2017}} by the [[BBC World Service]] of 19 countries, four of the countries rated U.S. influence positively, while 14 leaned negatively, and one was divided.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2017/globescan-poll-world-views-world-service|title=Sharp drop in world views of US, UK: Global poll for BBC World Service|agency=BBC World Service|date=3 July 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709162714/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2017/globescan-poll-world-views-world-service|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anti-Americanism had risen in the late 2010s in Canada, Latin America, the Middle East, and the European Union, due in part to the strong worldwide unpopularity of the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump administration]]'s policies, though anti-Americanism is noted to be low in numerous countries of central and eastern Europe due to stronger [[Anti-communism|anti-communist sentiment]] amongst numerous former [[Warsaw Pact]] [[Satellite state#Soviet satellite states|satellite states]] of the Soviet Union and strong support for [[Enlargement of NATO|joining]] and remaining within the [[NATO]] alliance.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/international-view-of-trump-735190/|title=Good News: International Confidence in American Leadership Has Plummeted|first1=Ryan|last1=Bort|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=9 October 2018|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613145847/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/international-view-of-trump-735190/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Shannon |date=2020-02-10 |title=NATO Seen Favorably Across Member States |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/02/09/nato-seen-favorably-across-member-states/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]] of [[Joe Biden]] as new president, overall global views of the United States have returned to being positive overall once more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/|title=America's Image Abroad Rebounds With Transition From Trump to Biden|date=10 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613145723/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Interpretations of anti-Americanism have often been polarized. Anti-Americanism has been described by Hungarian-born American sociologist [[Paul Hollander]] as "a relentless critical impulse toward American social, economic, and political institutions, traditions, and values".<ref name="Hollander2007">{{cite web |last=Hollander |first=Paul |title=The Politics of Envy |work=The New Criterion |date=November 2002 |url= http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/politics_of_envy.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100906002655/http://www.travelbrochuregraphics.com/extra/politics_of_envy.htm |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref><ref>Jay Nordlinger, [http://old.nationalreview.com/nordlinger/nordlinger200407221016.asp Hollander's Clear Eye] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811012059/http://old.nationalreview.com/nordlinger/nordlinger200407221016.asp |date=11 August 2011}}, 22 July 2004, National Review Online.</ref>

[[Germany|German]] newspaper publisher and political scientist [[Josef Joffe]] suggests five classic aspects of the phenomenon: reducing Americans to [[Stereotypes of Americans|stereotypes]], believing the United States to have an irredeemably evil nature, ascribing to the U.S. establishment a vast conspiratorial power aimed at utterly [[American imperialism|dominating the globe]], holding the U.S. responsible for all the evils in the world, and seeking to limit the influence of the U.S. by destroying it or by cutting oneself and one's society off from its polluting products and practices.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mead |first=Walter Russell |title=Through Our Friends' Eyes – Defending and Advising the Hyperpower |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=May–June 2006 |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501fareviewessay85311a/walter-russell-mead/through-our-friends-eyes-defending-and-advising-the-hyperpower.html |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080706145354/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501fareviewessay85311a/walter-russell-mead/through-our-friends-eyes-defending-and-advising-the-hyperpower.html |archive-date=6 July 2008 }} Review of Josef Joffe's ''Überpower: The Imperial Temptation of America.''</ref> Other advocates of the significance of the term argue that anti-Americanism represents a coherent and dangerous [[ideology|ideological]] current, comparable to [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Markovits |first=Andrei S. |title=European Anti-Americanism (and Anti-Semitism): Ever Present Though Always Denied |work=Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism: Web Publications |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=August 2005 |url= http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-markovits-05.htm |access-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051401/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-markovits-05.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Anti-Americanism has also been described as an attempt to frame the consequences of [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] choices as evidence of a specifically American moral failure, as opposed to what may be unavoidable failures of a complicated foreign policy that comes with [[superpower]] status.<ref>Kagan, Robert. ''Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order'' (2003)</ref>

Its status as an "[[-ism]]" is a greatly contended suspect, however. Brendon O'Connor notes that studies of the topic have been "patchy and impressionistic," and often one-sided attacks on anti-Americanism as an irrational position.<ref name="OConnor"/> American academic [[Noam Chomsky]], a prolific critic of the U.S. and its policies, asserts that the use of the term within the U.S. has parallels with methods employed by [[totalitarian]] states or [[military dictatorship]]s; he compares the term to "[[Anti-Soviet agitation|anti-Sovietism]]", a label used by the [[Kremlin]] to suppress dissident or critical thought, for instance.<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/chomskypa.htm Interviewing Chomsky] {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021113190538/http://www.zmag.org/chomskypa.htm |date=13 November 2002}} Preparatory to Porto: Alegre ''Zmagazine''</ref><ref name="Chomsky_1994_interview">{{cite web |last1=Leistyna |first1=Pepi |last2=Sherblom |first2=Stephen |title=On Violence and Youth – Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pepi Leistyna and Stephen Sherblom |publisher=chomsky.info, quoting Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 65, No. 2, Summer 1995 [Fall 1994] |year=1994 |url= http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/1994----02.htm |access-date=5 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080109110410/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/1994----02.htm |archive-date=9 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Chomsky_2004">{{Cite news |title=Noam Chomsky on the State of the Nation, Iraq and the Election |work=Democracy Now! |date=21 October 2004 |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2004/10/21/noam_chomsky_on_the_state_of |access-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080109092943/http://www.democracynow.org/2004/10/21/noam_chomsky_on_the_state_of |archive-date=9 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewP5tNLBb2E Chomsky on Religion (Interview)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819064733/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewP5tNLBb2E |date=19 August 2013 }}, YouTube.</ref>

{{blockquote|The concept "anti-American" is an interesting one. The counterpart is used only in totalitarian states or military dictatorships... Thus, in the old Soviet Union, dissidents were condemned as "anti-Soviet". That's a natural usage among people with deeply rooted totalitarian instincts, which identify state policy with the society, the people, the culture. In contrast, people with even the slightest concept of democracy treat such notions with ridicule and contempt.<ref name="Chomsky_2002">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Jacklyn |title=Is Chomsky 'anti-American'? Noam Chomsky |publisher=chomsky.info, re-quoting The Herald |date=9 December 2002 |url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20021209.htm |access-date=5 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071220091256/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20021209.htm |archive-date=20 December 2007  }}</ref>}}

Some have attempted to recognize both positions. French academic Pierre Guerlain has argued that the term represents two very different tendencies: "One systematic or essentialist, which is a form of prejudice targeting all Americans. The other refers to the way criticisms of the United States are labeled 'anti-American' by supporters of U.S. policies in an ideological bid to discredit their opponents".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Pierre Guerlain, ''A Tale of Two Anti-Americanisms'' |journal=European Journal of American Studies |publisher=European Journal of American Studies, ejas.revues.org |year=2007 |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.4000/ejas.1523 |url=http://ejas.revues.org/document1523.html |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=26 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226180357/http://ejas.revues.org/document1523.html |url-status=live |last1=Guerlain |first1=Pierre |doi-access=free }}</ref> Guerlain argues that these two "ideal types" of anti-Americanism can sometimes merge, thus making discussion of the phenomenon particularly difficult. Other scholars have suggested that a plural of anti-Americanisms, specific to country and time period, more accurately describe the phenomenon than any broad generalization.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Katzenstein|first1 = Peter|first2 = Robert|last2 = Keohane|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy9bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|chapter = Conclusion: Anti-Americanisms and the Polyvalence of America|title = Anti-Americanisms in World Politics|location = Ithaca|publisher = Cornell University Press|date = 2011|isbn = 9780801461651|access-date = 8 November 2020|archive-date = 2 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211202141814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy9bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|url-status = live}}</ref> The widely used "anti-American sentiment", meanwhile, less explicitly implies an ideology or belief system.

Globally, increases in perceived anti-American attitudes appear to correlate with particular policies or actions,<ref>Rodman, Peter W. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Summer/ai_63649343#continue The world's resentment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908130300/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_2000_Summer/ai_63649343 |date=8 September 2005 }}, ''The National Interest,'' Washington, D.C., vol. 601, Summer 2001</ref> such as the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]]<ref>[http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ppns/papers/speulda.pdf Documenting the Phenomenon of Anti-Americanism] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526213422/http://www.wws.princeton.edu/ppns/papers/speulda.pdf |date=26 May 2006 }}
By Nicole Speulda, The Princeton Project on National Security, Princeton University, 2005</ref> wars. For this reason, critics sometimes argue the label is a propaganda term that is used to dismiss any censure of the United States as irrational.<ref>O'Connor, Brendan, op. cit., p 78: "...&nbsp;Cold War (1945–1989) ... In this period the false and disingenuous labeling of objections to American policies as 'anti-Americanism' became more prominent."</ref> American historian Max Paul Friedman has written that throughout American history the term has been misused to stifle domestic dissent and delegitimize any foreign criticism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Max Paul|title=Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780521683425}}</ref> According to an analysis by German historian Darius Harwardt, the term is nowadays mostly used to stifle debate by attempting to discredit viewpoints that oppose American policies.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Harwardt |first=Darius |title=Verehrter Feind: Amerikabilder deutscher Rechtsintellektueller in der Bundesrepublik |publisher=Campus Verlag |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-593-51111-5 |location=Frankfurt, Germany |pages=57ff., 241ff |language=de |oclc=1124800558}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
==== Degeneracy thesis ====
In the mid- to late-eighteenth century, a theory emerged among some European intellectuals which stated that the landmasses of the [[New World]] were inherently inferior to that of Europe. Proponents of the so-called "degeneracy thesis" held the view that climatic extremes, humidity and other atmospheric conditions in America physically weakened both men and animals.<ref name=hatingamerica>{{cite book |first=Barry |last=Rubin |author-link=Barry Rubin |author2=Rubin, Judith Colp |title=Hating America: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-530649-X}}</ref>{{rp|3–19}} American author [[James W. Ceaser]] and French author Philippe Roger have interpreted this theory as "a kind of prehistory of anti-Americanism"<ref name=Ceaser>{{cite journal | url=http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003summer/article1.html | title=A genealogy of anti-Americanism | author=Ceaser, James W. | journal=[[The Public Interest]] | date=Summer 2003 | access-date=3 May 2005 | archive-date=22 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222050520/http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003summer/article1.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Granthem>{{cite journal | last =Grantham | first =Bill |date=Summer 2003 | title =Brilliant Mischief: The French on Anti-Americanism | journal =[[World Policy Journal]] | volume =20 | issue =2 | pages =95–101 | doi =10.1215/07402775-2003-3011 |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/grantham.html|access-date=16 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080430075751/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj03-2/grantham.html| archive-date = 30 April 2008| url-access =subscription }}</ref> and have (in the words of Philippe Roger) been a historical "constant" since the 18th century, or again an endlessly repetitive "semantic block". Others, like [[Jean-François Revel]], have examined what lay hidden behind this 'fashionable' ideology.<ref>Denis Lacorne, [http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mars05/artdl.pdf ANTI-AMERICANISM AND AMERICANOPHOBIA : A FRENCH PERSPECTIVE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524043828/http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/archive/mars05/artdl.pdf |date=24 May 2011 }}, March 2005.</ref> Purported evidence for the idea included the smallness of [[Fauna of the United States|American fauna]], dogs that ceased to bark, and venomous plants;<ref name=Meunier>{{cite web | last =Meunier | first =Sophie | author-link =Sophie Meunier | date =March 2005 | title =Anti-Americanism in France | publisher =[[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs]], [[Princeton University]] | url =http://www.jhfc.duke.edu/ducis/GlobalEquity/pdfs/Meunier.pdf | access-date =18 May 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080527224611/http://www.jhfc.duke.edu/ducis/GlobalEquity/pdfs/Meunier.pdf | archive-date =27 May 2008 }}</ref> one theory put forth was that the New World had emerged from the [[Biblical flood]] later than the [[Old World]].<ref name=Popkin>{{cite journal|last=Popkin |first=Richard H. |date=January 1978 |title=The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900 (review) |journal=[[Journal of the History of Philosophy]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=115–118 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_philosophy/v016/16.1popkin.pdf |access-date=27 May 2008 |quote=Jefferson, who was U.S. ambassador to Paris after the Revolution, was pushed by the rampant anti-Americanism of some of the French intellectuals to publish the only book of his that appeared in his lifetime, the [[Notes on Virginia]] (1782–1784) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528141305/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_the_history_of_philosophy%2Fv016%2F16.1popkin.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |url-status=live |doi=10.1353/hph.2008.0035 |s2cid=147006780 }}</ref> [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] were also held to be feeble, small, and without ardor.<ref name=Goldstein>{{cite web |first=James A. |last=Goldstein |url=http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=rwu/rwufp |title=Aliens in the Garden |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=nellco.org (Posted with permission of the author) |work=Roger Williams University School of Law Faculty Papers }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The theory was originally proposed by [[Comte de Buffon]], a leading French naturalist, in his ''[[Histoire Naturelle]]'' (1766).<ref name=Goldstein/> The French writer [[Voltaire]] joined Buffon and others in making the argument.<ref name=Meunier/> [[Dutch Republic|Dutchman]] [[Cornelius de Pauw]], court philosopher to [[Frederick II of Prussia]] became its leading proponent.<ref name=Ceaser/> While Buffon focused on the American biological environment, de Pauw attacked the people who were native to the continent.<ref name=Popkin/> James Ceaser has noted that the denunciation of America as inferior to Europe was partially motivated by the German government's fear of mass [[emigration]]; de Pauw was called upon to convince the Germans that the new world was inferior. De Pauw is also known to have influenced the philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] in a similar direction.<ref>{{cite book|first1 = Brendan|last1 = O'Connor|last2 = Griffiths|first2 = Martin|title = Anti-Americanism – Historical Perspectives|year = 2007|page = 8| publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn = 9781846450259|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0pySH-ozsC&pg=PA8|access-date = 8 November 2020|archive-date = 26 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131052/https://books.google.com/books?id=KF0pySH-ozsC&pg=PA8|url-status = live}}</ref>

De Pauw said that the New World was unfit for human habitation because it was, "so ill-favored by nature that all it contains is either degenerate or monstrous". He asserted that, "the earth, full of putrefaction, was flooded with lizards, snakes, serpents, reptiles and insects". Taking a long-term perspective, he announced that he was, "certain that the conquest of the New World...has been the greatest of all misfortunes to befall mankind."<ref>C. Vann Woodward, ''The Old World's New World'' (1991) p 6</ref>

The theory made it easier for its proponents to argue that the natural environment of the United States would prevent it from ever producing a true culture. Echoing de Pauw, the [[Encyclopédie|French Encyclopedist]] [[Abbé Raynal]] wrote in 1770, "America has not yet produced a good poet, an able mathematician, one man of genius in a single art or a single science".<ref>{{cite book|author=James W. Ceaser|title=Reconstructing America: The Symbol of America in Modern Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5kvAruS5H0C&pg=PA26|year=1997|publisher=Yale U.P.|page=26. Note: Ceaser writes in his endnote to this sentence (p. 254), that "...in later editions of his work, Raynal exempted North America, but not South America, from this criticism"|isbn=0300084536|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5kvAruS5H0C&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> The theory was debated and rejected by early American thinkers such as [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]; Jefferson, in his ''[[Notes on the State of Virginia]]'' (1781), provided a detailed rebuttal of de Buffon from a scientific point of view.<ref name=Ceaser/> Hamilton also vigorously rebuked the idea in [[Federalist No. 11]] (1787).<ref name=Goldstein/>

One critic, citing Raynal's ideas, suggests that it was specifically extended to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that would become the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Danzer | first =Gerald A. |date=February 1974 | title =Has the Discovery of America Been Useful or Hurtful to Mankind? Yesterday's Questions and Today's Students | journal =The History Teacher | volume =7 | issue =2 |pages=192–206| doi =10.2307/491792 | jstor =491792}}</ref>{{clarify|date=August 2014<!-- is the critic spoken of here Gerald Danzer, or someone (perhaps Jeremy Bellknap, perhaps someone else) of whom Professor Danzer writes in the paper? Where in the paper is the idea "specifically extended to the English colonies that would become the United States"?-->}}

Roger suggests that the idea of degeneracy posited a symbolic, as well as a scientific, America that would evolve beyond the original thesis. He argues that Buffon's ideas formed the root of a "stratification of negative discourses" that has recurred throughout the history of the two countries' relationship (and been matched by persistent [[Francophobia]] in the United States).<ref name=Granthem/>

==== Culture ====
{{2018 Eurobarometer - Positive views on the U.S. influence in the EU}}

According to Brendan O'Connor, some Europeans criticized Americans for lacking "taste, grace and civility," and having a brazen and arrogant character.<ref name="OConnor"/> British author [[Frances Trollope]] observed in her 1832 book ''[[Domestic Manners of the Americans]]'', that the greatest difference between the [[English people|English]] and [[Americans]] was "want of refinement", explaining: "that polish[,] which removes the coarser and rougher parts of our nature[,] is unknown and undreamed of" in America.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trollope|first=Fanny|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10345/pg10345-images.html|title=Domestic Manners of the Americans|date=2003-11-30|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]|access-date=2019-06-28|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225210915/http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10345/pg10345-images.html|url-status=live}}<br />
Also reprinted in 2004 as:

* {{Cite book|last=Trollope|first=Fanny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC|title=Domestic Manners of the Americans|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4191-1638-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21 21]}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ISBN|1-4191-1638-X}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4191-1638-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Trollope|first1=Fanny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21|title=Domestic Manners Of The Americans|last2=Trollope|first2=Frances Milton|date=2004-06-01|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=9781419116384|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21|archive-date=2016-01-05}}<!--This is probably the intended archived URL, but it fails to display the pages:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130619085547/https://books.google.com/books?id=85JeT6DTvvsC&pg=PA21#v=onepage
--></ref><ref name="Rubin">{{cite web |last=Rubin |first=Judy |title=The Five Stages of Anti-Americanism |publisher=Foreign Policy Research Institute |date=4 September 2004 |url= http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html |access-date=15 May 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080513201350/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040904.americawar.colprubin.5stagesantiamericanism.html |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> According to one source, her account "succeeded in angering Americans more than any book written by a foreign observer before or since".<ref name="Michael Shea 1986">David Frost and Michael Shea (1986) ''The Rich Tide: Men, Women, Ideas and Their Transatlantic Impact''. London, Collins: 239</ref> English writer [[Frederick Marryat|Captain Marryat]]'s critical account in his ''Diary in America, with Remarks on Its Institutions'' (1839) also proved controversial, especially in [[Detroit]] where an effigy of the author, along with his books, was burned.<ref name="Michael Shea 1986"/> Other writers critical of American culture and manners included the bishop [[Talleyrand]] in France and [[Charles Dickens]] in England.<ref name="OConnor"/> Dickens' novel ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'' (1844) is a ferocious satire on American life.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|42}}

Sources of American resentment are evident following the [[Revolutions of 1848]] and the ensuing European class struggles. In 1869, after a visit to his country of birth, the Swedish immigrant, [[Hans Mattson]] observed that, <blockquote>"...the ignorance, prejudice and hatred toward America and everything pertaining to it among the aristocracy, and especially the office holders, was as unpardonable as it was ridiculous. It was claimed by them that all was humbug in America, that it was the paradise of scoundrels, cheats, and rascals, and that nothing good could possibly come out of it."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Cynthia Nelson |last2=Barton |first2=H. Arnold |date=1996 |title=A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840-1940. |journal=International Migration Review |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=823 |doi=10.2307/2547650 |jstor=2547650 |s2cid=161744379 |issn=0197-9183|url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/7161/ |url-access=subscription }}</ref> </blockquote>After seven years in the US, [[Ernst Skarstedt]], a graduate of Lund University and native Swede, returned to Sweden in 1885. He complained that, in upper-class circles, if he "told something about America, it could happen that in reply (he) was informed that this could not possibly be so or that the matter was better understood in Sweden."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engberg |first=Martin J. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.34599 |title=Svensk-amerikanska hönsboken : handledning i skötseln af höns, ankor, gäss, kalkoner, pärlhöns och påfåglar: utarbetad efter senaste och tillförlitligaste amerikanska metoder |date=1903 |publisher=Engberg-Holmberg Pub. Co |location=Chicago|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.34599 }}</ref>  The dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886 solidified The "[[The New Colossus|New Colossus]]" as a beacon to the "huddled masses" and their rejection of the "storied pomp" of the old world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=John T. |title=Ellis Island: immigration's shining center |date=2003 |publisher=Arcadia |isbn=978-0-7385-2428-3 |location=Charleston, SC |oclc=53967006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Auster |first=Paul |title=Collected prose: autobiographical writings, true stories, critical essays, prefaces, and collaborations with artists |date=2005 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-312-42468-8 |location=New York |oclc=57694273}}</ref> 

[[Simon Schama]] observed in 2003: "By the end of the nineteenth century, the stereotype of the [[Ugly American (pejorative)|ugly American]] – voracious, preachy, mercenary, and bombastically chauvinist – was firmly in place in Europe".<ref name="Schama">{{cite magazine |last=Schama |first=Simon |title=The Unloved American |magazine=The New Yorker |date=10 March 2003 |url= https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/10/030310fa_fact |access-date=23 May 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080619033559/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/03/10/030310fa_fact |archive-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> O'Connor suggests that such prejudices were rooted in an idealized image of European refinement and that the notion of high European culture pitted against American vulgarity has not disappeared.<ref name="OConnor" />

==== Politics and ideology ====
The young United States also faced criticism on political and ideological grounds. Ceaser argues that the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] strain of European thought and literature, hostile to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] view of [[reason]] and obsessed with history and national character, disdained the [[Rationalism|rationalistic]] American project. The German poet [[Nikolaus Lenau]] commented: "With the expression ''Bodenlosigkeit'' (absence of ground), I think I am able to indicate the general character of all American institutions; what we call Fatherland is here only a property insurance scheme". Ceaser argues in his essay that such comments often repurposed the language of degeneracy, and the prejudice came to focus solely on the United States and not Canada nor Mexico.<ref name="Ceaser"/> Lenau had [[Immigration to the United States|immigrated]] to the United States in 1833 and found that the country did not live up to his ideals, leading him to return to Germany the following year. His experiences in the U.S. were the subject of a novel titled ''The America-exhaustion'' (''Der Amerika-Müde'') (1855) by fellow German [[Ferdinand Kürnberger]].<ref>''The Reader's Encyclopedia'' (1974) edited by William Rose Bennet: 556</ref>

The nature of American [[democracy]] was also questioned. The sentiment was that the country lacked "[a] monarch, aristocracy, strong traditions, official religion, or rigid class system," according to Judy Rubin, and its democracy was attacked by some Europeans in the early nineteenth century as degraded, a travesty, and a failure.<ref name="Rubin"/> The [[French Revolution]], which was loathed by many European conservatives, also implicated the United States and the idea of creating a constitution on abstract and universal principles.<ref name="Ceaser"/> That the country was intended to be a bastion of liberty was also seen as fraudulent given that it had been established with [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref name="Schama"/> "How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?" asked [[Samuel Johnson]] in 1775.<ref>{{cite news |last=Staples |first=Brent |title=Give Us Liberty |work=The New York Times |date=4 June 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/books/review/04staples.html |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306221901/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EFDA113EF937A35755C0A9609C8B63&sec=&spon= |url-status=live }}</ref> He famously stated, that "I am willing to love all mankind, except an American".<ref name="Rubin"/>

=== 20th century ===

==== Intellectuals ====
[[File:Vreeswijk Akerstrom Cervin 1965.jpg|thumb|Protest march against the [[Vietnam War]] in Stockholm, Sweden, 1965]]
[[Sigmund Freud]] was vehemently anti-American. Historian [[Peter Gay]] says that in "slashing away at Americans wholesale; quite indiscriminately, with imaginative ferocity, Freud was ventilating some inner need". Gay suggests that Freud's anti-Americanism was not really about the United States at all.<ref>{{cite book|author=C. Vann Woodward|title=The Old World's New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|year=1992|page=33|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199879144|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous authors went on the attack. French writer [[Louis-Ferdinand Celine]] denounced the United States. German poet [[Rainer Marie Rilke]] wrote, "I no longer love Paris, partly because it is disfiguring and [[Americanization|Americanizing]] itself".<ref name="C. Vann Woodward 1992 34">{{cite book|author=C. Vann Woodward|title=The Old World's New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|year=1992|page=34|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780199879144|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=gW64cHXNrRsC&pg=PA33|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Communist critiques ====
Until its demise in 1991, the [[Soviet Union]] and other [[Communist state|communist nations]] emphasized [[capitalism]] as the great enemy of [[communism]], and identified the United States as the leader of capitalism. They sponsored anti-Americanism among followers and sympathizers. Russell A. Berman notes that in the mid-19th century, "[[Karl Marx|Marx]] himself largely admired the dynamism of American capitalism and democracy and did not participate in the anti-Americanism that came to be the hallmark of Communist ideology in the twentieth century".<ref>{{cite book|author=Russell A. Berman|title=Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58|year=2004|publisher=Hoover Press|page=58|isbn=9780817945121|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=8687I9FjRm8C&pg=PT58|url-status=live}}</ref> O'Connor argues that, "communism represented the starkest version of anti-Americanism – a coherent world view that challenged the [[free market]], private property, [[limited government]], and [[individualism]]".<ref>{{cite book|author=Brendan O'Conner|title=The Rise of Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|page=183|isbn=9780203028780|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=au8edbGaTGQC&pg=PA183|url-status=live}}</ref>
The USA was and is heavily criticised by contemporary socialist nations and movements for [[American imperialism| imperialism]], especially as a reaction to [[United States involvement in regime change]]. In the [[DPRK]] for example, Anti-Americanism comes not only from ideological opposition to the USA and its actions, but also as a result of [[allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War]] and [[bombing of North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why does North Korea hate the United States? Let's go back to the Korean War. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/17/why-does-north-korea-hate-the-united-states-lets-go-back-to-the-korean-war/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref>

Authors in the [[Western world|West]], such as [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] criticized the U.S. and reached a large audience, especially on the left.<ref name="C. Vann Woodward 1992 34"/> In his ''Anti-Americanism'' (2003), French writer [[Jean François Revel]] argues that anti-Americanism emerges primarily from [[anti-capitalism]], and this critique also comes from non-communist, totalitarian regimes.

America was criticised and denounced by Communists such as [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev]] during the Russian Civil War. Galiev particularly emphasised native genocide of America and the institution of [[slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/ |title=Archived copy |website=anti-imperialism.org |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629112952/https://anti-imperialism.org/2016/08/08/two-articles-by-mirsaid-sultan-galiev-1919/ |archive-date=29 June 2020 }}</ref> American treatment of minority groups such as natives and African-Americans would go on to be a continued point of opposition and criticism to the USA [[And you are lynching Negroes|throughout the 20th century]].

The [[East Germany|East German]] regime imposed an official anti-American ideology that was reflected in all its media and all the schools. Anyone who expressed support for the West would be investigated by the [[Stasi]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} The official line followed [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s theory of [[imperialism]] as the highest and last stage of capitalism, and in [[Georgi Dimitrov|Dimitrov]]'s theory of [[fascism]] as the dictatorship of the most [[reactionary]] elements of [[finance capitalism|financial capitalism]]. The official party line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. It was now the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on [[Wall Street]]".<ref>Rainer Schnoor, "The Good and the Bad America: Perceptions of the United States in the GDR," in Detlef Junker, et al. eds. ''The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 2: 1968–1990''  (2004)  pp 618–626, quotation on page 619.</ref> East Germans were told they had a heroic role to play as a front-line against the Americans.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} However, Western media outlets such as the American [[Radio Free Europe]] broadcasts, and [[West Germany|West German]] media may have limited Anti-Americanism. The official communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially jazz music and [[rock and roll]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==== Fascist critiques ====
{{Further|Melting pot}}
Drawing on the ideas of [[Arthur de Gobineau]] (1816–1882), [[Fascism in Europe|European fascists]] decried the supposed degenerating effect of [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] on the [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|racial mix]] of the American population. The [[Nazism|Nazi]] philosopher [[Alfred Rosenberg]] argued that race mixture in the United States made it inferior to racially pure nations.<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|91–2}}

[[Anti-Semitism]] was another factor in these critiques. The view that the U.S. was controlled by a [[Zionist Occupied Government|Jewish conspiracy]] through a [[Jewish lobby]] was common in countries ruled by fascists before and during [[World War II]].<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|91–7}} Jews, the assumed puppet masters behind supposed American plans for world domination, were also seen as using jazz in a crafty plan to eliminate racial distinctions;<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|91–7}} [[Adolf Hitler]] dismissed the threat of the United States as a credible enemy of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] because of its incoherent racial mix; he saw Americans as a "mongrel race", "half-Judaized" and "half-Negrified".<ref name=hatingamerica/>{{rp|94–7}}

In an address to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] on 11 December 1941, Hitler declared war on the United States and lambasted U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]:

{{blockquote|He [Roosevelt] was strengthened in this [political diversion] by the circle of Jews surrounding him, who, with Old Testament-like fanaticism, believe that the United States can be the instrument for preparing another [[Purim]] for the European nations that are becoming increasingly [[anti-Semitic]]. It was the Jew, in his full Satanic vileness, who rallied around this man [Roosevelt], but to whom this man also reached out.<ref>Saul Friedlander (2008) ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945''. London, Phoenix: 279</ref>}}In 1944, as war was basically lost, the SS published a virulent article in their weekly ''Das Schwarze Korps'' titled "Danger of Americanism" which criticized and characterized the American [[entertainment industry]], as it was thought to be owned by the Jews: "Americanism is a splendid method of depoliticization. The Jews have used [[jazz]] and [[Film|movies]], magazines and smut, [[gangsterism]] and [[free love]], and every perverse desire, to keep the American people so distracted that they pay no attention to their own fate".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Danger of Americanism|url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sk03.htm|access-date=2021-10-31|website=research.calvin.edu|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019232829/https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sk03.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Landa|first=Ishay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307|title=Fascism and the Masses: The Revolt Against the Last Humans, 1848-1945|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-17997-3|language=en|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031050706/https://books.google.com/books?id=4FFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT307|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== "Liberators" poster =====
[[File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|A [[History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|1944]] [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|German propaganda]] poster aimed at the Dutch, from a Norwegian World War II poster by [[Harald Damsleth]]]]

The "Liberators" poster that was distributed by the Nazis to a Dutch audience in 1944 displays multiple elements of anti-American attitudes promoted by the Nazis. The title ''Liberators'' refers to a common Allied justification for attacking Germany (and possibly the American [[B-24 Liberator]] bombers as well), and the poster depicts this "liberation" as the destruction of European cities. The artist was [[Harald Damsleth]], a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] who worked for the [[Nasjonal Samling|NS]] in [[German occupation of Norway|occupied Norway]].
<!-- NOTE: The list below originated in a mostly cite-supported list on the image description page at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg. There has been some subsequent editing of the list here, but the list here, as of September 2019, is still generally representative of the list it was drawn from -->

Motifs contained in this poster include:

* The decadence of [[beauty pageant]]s (scantily-clad "[[Miss America]]" and "Miss Victory", "The World's Most Beautiful Leg") – or more generally, the putative sexual laxness of American women. The "[[Miss America]]" beauty pageant in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]] had expanded during the war and was used to sell [[war bond]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Susan Dworkin|title=Miss America, 1945: Bess Myerson and the Year That Changed Our Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifd8I17iWbgC&pg=PA97|year=1999|publisher=Newmarket Press|pages=97–98|isbn=9781557043818|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifd8I17iWbgC&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gangsterism and [[Gun violence in the United States|gun violence]] (the arm of an escaped convict holding a [[Thompson submachine gun|submachine gun]]). Gangsterism had become a theme of anti-Americanism in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Philippe Roger|title=The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism|url=https://archive.org/details/americanenemysto0000roge|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=U. of Chicago Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanenemysto0000roge/page/346 346]|isbn=9780226723686}}</ref>
* Anti-black violence (a [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]] noose, a [[Ku Klux Klan]] hood). The lynching of blacks had attracted European denunciations by the 1890s.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Noralee Frankel|author2=Nancy Schrom Dye|title=Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA156|year=1991|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|page=156|isbn=0813127823|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=btZ7N4qAJhYC&pg=PA156|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Stephan|title=The Americanization of Europe: Culture, Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanization After 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgCqwXmGxNYC&pg=PA104|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=104|isbn=9781845450854|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgCqwXmGxNYC&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref>
* General violence of American society, in addition to the above (boxing-glove which grasps the money-bag). The theme of a violent American frontier was well known in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jason Pierce|title=Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG4siz5bDCIC&pg=PA91|year=2008|page=91|isbn=9780549963516|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=PG4siz5bDCIC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Americans as Indian savages and as a mockery of American genocide over Natives as well as land-theft, since it is a chieftain symbol here used as a fashion trinket. ("Miss America" wears plains-Indian head-dress).
* The capitalism, pure [[materialism]] and [[commercialism]] of America, to the detriment of any spirit or soul (money bag with "$" symbol). The materialism of America contrasted with the spiritual depth of European high culture is a common trope, especially in [[Scandinavia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Ekman Jørgensen|title=Transformations and Crises: The Left and the Nation in Denmark and Sweden, 1956–1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dS3lKQJkxYC&pg=PA66|year=2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|pages=66–67|isbn=9781845453664|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dS3lKQJkxYC&pg=PA66|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Anti-semitism appears in most Nazi-generated images of America. A Jewish banker is seen behind the money.
* The presence of [[African Americans|blacks in America]] equals its "mongrelization", adding undesirably "primitive" elements to American popular culture, and constituting a potential danger to the white race (a stereotypically-caricatured black couple dancing the "[[Jitterbug]] – Triumph of Civilization" in birdcage, which is portrayed as a degraded animalistic ritual). The degradation of culture, especially through [[miscegenation]], resonated with European anxieties, especially in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Frank Trommler|author2=Elliott Shore|title=The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures, 1800–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0703VRj7tUC&pg=PA275|year=2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=275|isbn=9781571812902|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0703VRj7tUC&pg=PA275|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Decadence of American popular culture, and its pernicious influence on the rest of the world (dancing of jitterbug, hand holds phonograph record, figure of a European gullible "all-ears" dupe in lower foreground). The growing popularity of American music and dancing among young people had ignited a "[[moral panic]]" among conservative Europeans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1950, prosperity and welfare. 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA406|year=2004|publisher=Uitgeverij Van Gorcum|page=406|isbn=9789023239666|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA406|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indiscriminate [[United States war crimes|U.S. military violence]] (bloodied bomb for foot, metal legs, military aircraft wings), threatening the European cultural landmarks at lower right.
** Hence the suggested falsity of American claims to be "Liberators" (the [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|Liberator]] was also the name of a U.S. bomber plane).
* Nazis denounced American [[jingoism]] and war fervor (a business-suited arm literally "beating the drum" of militarism, "Miss Victory" and her drum-majorette cap and boots).<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel D. G. Heath|title=The American Poet: Weedpatch Gazette for 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teQluAzCbUcC&pg=PA132|year=2009|publisher=iUniverse|page=132|isbn=9781440139581|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=teQluAzCbUcC&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The malevolent influence of American [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]] (Masonic apron descending from drum) was a theme among conservative [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], as in [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Preston|title=Franco: a biography|url=https://archive.org/details/francobiography00pres|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=BasicBooks|page=[https://archive.org/details/francobiography00pres/page/324 324]|isbn=9780465025152}}</ref>
* Demonization of national symbols of the United States ("Miss Victory" waves the reverse side of 48-star U.S. flag, and the [[:Image:USAAC Roundel.svg|WW2-era Army Air Corps roundel]] – of small red disk within white star on large blue disk – is shown on one of the wings).

=== 21st century ===
==== September 11 attacks ====
[[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|right|[[9/11]]: [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] twin towers on fire]]
In a book called ''The Rise of Anti-Americanism'', published in 2006, Brendon O'Connor and Martin Griffiths said that the [[September 11 attacks]] were "quintessential anti-American acts, which satisfy all of the competing definitions of Anti-Americanism".<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Griffiths|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC&pg=PA21 21]}}</ref> They ask, "If 9/11 can be construed as the exemplar of anti-Americanism at work, does it make much sense to imply that all anti-Americans are complicit with terrorism?"<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Griffiths|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC&pg=PA3 3]}}</ref> Most leaders in Islamic countries, including Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Ba'athist Iraq]] was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their [[crimes against humanity]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=12 September 2001 |access-date=30 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref>

Europe was highly sympathetic to the United States after the 9/11 attack. [[NATO]] unanimously supported the United States, treating an attack on the U.S. as an attack on all of them after [[NATO Article 5|Article 5]] of the [[North Atlantic Treaty|NATO treaty]] was invoked for the very first time. NATO and American troops [[American occupation of Afghanistan|entered Afghanistan]]. When the United States decided to [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invade and overthrow the Iraqi regime in 2003]], it won some support in Europe, especially from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]], but also intense opposition, led by the [[Government of Germany|German]] and [[Government of France|French governments]]. [[Konrad Jarausch]] argues that there was still fundamental agreement on such basic issues of support for democracy and [[human rights]]. However, there emerged a growing gap between an American "[[Libertarianism|libertarian]], individualistic, market outlook, and the more [[Statism|statist]], [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]], [[welfare spending|welfare]] mentality in Europe."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Konrad|last=Jarausch|title=Out of Ashes: A new history of Europe in the 20th century|date=2015|pages=759–60}}</ref>

==== U.S. computer technology ====
A growing dimension of anti-Americanism is fear of the pervasiveness of U.S. Internet technology.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} This can be traced from the very first computers which were either British ([[Colossus computer|Colossus]]) or German ([[Z1 (computer)|Z1]]) through to the [[World Wide Web]] itself (invented by Englishman [[Tim Berners-Lee]]). In all these cases the U.S. has commercialized all these innovations.

Americanization has advanced through widespread [[high speed Internet]] and smart phone technology since 2008 and a large fraction of the new apps and hardware were designed in the United States. In Europe, there is growing concern about excessive Americanization through Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple and Uber, among many other U.S. Internet-based corporations. European governments have increasingly expressed concern regarding privacy issues, as well as antitrust and taxation issues regarding the new American giants. There is fear that they are significantly [[Tax evasion|evading taxes]], and posting information that may violate European privacy laws.<ref>See "Google under fire in Europe over user privacy concerns" [https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/04/08/google-under-fire-in-europe-over-user-privacy-concerns.html ''Toronto Star '' 8 April 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053056/https://www.thestar.com/business/2015/04/08/google-under-fire-in-europe-over-user-privacy-concerns.html |date=22 December 2017 }}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' in 2015 reported "deep concerns in Europe's highest policy circles about the power of U.S. technology companies."<ref>Tom Fairless, "Europe's Digital Czar Slams Google, Facebook," [https://www.wsj.com/articles/europes-digital-czar-slams-google-facebook-over-selling-personal-data-1424789664 ''Wall Street Journal'' 24 Feb. 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708170812/https://www.wsj.com/articles/europes-digital-czar-slams-google-facebook-over-selling-personal-data-1424789664 |date=8 July 2017 }}</ref>

==== Mitigation of anti-Americanism ====
Sometimes developments help neutralize anti-Americanism. In 2015, the [[United States Department of Justice]] went on the attack against corruption at [[FIFA]], arresting many top world [[Association football|soccer]] leaders long suspected of bribery and corruption. In this case the U.S. government's self-defined role as "policeman of the world" won widespread international support.<ref>Noah Barkin, "World's policeman wins rare applause for FIFA crackdown," [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-fifa-usa-power-idUSKBN0OD1Z720150528 ''Reuters'' 28 May 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017222304/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/28/us-soccer-fifa-usa-power-idUSKBN0OD1Z720150528 |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>

==== Second Trump administration ====
{{Main|Tariffs in the second Trump administration|Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland#Second presidency}}
{{See also|2025 United States boycott|Anti-Trump protests|China-United States trade war}}
President Trump's suggestion that [[Canada]] should become "America's 51st state" sparked widespread anger among Canadians.<ref name="i-feel-utter-anger-from-canada-to-europe-a-movement-to-boycott-us-goods-is-spreading">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/12/i-feel-utter-anger-from-canada-to-europe-a-movement-to-boycott-us-goods-is-spreading|title='I feel utter anger': From Canada to Europe, a movement to boycott US goods is spreading|first=Peter|last=Beaumont|work=The Guardian |date=March 12, 2025}}</ref><ref name="boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe">{{Cite web|url=https://brusselssignal.eu/2025/03/boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe/|title='Boycott USA' : Consumer revolt spreads across Europe|date=March 10, 2025|website=Brussels Signal}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] imposed tariff on all imports from [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|Canada and Mexico]] in 2025, anti-Americanism rose further in Canada as tariff harmed historically strong [[Canada-U.S. relations]]. In the days after the initial tariff announcements, Canadian crowds [[Booing|booed]] the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|U.S. national anthem]] at sporting events featuring American teams.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |last1=Yousif |first1=Nadine |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Canadian fans boo US anthem as tariffs spur 'buy local' pledge |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3348gk8my0o |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Many Canadians [[2025 Canadian boycott of the United States|began a boycott of American goods and of travel to the United States]] and a "Buy Canadian" movement gained traction across the country.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last1=Stevis-Gridneff |first1=Matina |last2=Austen |first2=Ian |date=February 8, 2025 |title=Betrayed: How Trump's Tariff Threats Tore the United States-Canada Bond |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/08/world/canada/us-canada-relations-trump-tariffs.html |access-date=February 11, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Trump also offered to buy [[Greenland]], citing reasons of "[[National security of the United States|national security]]" and "freedom throughout the world".<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=[[The American Conservative]]|author-link= |user=amconmag |number=1871014834759745588 |date=December 22, 2024|title=Some are asking if this is real. It is. We pulled it straight from President-elect Trump's Truth Social account. Posted at 5:11 ET Sunday evening.|script-title= |trans-title= |language= |retweet= |location= |access-date=December 22, 2024 |link=https://x.com/amconmag/status/1871014834759745588 |quote= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Siladitya |title=Trump Says US Should Take Ownership Of Greenland And Threatens Panama Canal Takeover |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siladityaray/2024/12/23/trump-says-us-should-take-ownership-of-greenland-and-threatens-to-takeover-panama-canal/?utm_source=Whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=Forbes |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leary |first1=Alex |title=Trump Threatens to Take Control of Panama Canal, Greenland |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/trump-threatens-to-take-control-of-panama-canal-staple-of-global-economy-fdb3ef37 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> In response, Greenlandic premier [[Múte Bourup Egede]] wrote: "Greenland is ours. We are not for sale and will never be for sale. We must not lose our long struggle for freedom".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Why does Donald Trump want to buy Greenland? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-buy-greenland-denmark-b2675291.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Denmark's PM [[Mette Frederiksen]] repeated her comments from 2019. [[Minister of Defence (Denmark)|Danish minister of defense]] [[Troels Lund Poulsen]], following Trump's comments, announced an increase in spending on defense in Greenland of a "double-digit billion amount" in Krone (between $876mn and $8.7bn USD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denmark to boost defence spending for Greenland after Trump repeats call for US control |url=https://news.sky.com/story/denmark-to-boost-defence-spending-for-greenland-after-trump-repeats-call-for-us-control-13279706 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> Danish King [[Frederik X]] appeared to rebuke Trump's offers of buying Greenland,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Danish king changes royal coat of arms in apparent rebuke of Trump over Greenland row |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/trump-greenland-denmark-king-coat-arms-b2674586.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> when he stated, "We are all united and each of us committed for the kingdom of Denmark, from the Danish minority in South Schleswig and all the way to Greenland. We belong together". The royal household also ordered the [[Coat of arms of Denmark#21st century update|changing of the Royal Arms of Denmark]] to include Greenland more significantly in the arms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royston |first=Jack |date=2025-01-07 |title=Denmark's king sends Greenland message to Donald Trump |url=https://www.newsweek.com/denmark-king-greenland-donald-trump-2010801 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> This resulted a poll of 497 adult residents of Greenland between 22 and 26 January 2025, made by [[Verian]] for the national Greenlandic newspaper ''[[Sermitsiaq (newspaper)|Sermitsiaq]]'' and the national Danish newspaper ''[[Berlingske]]'' which 85% of respondents rejected a proposition that Greenland should leave the [[Danish Realm]] to become part of the United States, whereas 6% supported the proposition and 9% were undecided. In the same poll, when asked whether they would prefer a Danish or an American citizenship, 55% preferred a Danish one and 8% an American one, whereas 37% were undecided.<ref name="Euractiv-28 Jan 2025">{{Cite news |title=Virtually no Greenlanders want to join the US, new poll finds |last=Lund Nielsen |first=Magnus |date=2025-01-28 |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/virtually-no-greenlander-wants-to-join-the-us-poll-finds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128212235/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/virtually-no-greenlander-wants-to-join-the-us-poll-finds/ |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=[[Euractiv]] |format=}}</ref><ref name="Sermitsiaq-28 Jan 2025">{{cite news |last1=Jørgensen |first1=Trine Juncher |title=Stort flertal imod amerikansk overtagelse |url=https://www.sermitsiaq.ag/samfund/stort-flertal-imod-amerikansk-overtagelse/2187957 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=www.sermitsiaq.ag |date=28 January 2025 |language=da-DK}}</ref><ref name="Berlingske-28 Jan 2025">{{cite news |last1=Tidemann |first1=Daniel |last2=Fallentin |first2=Mia Gleerup |title=New poll shows overwhelming majority of Greenlanders reject Trump |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/politik/new-poll-shows-overwhelming-majority-of-greenlanders-reject-trump |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=Berlingske.dk |date=28 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
<!-- Renewed interest in acquiring [[Greenland]], an autonomous territory of [[Denmark]], angered Danish citizens and government officials.<ref name="europe-usa-boycott-cmd-intl" /><ref name="rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1.html|title=Rising anti-US sentiment in Europe fuels boycott of American goods|first=Maggie|last=Shiltagh|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> -->

[[2025 Trump–Zelenskyy Oval Office meeting|A contentious White House meeting between Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], described by critics as humiliating for Zelenskyy, fueled European discontent regarding the administration's approach to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="i-feel-utter-anger-from-canada-to-europe-a-movement-to-boycott-us-goods-is-spreading" /><ref name="boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe" />
Increased detentions of Canadian and European tourists at the USA border led several countries, including [[Germany]], the [[UK]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], and [[Portugal]], to issue travel warnings for the United States.<ref name="20250328-the-people-boycotting-travel-to-the-us"/> 

Trump's policies and actions caused widespread anti-America in [[European Union|Europe]]. In [[Denmark]], approximately 50% of consumers reported deliberately refraining from buying United States products since Trump's inauguration, according to a Megafon survey for TV 2.<ref name="rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1.html|title=Rising anti-US sentiment in Europe fuels boycott of American goods|first=Maggie|last=Shiltagh|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref>
Swedish polls indicated that 70% of Swedes had considered or actively participated in boycotting United States products, with 10% having boycotted all USA goods completely.<ref name="rising-anti-us-sentiment-in-europe-fuels-boycott-of-american-goods-125033000801_1" />
Facebook groups promoting the boycott gained significant membership: a Swedish group called "Bojkotta varor från USA" (Boycott goods from the USA) attracted around 80,000 members, while a Danish equivalent, "Boykot varer fra USA," amassed over 90,000 members.<ref name="europe-usa-boycott-cmd-intl" /><ref name="20250314-europeans-boycott-us-products-to-protest-against-trump-tariffs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250314-europeans-boycott-us-products-to-protest-against-trump-tariffs|title=Europeans boycott US products to protest against Trump tariffs|date=March 14, 2025|website=France 24}}</ref>
In France, a group called "BOYCOTT USA: Achetez Français et Européen!" (BOYCOTT USA: Buy French and European!) gathered approximately 30,000 members.<ref name="20250314-europeans-boycott-us-products-to-protest-against-trump-tariffs" /><ref name="boycott-usa-consumer-revolt-spreads-across-europe" />

[[File:2025日中韓経済貿易大臣会合 (cropped).jpg|thumb|China, South Korea, and Japan agreed to strengthen free trade in the face of Trump tariffs on March 30, 2025.]]
After Trump initially imposed tariff on all imports from China,<ref name="Breuninger-2025">{{cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Trump says Mexico, Canada tariffs will start March 4, plus additional 10% on China |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/trump-says-mexico-canada-tariffs-will-start-march-4-plus-additional-10percent-on-china.html |publisher=CNBC }}</ref><ref name="Shalal-2025">{{cite web |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Lawder |first2=David |date=March 4, 2025 |title=Trade wars erupt as Trump hits Canada, Mexico, China with steep tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trade-wars-erupt-trump-hits-canada-mexico-china-with-steep-tariffs-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> China retaliated by imposing a 15% tariff on US chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton, as well as a 10% tariff on US sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, effective March 10, 2025.<ref name="f4302">{{cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=China hits back at U.S. imports as Trump's fresh tariffs take effect |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-vows-countermeasures-against-us-tariffs-linked-fentanyl-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="NPR-2025">{{cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title=China slaps extra tariffs of up to 15% on imports of major U.S. farm exports |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/04/g-s1-51892/china-tariffs-u-s-farm-exports |access-date=March 4, 2025 |publisher=NPR |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> China also launched an anti-circumvention investigation into optical fiber products imported from the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st LD: China launches anti-circumvention probe into imported optical fiber products from U.S. |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2025-03/04/content_117745804.htm |access-date=March 4, 2025 |work=China.org.cn |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> The [[General Administration of Customs]] of China suspended US lumber imports and revoked soybean import licenses for three US firms.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |title=China hits US soybean firms, halts lumber imports as it steps up retaliation against Trump tariffs |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-suspends-soybean-imports-three-us-firms-halts-log-imports-2025-03-04/ |access-date=March 4, 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> On March 30, 2025, China, [[South Korea]], and Japan's trade ministers met for the first time in five years. The officials discussed goals for a [[China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement|trilateral free trade agreement]] and enhanced supply-chain cooperation in response to Trump tariffs.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 30, 2025 |title=China, South Korea and Japan agree to strengthen trade ties in response to Trump tariffs |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250330-china-south-korea-and-japan-agree-to-strengthen-free-trade |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref name="reuters2025china">{{cite news |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=April 1, 2025 |title=China, Japan, South Korea will jointly respond to US tariffs, Chinese state media says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-japan-south-korea-will-jointly-respond-us-tariffs-chinese-state-media-says-2025-03-31/ |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Beijing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250331222358/https://www.reuters.com/world/china-japan-south-korea-will-jointly-respond-us-tariffs-chinese-state-media-says-2025-03-31/ |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |quote=Japan and South Korea are seeking to import semiconductor raw materials from China, and China is also interested in purchasing chip products from Japan and South Korea, the account, Yuyuan Tantian, said in a post on Weibo.}}</ref> 

After [[Liberation Day tariffs|Trump announced the tariffs on April 2]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wile |first=Rob |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Goods imported from China now face a 54% tariff rate — and possibly higher |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/goods-imported-china-are-now-facing-54-tariffs-rate-rcna199401 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> the Chinese government retaliated with tariffs of 34% on all imports from the United States, effective April 10, 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Juliana |date=April 4, 2025 |title=China imposes 34% reciprocal tariffs on imports of US goods in retaliation for Trump's trade war |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/04/business/china-us-tariffs-retaliation-hnk-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> and suspended negotiations regarding [[Restrictions on TikTok in the United States|the sale of TikTok]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harwell |first1=Drew |last2=Zakrzewski |first2=Cat |last3=Hax |first3=Carolyn |last4=Allison |first4=Natalie |last5=Stein |first5=Jeff |last6=Birnbaum |first6=Michael |last7=Rampell |first7=Catherine |last8=Singletary |first8=Michelle |last9=Lynch |first9=David J. |date=April 4, 2025 |title=The White House had a TikTok deal. Trump's China tariff wrecked it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/04/04/tiktok-trump-ban-deadline/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250404225812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/04/04/tiktok-trump-ban-deadline/ |archive-date=April 4, 2025 |access-date=April 5, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> China also began requiring special licenses to export six [[Rare-earth element|heavy rare-earths]], 100% of which were refined in China, and [[Rare-earth magnet|rare-earth magnets]], 90% of which are produced in China.<ref name=":31">{{Cite news |last=Bradsher |first=Keith |date=2025-04-13 |title=China Halts Critical Exports as Trade War Intensifies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/13/business/china-rare-earths-exports.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The rare earths, difficult to substitute, are critical to a range of high-tech goods, including batteries, weapons, and medical devices.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China has a weapon that could hurt America: rare-earth exports |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/04/10/china-has-a-weapon-that-could-hurt-america-rare-earth-exports |access-date=2025-04-14 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> After retaliating each other several times, the Commerce ministry stated, "Even if the U.S. continues to impose higher tariffs, it will no longer make economic sense and will become a joke in the history of world economy."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bao |first1=Anniek |title=China strikes back with 125% tariffs on U.S. goods as trade war intensifies |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/11/china-strikes-back-with-125percent-tariffs-on-us-goods-starting-april-12.html |publisher=CNBC |date=April 11, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> China has targeted American [[Red states and blue states|red states]] using its [[Non-tariff barriers to trade|non-tariff barriers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-12 |title=Forget tariffs — Beijing is already choking off US exports on the sly |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/12/china-trade-war-exports-00287123 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> US' threats to further rise tariffs up to 245% were dismissed by China’s [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], claiming that "it would not pay attention to Trump’s ‘tariff numbers game".<ref>{{Cite web |title=China says it will pay no attention to Trump's 'tariff numbers game' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/17/china-says-it-will-pay-no-attention-to-trumps-tariff-numbers-game |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Following the tariffs, China decreased its oil imports from the United States by 90% and increased its oil imports from Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2025 |title=China Pivots From US to Canada for More Oil as Trade War Worsens |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-16/china-pivots-from-us-to-canada-for-more-oil-as-trade-war-worsens |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>

==Regional anti-Americanism==
[[File:Public opinion on the US.svg|thumb|Public opinion on the US (2022) {{legend|#B2182B|< -40}}{{legend|#D6604D|-20 to -5}}{{legend|#F4A582|-4 to +4}}{{legend|#FDDBC7|+5 to +20}}{{legend|#D1E5F0|+20 to +34}}{{legend|#92C5DE|+35 to +49}}{{legend|#4393C3|+50 to +64}}{{legend|#2166AC|> +65}}]]

=== Europe ===
Polls conducted in 2003 have shown that anti-Americanism increased in Europe due to the [[Iraq War]], perception of U.S. power, its policies and leadership. Eurobarometer survey conducted in 2003 among European Union countries revealed that Europeans view America as a higher risk to Global Peace than Iran and North Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Americanism: Causes and Characteristic |date=April 2010 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2003/12/10/anti-americanism-causes-and-characteristics/}}</ref> After Trump imposed [[Liberation Day tariffs|tariffs on April 2]], anti-Americanism rose further, especially in Denmark where Trump threatened to take Greenland, an autonomous territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/anti-american-sentiment-rises-in-europe-as-trump-fuels-anger |title=Anti-American sentiment rises in Europe as Trump fuels anger |website=The Straits Times |date=30 March 2025}}</ref>

==== Eastern Europe ====

=====Russia=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Russia|Russia–United States relations}}
[[File:2014-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 237.jpg|thumb|Anti-American slogans, [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] in largely Russian-speaking [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|occupied]] [[Donetsk]], Ukraine, 9 May 2014]]

Russia has a long history of anti-Americanism, dating back to the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] of 1917. As early as in 1919, leader of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] [[Vladimir Lenin]] was recorded addressing [[Red Army]] soldiers where he claimed that "capitalists of England, France and America are waging war against Russia". The image of [[Uncle Sam]] was also used by the [[Bolsheviks]] to portray [[White movement|White Russian]] forces as foreign-sponsored.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teatr.audio/lenin-obraschenie-k-krasnoy-armii|title=Ленин – Обращение к Красной Армии|trans-title=Lenin – Address to the Red Army|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/131-antanta-.html|title=Антанта|trans-title=Entente|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2013, 30% of Russians had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of Americans and 40% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light, up from 34% in 2012.<ref name="pew"/> Recent {{When|date=March 2024}} polls from the [[Levada center|Levada center survey]] show that 71% of Russians have at least a somewhat negative attitude toward the U.S., up from 38% in 2013.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ Anti-American Sentiment on the Rise in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726064859/https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2014/06/05/anti-american-sentiment-on-the-rise-in-russia/ |date=26 July 2020 }}". ''The Wall Street Journal''. 5 June 2014.</ref> It is the largest figure since the [[collapse of the USSR]]. In 2015, a new poll by the Levada center showed that 81% of Russians now hold unfavorable views of the United States, presumably as a result of U.S. and [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]] imposed against Russia because of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. Anti-Americanism in Russia is reportedly at its highest since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>Sarah E.  Mendelson, "Generation Putin: What to Expect from Russia's Future Leaders." ''Foreign Affairs'' 94 (2015) p 150.</ref><ref>Eric Shiraev and Vladislav Zubok, ''Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000)</ref> A December 2017 survey conducted by the [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs|Chicago Council]] and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that 78% of "Russians polled said the United States meddles "a great deal" or "a fair amount" in Russian politics", only 24% of Russians say they hold a positive view of the United States, and 81% of "Russians said they felt the United States was working to undermine Russia on the world stage."<ref>"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/ More Russians are sure of the U.S. meddling in their politics than the other way around, poll finds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209194358/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/more-russians-are-sure-of-the-u-s-meddling-in-their-politics-than-the-other-way-around-poll-finds/ |date=9 February 2021 }}". ''The Washington Post''. 7 February 2018.</ref>

Survey results published by the [[Levada-Center]] indicate that, as of August 2018, Russians increasingly viewed the United States positively following the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Russia–U.S. summit in Helsinki]] in July 2018. ''The Moscow Times'' reported that "For the first time since 2014, the number of Russians who said they had "positive" feelings towards the United States (42 percent) outweighed those who reported "negative" feelings (40 percent)."<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says |url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425 |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013950/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/anti-americanism-wanes-russia-after-putin-trump-summit-survey-says-62425 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Favorable Attitudes Toward U.S., EU Rising In Russia, Poll Finds |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826172823/https://www.rferl.org/a/favorable-attitudes-toward-u-s-eu-on-the-rise-in-russia-levada-poll-finds/29407171.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2020, 46% of Russians polled said they had a negative view of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 in 5 Russians View West as a Friend – Poll |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322 |work=The Moscow Times |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614142015/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/02/18/4-in-5-russians-view-west-as-a-friend-poll-a69322 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Pew Research Center]], "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."<ref>{{cite news |title=How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819022140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/08/how-people-around-the-world-see-the-u-s-and-donald-trump-in-10-charts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, only 20% of Russians viewed U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] positively.<ref>{{cite news |title=1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816095706/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of [[Political positions of Donald Trump|Donald Trump's policies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=3 February 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905063037/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/03/few-in-other-countries-approve-of-trumps-major-foreign-policies-but-israelis-are-an-exception/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Western Europe====
[[File:Yankee go home.jpg|thumb|Banner expressing anti-American sentiments in [[Stockholm]], Sweden in 2006]]
In a 2003 article, historian David Ellwood identified what he called three great roots of anti-Americanism:
* Representations, images and stereotypes (from the birth of the Republic onwards)
* The challenge of economic power and the American model of modernization (principally from the 1910s and 1920s on)
* The organized projection of U.S. political, strategic and ideological power (from World War II on)
He went on to say that expressions of the phenomenon in the last 60 years have contained ever-changing combinations of these elements, the configurations depending on internal crises within the groups or societies articulating them as much as anything done by American society in all its forms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hnn.us/articles/1426.html |title=Anti-Americanism: Why Do Europeans Resent Us? |author=David Ellwood |publisher=George Mason university : History News Network |date=5 May 2003 |access-date=1 March 2010 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907110547/http://hnn.us/articles/1426.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2004, Sergio Fabbrini wrote that the perceived post-[[September 11 attacks|9/11]] unilateralism of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq]] fed deep-rooted anti-American feeling in Europe, bringing it to the surface. In his article, he highlighted European fears surrounding the Americanization of the economy, culture and political process of Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fabbrini |first=Sergio |title=Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective |journal=European Journal of American Culture |date=September 2004 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=79–94 |doi=10.1386/ejac.23.2.79/0 }}</ref> Fabbrini in 2011 identified a cycle in anti-Americanism: modest in the 1990s, it grew explosively between 2003 and 2008, then declined after 2008. He sees the current version as related to images of American foreign policy-making as unrestrained by international institutions or world opinion. Thus it is the unilateral policy process and the arrogance of policy makers, not the specific policy decisions, that are decisive.<ref>Sergio Fabbrini, "Anti-Americanism and US foreign policy: Which correlation?," ''International Politics'' (Nov 2010) 47#6 pp. 557–573.</ref>

During the [[George W. Bush]] administration, public opinion of America declined in most European countries. A [[Pew Research Center]] Global Attitudes Project poll showed "favorable opinions" of America between 2000 and 2006 dropping from 83% to 56% in the United Kingdom, from 62% to 39% in France, from 78% to 37% in Germany and from 50% to 23% in Spain. In Spain, unfavorable views of Americans rose from 30% in 2005 to 51% in 2006 and positive views of Americans dropped from 56% in 2005 to 37% in 2006.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 
 |title=America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas 
 |date=13 June 2006 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027160436/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 
 |archive-date=27 October 2007 
 }}</ref>
[[File:UK Anti Bush visit protest (retouched).jpg|thumb|upright|Anti-war demonstration against a visit by [[George W. Bush]] to London in 2008]]

In Europe in 2002, vandalism of American companies was reported in Athens, Zürich, [[Tbilisi]], Moscow and elsewhere. In Venice, 8 to 10 masked individuals claiming to be anti-globalists attacked a McDonald's restaurant.<ref>{{Cite report
 |url         = http://www.pa-aware.org/resources/pdfs/Political%20Violence%20Against%20Americans%202002.pdf
 |title       = Political Violence Against Americans 2002
 |year        = 2003
 |publisher   = [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]], [[United States Department of State|Department of State]]
 |editor      = Andrew Corsun
 |page        = 12
 |id          = 11054
 |access-date  = 5 December 2007
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071201032805/http://www.pa-aware.org/resources/pdfs/Political%20Violence%20Against%20Americans%202002.pdf
 |archive-date = 1 December 2007
 |via=Pennsylvania Terrorism - Awareness and Prevention
}}</ref>
In Athens, at the demonstrations commemorating the [[Athens Polytechnic uprising|17 November Uprising]] there was a march toward the U.S. embassy to emphasize the U.S. backing of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]] attended by many people each year.

Ruth Hatlapa, a PhD candidate at the [[University of Augsburg]], and Andrei S. Markovits, a professor of Political Science at the [[University of Michigan]], describe President Obama's image as that of an angel – or more precisely, a rock star – in Europe in contrast to Bush's devilish image there; they argue, however, that "Obamamania" masks a deep-seated distrust and disdain of America.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hatlapa | first1 = Ruth | last2 = Markovits | first2 = Andrei | year = 2010 | title = Obamamania and Anti-Americanism as Complementary Concepts in Contemporary German Discourse | journal = German Politics and Society | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 69–94 | doi=10.3167/gps.2010.280105}}</ref>

According to a March 2025 report by YouGov, Western European attitudes towards the US have become more negative since Trump's re-election. The US is now viewed negatively by more than half of people in Britain (53%), Germany (56%), Sweden (63%) and Denmark (74%).<ref>{{cite news |title=Tourists are cancelling trips to the US – here’s how this could affect its economy |url=https://theconversation.com/tourists-are-cancelling-trips-to-the-us-heres-how-this-could-affect-its-economy-252858 |agency=The Conversation |date=28 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=European favourability of the USA falls following the return of Donald Trump {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/international/articles/51719-european-favourability-of-the-usa-falls-following-the-return-of-donald-trump |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=yougov.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> 

=====France=====
In France, the term [[Anglo-Saxon world|"Anglo-Saxon"]] is often used in expressions of anti-Americanism or [[Anglophobia]]. French writers have also used it in more nuanced ways in discussions about French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chabal | first1 = Emile | date = Spring 2013 | title = The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century | journal = French Politics, Culture & Society | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 24–46 | doi=10.3167/fpcs.2013.310102}}</ref>

The [[First Indochina War]] in [[Indochina]] and the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956 caused dismay among the French right, which was already angered by the lack of American support during [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu|Dien Bien Phu in 1954]]. For the Socialists and Communists of the [[French left]], it was the [[Vietnam War]] and U.S. imperialism that were the sources of resentment.<ref name="test">{{cite book|author=Brendon O'Connor|title=Anti-Americanism: In the 21st century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-84645-027-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C&pg=PA53 53]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJkMN0hjOw8C|url-status=live}}</ref> Much later, the alleged [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction in Iraq]] affair further dirtied the previously favorable image. In 2008, 85% of the French people considered the American government and banks to be most liable for the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>[http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm In France, 85 % French consider the US banks and government as responsible for the current crisis, published poll, 10/05/2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010002832/http://www.csa-fr.com/dataset/data2008/opi20081002-l-opinion-des-francais-sur-la-crise-financiere-internationale.htm|date=10 October 2009}}</ref>

In her contribution to the book ''Anti-Americanisms in World Politics'' edited by Peter Katzenstein and Robert Keohane in 2006, [[Sophie Meunier]] wrote about French anti-Americanism. She contends that although it has a long history (older than the U.S. itself) and is the most easily recognizable anti-Americanism in Europe, it may not have had real policy consequences on the United States and thus may have been less damaging than more pernicious and invisible anti-Americanism in other countries.<ref>[http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604 Book Review: Anti-Americanisms in world politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726062910/http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4604 |date=26 July 2017 }}, Cornell University Press.</ref>

In 2013, 36% viewed the U.S. in a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" light.<ref name="pew">{{cite web|title=Opinion of the United States|work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/custom-analysis/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622020858/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/database/custom-analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Richard Kuisel, an American scholar, has explored how France partly embraced American consumerism while rejecting much of American power and values. He wrote in 2013 that:

{{blockquote|America functioned as the "other" in configuring French identity. To be French was not to be American. Americans were conformists, materialists, racists, violent, and vulgar. The French were individualists, idealists, tolerant, and civilized. Americans adored wealth; the French worshiped {{sic}} ''la douceur de vivre.'' This caricature of America, which was already broadly endorsed at the beginning of the century, served to reinforce French national identity. At the end of the twentieth century, the French strategy [was to use] America as a foil, as a way of defining themselves as well as everything from their social policies to their notion of what constituted culture.<ref>Richard Kuisel, "The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power," ''H-France Forum'' (Spring 2013) 8#4 pp 41–45 [http://www.h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825182224/http://h-france.net/forum/forumvol8/Kuisel5.pdf |date=25 August 2016 }}, referencing his major book, ''The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power'' (2012) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805144243/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n |date=5 August 2018 }}</ref>}}

In October 2016, French President [[François Hollande]] said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank." French bank [[BNP Paribas]] was fined in 2014 for violating [[United States sanctions against Iran|U.S. sanctions against Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=France's Hollande criticises huge U.S. fines against corporate Europe |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9 |work=Reuters |date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201655/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-politics-usa-idUSL8N1CI3B9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Germany=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Germany}}
[[File:Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8610.jpg|thumb|Protest against the deployment of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Europe, [[Bonn]], [[West Germany]], 1981]]
German naval planners in the 1890–1910 era denounced the [[Monroe Doctrine]] as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension to dominate the Western hemisphere. They were even more concerned with the [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty|possible American canal in Panama]], because it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the [[Monroe Doctrine]]" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the [[West Indies]], [[Central America|Central]] and South America."<ref>{{cite book|author=Dirk Bönker|title=Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61|year=2012|publisher=Cornell U.P.|page=61|isbn=978-0801464355|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223035931/https://books.google.com/books?id=w3Nhk1cMHoYC&pg=PA61|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in [[East Germany]], and dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but the majority praised America as a protector against communism and a critical ally in rebuilding the nation.<ref>Dan Diner, ''America in the eyes of the Germans: an essay on anti-Americanism'' (Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).</ref> Germany's refusal to support the American-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] was often seen as a manifestation of anti-Americanism.<ref>Tuomas Forsberg, "German foreign policy and the war on Iraq: anti-Americanism, pacifism or emancipation?." ''Security Dialogue'' (2005) 36#2 pp: 213–231. [https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112623/https://dk-media.s3.amazonaws.com/AA/AT/gambillingonjustice-com/downloads/275731/German_foreign_policy_and_the_war_on_Iraq-_anti-Americanism__pacifism_or_emancipation.pdf |date=7 September 2021 }}</ref> Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but re-emerged in the 21st century especially in the [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|American spying on top German officials]], including Chancellor Merkel.<ref>"Ami go Home," [https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21642211-anti-americanism-always-strong-german-left-growing-right-ami-go-home  ''Economist'' 7 February 2015, p 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907115334/https://www.economist.com/europe/2015/02/05/ami-go-home |date=7 September 2021 }}</ref>

In the affair surrounding ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' journalist [[Claas Relotius]], U.S. Ambassador to Germany [[Richard Grenell]] wrote to the magazine complaining about an anti-American institutional bias ("Anti-Amerikanismus") and asked for an independent investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Connolly|first1=Kate|last2=Le Blond|first2=Josie|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius|title=Der Spiegel takes the blame for scandal of reporter who faked stories|work=The Guardian|date=23 December 2018|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828162415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/23/anti-america-bias-der-spiegel-scandal-relotius|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html|title=US-Botschaft wirft "Spiegel" "eklatanten Anti-Amerikanismus" vor|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|date=December 22, 2018|language=de|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907112627/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article185986368/Fall-Relotius-US-Botschaft-wirft-Spiegel-eklatanten-Anti-Amerikanismus-vor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grenell wrote that "These fake news stories largely focus on U.S. policies and certain segments of the American people."<ref>{{cite news |title=Der Spiegel to press charges against reporter who made up article about Fergus Falls, Minnesota |url=http://www.startribune.com/der-spiegel-to-press-charges-against-reporter-who-made-up-article-about-fergus-falls-minnesota/503414652/ |work=Star Tribune |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065306/http://www.startribune.com/der-spiegel-to-press-charges-against-reporter-who-made-up-article-about-fergus-falls-minnesota/503414652/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 }}</ref>

German historian Darius Harwardt has noted that from 1980 onwards, the term has seen an increase in usage in [[Politics of Germany|German politics]], for example to discredit those that wish to close [[List of United States Army installations in Germany|American military bases in Germany]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=2018-07-11 |title=Germans actually want Donald Trump to pull US troops out of Germany, poll finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/us-troops-germany-public-opinion-pull-out-nato-summit-merkel-a8442021.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131094648/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/us-troops-germany-public-opinion-pull-out-nato-summit-merkel-a8442021.html |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

===== Greece =====
Although the Greeks have generally held a favorable attitude towards America and still do today, with 56.5% holding a favorable view in 2013<ref>{{cite web |title= Greece and the United States |url= https://kaparesearch.com/en/survey-on-greece-us-relations-2016/ |publisher= kaparesearch.com |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 27 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175636/https://kaparesearch.com/en/survey-on-greece-us-relations-2016/ |url-status= live }}</ref> and 63% in 2021,<ref>{{cite web |title= America's Image Abroad Rebounds With Transition From Trump to Biden |date= 10 June 2021 |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211015061225/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Donald Trump was highly unpopular in Greece, with 73% having no confidence in him to do the right thing in world affairs.<ref>{{cite web |title= 1. Little trust in Trump's handling of international affairs |date= 8 January 2020 |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 16 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210816095706/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/01/08/little-trust-in-trumps-handling-of-international-affairs/ |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Joe Biden]] however is popular among the Greek public, with 67% having confidence in the American president.<ref>{{cite web |title= Most have confidence in Biden to do the right thing internationally |url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/pg_2021-06-10_us-image_00-021/ |publisher= pewresearch.org |access-date= 13 October 2021 |archive-date= 29 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173551/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/pg_2021-06-10_us-image_00-021/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

=====Netherlands=====
[[File:Anti kernwapendemonstratie in Den Haag ( 550 duizend deelnemers ) overzichten, Bestanddeelnr 253-8821.jpg|thumb|Protest against the deployment of Pershing II missiles, [[The Hague]], 1983]]
Although the Dutch have generally held a favorable attitude toward America, there were negative currents in the aftermath of World War II as the Dutch blamed American policy as the reason why their [[Dutch East Indies|colonies in Southeast Asia]] were able to gain [[independence]]. They credit their rescue from the Nazis in 1944–45 to the [[First Canadian Army|Canadian Army]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teitler | first1 = G. | year = 1987 | title = Sea Power on the Decline: Anti-Americanism and the Royal Netherlands Navy, 1942–1952 | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 72–84}}</ref> Postwar attitudes continued the perennial ambiguity of anti-Americanism: the love-hate relationship, or willingness to adopt American cultural patterns while at the same time voicing criticism of them.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kroes | first1 = Rob | year = 1987 | title = The Great Satan Versus the Evil Empire: Anti-Americanism in the Netherlands | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 37–50}}</ref> In the 1960s, anti-Americanism revived largely in reaction against the Vietnam War. Its major early advocates were non-party-affiliated, left-wing students, journalists, and intellectuals. Dutch public opinion polls (1975–83) indicate a stable attitude toward the United States; only 10% of the people were deeply anti-American.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Koch | first1 = Koen | year = 1987 | title = Anti-Americanism and the Dutch Peace Movement | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 97–111}}</ref> The most strident rhetoric came from the left wing of Dutch politics and can largely be attributed to the consequences of Dutch participation in NATO.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = DeGraaf | first1 = Bob | year = 1987 | title = Bogey or Saviour? The Image of the United States in the Netherlands during the Interwar Period | journal = European Contributions to American Studies | volume = 11 | pages = 51–71}}</ref>

=====United Kingdom=====
{{See also|Special Relationship#Public opinion}}
[[File:Yankee go home Liverpool.jpg|thumb|Anti-American banners in [[Liverpool]], UK]]
According to a Pew Global Attitudes Project poll, during the [[George W. Bush]] administration "favorable opinions" of America between 2000 and 2006 fell from 83% to 56% in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 |title=America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas &#124; Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |date=13 June 2006 |publisher=Pewglobal.org |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008020203/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=252 |archive-date=8 October 2006 }}</ref>

News articles and blogs have discussed the negative experiences of Americans living in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4881474.stm |work=BBC News |title=Anti-Americanism 'feels like racism' |date=16 April 2006 |access-date=4 November 2006 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823063856/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4881474.stm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Anti-Americanism in Britain |url=http://www.anamericangirlinlondon.co.uk/?p=85 |publisher=An American Girl in London – blog |access-date=8 April 2015 |date=24 February 2013 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite web |title=Anti-American sentiment: Why is it acceptable? |url=http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2328026 |publisher=The Student Room – blog |access-date=8 April 2015 |date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055749/https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=2328026 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anti-American sentiment became more widespread in the United Kingdom following the [[Iraq War]] and the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Working Group on Anti-Americanism|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/conferences/reports/fall/AA.pdf|publisher=The Princeton Project on National Security|access-date=8 April 2015|date=September 2005|page=24|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119073407/https://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/conferences/reports/fall/AA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Book Review: The Long History of British Disdain for America|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703779704576074342437747736|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=8 April 2015|date=22 January 2011|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160000/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703779704576074342437747736|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Ireland=====
Negative sentiment towards American tourists is implied to have risen around 2012 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20120308/296580378364924|title=PressReader - Toronto Star: 2012-03-08 - Canadians' dream destinations|via=PressReader|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110183258/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20120308/296580378364924|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/no-loud-americans-sign-in-county-kerry-ireland-slammed-by-local-residents-9627337.html|title='No loud Americans' sign in County Kerry slammed by locals|date=2014-07-24|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706095624/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/no-loud-americans-sign-in-county-kerry-ireland-slammed-by-local-residents-9627337.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Spain=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Spain}}
Anti-American sentiment is perceived to be deeply entrenched within elements of Spanish society, with several surveys conducted concerning the topic tending to back up that assertion. [[Spain]] ranks among the highest countries in terms of the level of anti-Americanism in [[Europe]]. According to a [[German Marshall Fund]] study, feelings towards the United States in Spain were among the least favourable in [[Europe]], second only to [[Turkey]]. The sentiment has not only been historically a left-wing phenomenon, but the United States is viewed very negatively by right-wing factions in Spain as well.

=== Asia ===
Anti-Americanism in the Middle East and parts of Asia has substantially increased due to U.S sanctions and military involvement in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq worsening relations and public opinion. However East and South Asian countries like the Philippines, South Korea and India remains the most Pro-American countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokes |first=Bruce |title=Which countries don't like America and which do |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/15/which-countries-dont-like-america-and-which-do/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Pew Research Center |date=15 July 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref> 

==== East Asia ====

=====China=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in China}}
{{See also|May 24 incident}}
China has a history of anti-Americanism beginning with the general disdain for foreigners in the early 19th century that culminated in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900, which the U.S. helped in militarily suppressing.

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and World War II, the U.S. provided economic and military assistance to the [[Chiang Kai-shek]] government against the Japanese invasion. In particular, the "[[China Hands]]" (American diplomats known for their knowledge of China) also attempted to establish diplomatic contacts with [[Mao Zedong]]'s communist regime [[Dixie Mission|in their stronghold in Yan'an]], with a goal of fostering unity between the Nationalists and Communists.<ref>John Service, ''The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US – China Relations'' (Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, U of California Press, 1971), 191 – 192.</ref> However, relations soured after communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] and the relocation of the Chiang government to [[Taiwan]], together with the start of the [[Cold War]] and rise of [[McCarthyism]] in U.S. politics. The newly communist China and the U.S. fought a major undeclared [[Korean War|war in Korea, 1950–53]] and, as a result, President [[Harry S. Truman]] began advocating a policy of containment and sent the [[United States Seventh Fleet]] to deter a possible communist invasion of Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry S Truman, "Statement on Formosa," January 5, 1950|url=http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232642/http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. signed the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] with Taiwan which lasted until 1979 and, during this period, the communist government in Beijing was not diplomatically recognized by the U.S. By 1950, virtually all American diplomatic staff had left mainland China, and one of Mao's political goals was to identify and destroy factions inside China that might be favorable to capitalism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Qiu Xu | first1 = Guang | year = 2000 | title = U.S. Air Aid and the CCP's Anti-American Campaign, 1945–1949 | journal = Air Power History | volume = 47 | issue = 1| pages = 24–39}}</ref><ref>Michael M. Sheng, "Chinese Communist Policy Toward the United States and the Myth of the 'Lost Chance,' 1948–1950," ''Modern Asian Studies'' 28 (1994); [[Chen Jian (academic)|Chen Jian]], ''China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation'' (Columbia University Press, 1994)</ref>

Mao initially ridiculed the U.S. as "[[paper tiger]]" occupiers of Taiwan, "the enemy of the people of the world and has increasingly isolated itself" and "monopoly capitalist groups",<ref>{{cite web |author=Mao Tse Tung |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch06.htm |title=Quotations from Mao Tse Tung – Chapter 6 |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816041622/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was argued that Mao never intended friendly relations with the U.S.<ref>Michael M. Sheng, ''Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States'' (Princeton University Press, 1997) ch 1</ref> However, due to the [[Sino-Soviet split]] and increasing tension between China and the Soviet Union, US President [[Richard Nixon]] signaled a diplomatic rapprochement with communist China, and [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|embarked on an official visit in 1972]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nixon|first=Richard|title=Announcement of the President's Trip to China|url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2258|work=US-China documents collection|publisher=USC US-China Institute|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111171025/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2258|url-status=live}}</ref> Diplomatic relations between the two countries were eventually restored in 1979. After Mao's death, [[Deng Xiaoping]] embarked on economic reforms, and hostility diminished sharply, while large-scale trade and investments, as well as cultural exchanges became major factors. Following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], the U.S. placed economic and military sanctions upon China, although official diplomatic relations continued.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html The West Condemns the Crackdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909200418/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html |date=9 September 2021 }}, New York Times, 5 June 1989.</ref>
[[File:Anti-American Protests in Nanjing, 1999 (flickr 2543499638).jpg|thumb|Anti-American protests in Nanjing following the [[U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]], 1999]]

In 2013, 53% of Chinese respondents in a [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] survey had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of the U.S.<ref name="pew"/> Relations improved slightly near the end of Obama's term in 2016, with 44% of Chinese respondents expressing an unfavorable view of the U.S compared to 50% of respondents expressing a favorable view.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-06-28|title=A Look at America's International Image|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/06/28/americas-international-image/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613145926/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/06/28/americas-international-image/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There has been a significant increase in anti-Americanism since U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] launched a [[China–United States trade war|trade war]] against China, with Chinese media airing [[Korean War]] films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/the-dangerous-reprise-of-chinese-korean-war-propaganda/|title=The Dangerous Reprise of Chinese Korean War Propaganda|last=Diplomat|first=Andrew Kuech, The|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|date=14 June 2019|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121451/https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/the-dangerous-reprise-of-chinese-korean-war-propaganda/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/world/asia/china-propaganda-trade.html|title=China's Propaganda Machine Takes Aim at U.S. Over Trade War|last=Hernández|first=Javier C.|date=2019-05-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909213325/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/world/asia/china-propaganda-trade.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, ''[[Global Times]]'' said that "the trade war with the U.S. at the moment reminds Chinese of military struggles between China and the U.S. during the Korean War."<ref name=":0" />

=====Japan=====
[[File:The protesting crowd in Ginowan on 2009-11-08.jpg|thumb|Okinawans protesting against the U.S. [[Marine Corps Air Station Futenma]] in [[Ginowan]], 8 November 2009]]
In Japan, objections to the behavior and presence of American military personnel are sometimes reported as anti-Americanism, such as the [[1995 Okinawa rape incident]].<ref name="CNNOkinawa">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|title=Thousands rally against U.S. bases in Okinawa|access-date=11 April 2008|publisher=CNN|date=21 October 1995|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055447/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2002/08/01/kor_ed1_.php |title=Road deaths ignite Korean anti-Americanism |access-date=11 April 2008 |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915160744/http://www.iht.com/articles/2002/08/01/kor_ed1_.php |archive-date=15 September 2007 }}</ref> {{as of|2008}}, the ongoing U.S. military presence on [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] remained a contentious issue in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice/ |title=Rice soothes Japan on rape case |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2008 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055449/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While protests have arisen because of specific incidents, they are often reflective of deeper historical resentments. Robert Hathaway, director of the Wilson Center's Asia program, suggests: "The growth of anti-American sentiment in both Japan and South Korea must be seen not simply as a response to American policies and actions, but as reflective of deeper domestic trends and developments within these Asian countries".<ref name="WilsonProgram">{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=27212 
 |title=The Making of "Anti-American" Sentiment in Korea and Japan 
 |date=6 May 2003 
 |website=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017162435/http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=27212 
 |archive-date=17 October 2007 
}}</ref> In Japan, a variety of threads have contributed to anti-Americanism in the post-war era, including [[pacifism]] on the left, [[Japanese nationalism|nationalism]] on the right, and opportunistic worries over American influence in Japanese economic life.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korean Attitudes Toward the United States: Changing Dynamics |chapter=Anti-Americanism in Japan |last=Glosserman |first=Bob |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4PbvOcbP8C&q=Japan+anti-Americanism&pg=PA34 |year=2005 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=0-7656-1435-9 |pages=34–45 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231002041/https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4PbvOcbP8C&q=Japan+anti-Americanism&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From the [[Postwar Japan|postwar]] until today, most conservatives, including the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]],<ref name="Hitoshi Tanaka">{{cite book |author1=Hitoshi Tanaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeXkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Historical Narratives of East Asia in the 21st Century: Overcoming the Politics of National Identity |quote=... Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform, founded in 1997, shared “anti-American conservative” convictions, rather than a “pro-American conservative” attitude similar to the LDP's political stance. |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-000-05317-3 }}</ref> have a pro-American view; there are "[[anti-American conservative]]" who are critical of this and seek to preserve Japan's independent foreign policy or cultural values.

=====South Korea=====
{{See also|Anti-American sentiment in Korea}}
Speaking to the Wilson Center, [[Katharine Moon]] notes that while the majority of South Koreans support the American alliance "anti-Americanism also represents the collective venting of accumulated grievances that in many instances have lain hidden for decades".<ref name=WilsonProgram/> In the 1990s, scholars, policy makers, and the media noted that anti-Americanism was motivated by the rejection of authoritarianism and a resurgent nationalism, this nationalist anti-Americanism continued into the 2000s fueled by a number of incidents such as the [[South Korea and the International Monetary Fund|IMF crisis]].<ref>Korea's democratisation, Ed Samuel S. Kim, Cambridge university press 2003, Page 135 and 136</ref> During the early 1990s, [[Western princess]], prostitutes for American soldiers became a symbol of anti-American nationalism.<ref name="Cho91">{{cite book |last= Cho |first= Grace |title= Haunting the Korean Diaspora: Shame, Secrecy, and the Forgotten War |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&q=yanggongju%20caste&pg=PA103 |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0816652754 |page= 91 |access-date= 8 November 2020 |archive-date= 18 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210818004323/https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&q=yanggongju%20caste&pg=PA103 |url-status= live }}</ref>

"Dear American" is an anti-American song sung by [[Psy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Imam|first=Jareen|title=PSY apologizes for viral anti-American lyrics|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/07/showbiz/psy-apology-irpt/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 December 2012|date=10 December 2012|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902000922/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/07/showbiz/psy-apology-irpt/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Fucking USA]]" is an anti-American [[protest song]] written by South Korean singer and activist Yoon Min-suk. Strongly anti-U.S. foreign policy and anti-Bush, the song was written in 2002 at a time when, following the [[Apolo Ohno]] Olympic controversy and [[Yangju highway incident|an incident in Yangju]] in which two Korean middle school students died after being struck by a U.S. Army vehicle, anti-American sentiment in South Korea reached high levels.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/02/20/ohno-reviled-athlete-south-korea/ Ohno Becomes Most Reviled Athlete in South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151928/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/02/20/ohno-reviled-athlete-south-korea/ |date=24 September 2015 }}, Fox News, 20 February 2010.</ref> However, by 2009, a majority of South Koreans were reported as having a favorable view of the United States.<ref>[http://pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1 Opinion of the United States : 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523043654/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Pew Global Attitudes Project.</ref> In 2014, 58% of South Koreans had a favorable view of the U.S., making South Korea one of the world's most pro-American countries.<ref name=bbcpoll />

=====North Korea=====
[[File:NKmuseum.jpg|thumb|North Koreans touring the [[Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities|Museum of American War Atrocities]] in 2009]]
[[North Korea–United States relations|Relations between North Korea and the United States]] have been hostile ever since the [[Korean War]], and the former's more recent development of [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons and long range missiles]] has further increased tension between the two nations.<ref name="NWTNKorea">{{cite news |title=In Focus: North Korea's Nuclear Threats |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121731/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States currently maintains a [[United States Forces Korea|military presence in South Korea]], and President [[George W. Bush]] had previously described North Korea as part of the "[[Axis of Evil]]".

In North Korea, July is the "Month of Joint Anti-American Struggle," with festivities to denounce the U.S.<ref name="NKH">{{cite book |title=North Korea Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA369 |year=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=369 |isbn=9780765635235 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA369 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Southeast Asia====
[[File:Anti-Islam Film protests (8009245996).jpg|thumb|Protesters in [[Kuala Lumpur]] take to the streets to demonstrate against the ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'' film.]]

=====Philippines=====
[[File:Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg|thumb|Student-activists from University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Manila University burn the flags of China and US to protest against their encroachment of Philippine sovereignty.]]
Anti-American sentiment has existed in the Philippines, owing primarily to the [[Philippine–American War]] of more than 100 years ago, and the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|1898–1946 period of US colonial rule]]. One of the country's most recognizable patriotic hymns, {{langx|es|[[Bayan Ko|Nuestra patria]]|label=none}} ({{lit|Our Fatherland}}; {{langx|tl|Bayan Ko|lit=My Country}}), written during the Philippine–American War, makes reference to "the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|Anglo-Saxon]] … who with vile treason subjugates [the Fatherland]".<ref name="pedrosa2014">{{cite news|last=Navarro Pedrosa|first=Carmen|author-link=Carmen Pedrosa|date=2014-06-01|title=A Small 'Correction' Reveals an Important Detail|url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/06/01/1329687/small-correction-reveals-important-detail |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> The song then exhorts the invaded and later occupied nation to "free [it]self from the traitor."<ref name="pedrosa2014" /> Mojarro (2020) wrote that, during the US occupation, "Filipino intellectuals and patriots fully rejected US tutelage of Philippine politics and the economy,"<ref name="mojarro2020">{{cite web|last=Mojarro Romero|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/09/01/opinion/columnists/how-good-were-filipino-writers-in-spanish/761878|date=2020-09-01|title=How Good Were Filipino Writers in Spanish?|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|first=Jorge}}</ref> adding that "The [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish language]] was understood then as a tool of cultural and political resistance."<ref name="mojarro2020" /> [[Manuel L. Quezon]] himself refused to learn [[English language in the Philippines|English]], having "felt betrayed by the Americans whom [the [[Katipunan]]] considered allies against Spain".<ref name="custodio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/10/supplements/manila-times-owners/290511|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|first=Arlo|last=Custodio|title=The Manila Times Owners|date=2016-10-10}}</ref>

Statesman and internationally renowned [[Hispanophone]] writer [[Claro Mayo Recto]] had once dared to oppose the [[national security]] interests of the US in the Philippines, such as when he campaigned against the US military bases in his country. During the 1957 presidential campaign, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) conducted black propaganda operations to ensure his defeat, including the distribution of condoms with holes in them and marked with "Courtesy of Claro M. Recto" on the labels.<ref name=WorstBook>The Worst Book of 2002. [http://www.main.nc.us/books/books.cgi?theworstbookof2002 Review of ''The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208052845/http://main.nc.us/books/books.cgi?theworstbookof2002 |date=2008-12-08 }}, by Max Boot. 2003 Retrieved March 17, 2009</ref><ref name=Simbulan>Simbulan, Roland. [http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/filipinas/doc/cia.html ''Covert Operations and the CIA's Hidden History in the Philippines'']. 18 Aug. 2000. Retrieved March 17, 2009.</ref> The CIA is also suspected of involvement in his death by [[heart attack]] less than three years later. Recto, who had no known heart disease, met with two mysterious "Caucasians" wearing business suits before he died. US government documents later showed that a plan to murder Recto with a vial of poison was discussed by CIA Chief of Station Ralph Lovett and US Ambassador Admiral [[Raymond Spruance]] years earlier.<ref name=WorstBook/><ref name=Simbulan/>

In October 2012, American ships were found dumping toxic wastes into Subic Bay, spurring anti-Americanism and setting the stage for multiple rallies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/2012/11/14/866561/dumping-us-toxic-wastes-phl-triggers-anti-american-rhetoric |title=Dumping of US toxic wastes in Phl triggers anti-American rhetoric &#124; Breaking News, Other Sections, Home |publisher=philstar.com |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121732/https://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/2012/11/14/866561/dumping-us-toxic-wastes-phl-triggers-anti-american-rhetoric |url-status=live }}</ref> When U.S. president Barack Obama toured Asia, in mid to late April 2014 to visit Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines, hundreds of Filipino protests demonstrated in [[Manila]] shouting anti-Obama slogans, with some even burning mock U.S. flags.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/anti-obama-protesters-clash-police-manila |title=Anti-Obama protesters clash with police in Manila |date=April 23, 2014 |website=bigstory.ap.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207183332/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/anti-obama-protesters-clash-police-manila |archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>

The controversial [[Visiting Forces Agreement (Philippines – United States)|Visiting Forces Agreement]] adds further fuel to anti-American sentiment, especially among [[Philippine Muslims]]. US military personnel have also been tried and convicted for rapes and murders committed on Philippine soil against civilians.<ref name="bauzón&al2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2014/10/15/news/top-stories/us-marine-charged-murder-transgenders-slay/134607/|title=US Marine Charged with Murder in Transgender's Slay|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|first1=Bernice Camille|last1=Bauzón|first2=Joel|last2=M. Sy-Egco|date=2014-10-15}}</ref> These service personnel would later either be freed by the justice system or receive a presidential pardon.<ref name=MTed2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/09/10/opinion/editorial/was-pemberton-pardon-a-clever-geopolitical-move/766705/|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|date=2020-09-10|title=Was Pemberton Pardon a Clever Geopolitical Move?}}</ref>

However, despite these incidents, a poll conducted in 2011 by the BBC found that 90% of Filipinos have a favorable view of the U.S., higher than the view of the U.S. in any other country.<ref name="worldpublicopinion.org">[http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123070720/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf |date=23 November 2012 }}, 7 March 2011.</ref> According to a Pew Research Center Poll released in 2014, 92% of Filipinos viewed the U.S. favorably, making the Philippines the most pro-American nation in the world. The election of [[Rodrigo Duterte]] in 2016, along with persistently high approval ratings thereafter,<ref name=cruz2022>{{cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/02/07/news/duterte-maintains-very-goodnet-satisfaction-rating-sws/1832105|last=Cruz|first=Kaithreen|date=2022-02-07|title=Duterte Maintains 'Very Good' Net Satisfaction Rating —SWS|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]}}</ref> nevertheless herald a new era marked by [[neonationalism]] and a resurgent anti-Americanism founded on what had by then been long-unattended historical grievances.<ref name=parameswaran2016>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/why-the-philippines-rodrigo-duterte-hates-america/|title=Why the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte Hates America|date=2016-11-01|first=Prashanth|last=Parameswaran|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref name=vinay2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-03-15/a-look-at-global-neo-nationalism-after-brexit-and-donald-trumps-election|magazine=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|title=How Neo-Nationalism Went Global|last=Vinay|first=Karoline Postel|date=2017-03-15}}</ref>

====South Asia====

=====Afghanistan=====

{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan}}
[[List of drone strikes in Afghanistan|Drone strikes]] have led to growing anti-Americanism.<ref>Michael J. Boyle, "The costs and consequences
of drone warfare," ''International Affairs'' 89#1 (2013), pp. 1–29.</ref>

=====Pakistan=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan}}
Negative attitudes toward the U.S.'s influence on the world has risen in [[Pakistan]] as a result of [[Drone strikes in Pakistan|U.S. drone attacks on the country]] introduced by [[George W. Bush]] and continued by [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0708/p99s01-duts.html|title=Fresh drone attacks in Pakistan reignite debate|author=Liam Stack|date=8 July 2009|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=11 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711170322/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0708/p99s01-duts.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-22-pakistan-aziz_x.htm |title=Pakistan seeks to quell anti-American sentiments |work=USA Today |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025144213/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-22-pakistan-aziz_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In a poll surveying opinions toward the United States, Pakistan scored as the most negatively aligned nation, jointly alongside [[Serbia]].<ref name="B92_2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=07&nav_id=60329 |title=Strongest anti-American sentiment in Serbia, Pakistan |publisher=B92.net |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608092000/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=07&nav_id=60329 |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

====Middle East====
After [[World War I]], admiration was expressed for [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s promulgation of democracy, freedom and self-determination in the [[Fourteen Points]] and, during [[World War II]], the high ideals of the [[Atlantic Charter]] received favorable notice.<ref name="Tamim Ansary 2009">Tamim Ansary (2009) ''Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes'': 333</ref> According to [[Tamim Ansary]], in ''Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes'' (2009), early views of America were mostly positive in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Muslim World]].<ref name="Tamim Ansary 2009"/>

Just as they do elsewhere in the world, spikes in anti-Americanism in the region correlate with the adoption or the reiteration of certain policies by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], in special its support for [[Israel]] in the [[Palestinian territories|occupation of Palestine]] and the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/03/14/americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/|title=America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project|date=14 March 2007|access-date=16 July 2013|publisher=Pew Research|archive-date=2 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602043427/http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/03/14/americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> In regards to [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll noted that while most [[Muslims]] (93%) polled opposed the attacks, 'radicals' (7%) supported it, citing in their favor, not religious view points, but disgust at [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East|U.S. policies]].<ref name=gallup937>{{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw |title=Major survey challenges Western perceptions of Islam |date=26 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2013 |publisher=Agence Free Presse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084234/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> In effect, when targeting U.S. or other Western assets in the region, radical armed groups in the Middle East, [[Al-Qaeda]] included, have made reference to U.S. policies and alleged [[crimes against humanity]] to justify their attacks. For example, to explain the [[Khobar Towers bombing]] (in which 19 [[United States Air Force|American airmen]] were killed), Bin Laden, although proven to have not committed the attack, named U.S. support for Israel in instances of attacks against Muslims, such as the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] and the [[Qana massacre]], as the reasons behind the attack.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&pg=PA235|title=The Structures of Love: Art and Politics Beyond the Transference|isbn=9781438439747|access-date=26 October 2014|last1=Penney|first1=James|date=28 April 2012|publisher=State University of New York Press |archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817143929/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda also cited the [[United States sanctions|U.S. sanctions]] on and [[1998 bombing of Iraq|bombing of Iraq]] in the [[Iraqi no-fly zones]] (1991–2003), which exacted a large toll in the Arab country's civilian population, as a justification to kill Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |title=World Islamic Front Statement Urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders |publisher=Fas.org |date=23 February 1998 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421110549/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although right-wing scholars (e.g. Paul Hollander) have given prominence to the role that religiosity, culture and backwardness play in inflaming anti-Americanism in the region, the poll noted that radicalism among Arabs or Muslims isn't correlated with poverty, backwardness or religiosity. Radicals were in fact shown to be better educated and wealthier than 'moderates'.<ref name=gallup937 />

There is also, however, a cultural dimension to anti-Americanism among religious and conservative groups in the Middle East. It may have its origins with [[Sayyid Qutb]]. Qutb, an [[Egyptian people|Egyptian]] who was the leading intellectual of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], studied in [[Greeley, Colorado]] from 1948 to 1950, and wrote a book, ''The America I Have Seen'' (1951) based on his impressions. In it he decried everything in America from individual freedom and taste in music to Church socials and haircuts.<ref>David Von Drehle, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822102733/http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/february/presence.php A Lesson In Hate] ''Smithsonian Magazine''</ref> Wrote Qutb, "They danced to the tunes of the [[Phonograph|gramophone]], and the dance floor was replete with tapping feet, enticing legs, arms wrapped around waists, lips pressed to lips, and chests pressed to chests. The atmosphere was full of desire..."<ref name="Siegel2003-05-06">Siegel, Robert [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796 Sayyid Qutb's America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509085250/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796 |date=9 May 2021 }}, NPR, ''All Things Considered'', 6 May 2003. Retrieved 29 April 2007.</ref> He offered a distorted chronology of American history and was disturbed by its sexually liberated women: "The American girl is well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity. She knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. She knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in the shapely thighs, sleek legs – and she shows all this and does not hide it".<ref name="Siegel2003-05-06" /> He was particularly disturbed by [[jazz]], which he called the American's preferred music, and which "was created by [[Negro]]es to satisfy their love of noise and to whet their sexual desires ..."<ref>''Amrika allati Ra'aytu'' (The America that I Have Seen) quoted on Calvert (2000)</ref> Qutb's writings influenced generations of militants and radicals in the Middle East who viewed America as a cultural temptress bent on overturning traditional customs and morals, especially with respect to the relations between the sexes.

Qutb's ideas influenced [[Osama bin Laden]], an anti-American extremist from [[Saudi Arabia]], who was the founder of the [[Jihadi]]st organization [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Michael |last = Scheuer |title = Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America |page = 110 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA110 |isbn = 9781574885521 |publisher = Potomac Books, Inc. |date = 2002 |access-date = 8 November 2020 |archive-date = 18 September 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100300/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA110 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Abdel Bari Atman (2007) ''The Secret History of Al-Qa'ida''. London: Abacus: 34-5, 65–7</ref> In conjunction with several other Islamic militant leaders, bin Laden issued two [[fatwa|fatawa]] – [[Fatāwā of Osama bin Laden|in 1996 and then again in 1998]] – that Muslims should kill military personnel and civilians of the United States until the United States government withdraw military forces from [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] and withdraw support for Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |title=Bin Laden'S Fatwa |publisher=Pbs.org |date=20 August 1998 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html|title=Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=21 August 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093550/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html| archive-date= 1 September 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>

After the 1996 fatwa, entitled "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places", bin Laden was put on a criminal file by the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) under an [[American Civil War]] statute which forbids instigating violence and attempting to overthrow the U.S. government.<ref>Lawrence Wright (2007) ''The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda's Road to 9/11''. London, Penguin: 4–5</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html Text of the 1996 fatwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |date=8 January 2007 }}, translation by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]</ref> He has also been indicted in [[United States federal court]] for his alleged involvement in the [[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]] in [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], and was on the FBI's [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list.<ref name="cbc-2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654 |title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11 |publisher=CBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=2 November 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061025044652/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654| archive-date= 25 October 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms |title=Osama claims responsibility for 9/11 |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225185732/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms |archive-date=25 December 2007 }}</ref> On 14 January 2009, bin Laden vowed to continue the fight and open up new fronts against the U.S. on behalf of the Islamic world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jY32dmO87b2tbtDi0F-xCtrJTWNgD95N2DEG0|title=Bin Laden Jihad call|access-date=10 November 2016}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2002 and in mid-2004, [[Zogby International]] polled the favorable/unfavorable ratings of the U.S. in Saudi Arabia, [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Morocco]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE). In Zogby's 2002 survey, 76% of Egyptians had a negative attitude toward the United States, compared with 98% in 2004. In Morocco, 61% viewed the country unfavorably in 2002, but in two years, that number had jumped to 88 percent. In Saudi Arabia, such responses rose from 87% in 2002 to 94% in 2004. Attitudes were virtually unchanged in Lebanon but improved slightly in the UAE, from 87% who said in 2002 that they disliked the United States to 73% in 2004.<ref name="Zogby">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7080-2004Jul22.html|title=Poll Shows Growing Arab Rancor at U.S|first=Dafna|last=Linzer|date=23 July 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420213830/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7080-2004Jul22.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, most of these countries mainly objected to foreign policies that they considered unfair.<ref name="Zogby"/>

=====Iran=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Iran}}
[[File:Protests after US decision to withdraw from JCPOA, around former US embassy, Tehran - 8 May 2018 26.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Two protesters in [[Iran]] tearing an [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] at an anti-American rally after the [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|American withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal]]]]
The chant "[[Death to America]]" ([[Persian language|Persian]]: مرگ بر آمریکا) has been in use in [[Iran]] since at least the [[Iranian revolution]] in 1979,<ref>Robert Tait, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/usa.iran 'America wants Iran to be dependent on it and Iranians don't want that'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609064248/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/usa.iran |date=9 June 2021 }}, 2 February 2006, The Guardian.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Philip Herbst|title=Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WL-IYCCe58EC|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32486-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WL&pg=PA6 6]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=WL-IYCCe58EC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asadzade |first1=Peyman |title=Faith or Ideology? Religiosity, Political Islam, and Anti-Americanism in Iran |journal=Journal of Global Security Studies |date=2019 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=545–559 |doi=10.1093/jogss/ogy038 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/4/4/545/5366463 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085931/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/4/4/545/5366463 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> along with other phrases often represented as anti-American. A 1953 [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|coup]] which involved the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was cited as a grievance.<ref>Tamim Ansary (2009) ''Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes'': 334</ref> State-sponsored murals characterized as anti-American dot the streets of [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Michael Dumper|author2=Bruce E. Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA351 351]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122203322/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nathan Gonzalez|title=Engaging Iran: the rise of a Middle East powerhouse and America's strategic choice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99742-7|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC&pg=PR9 ix]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been suggested that under [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] anti-Americanism was little more than a way to distinguish between domestic supporters and detractors, and even the phrase "[[Great Satan]]"<ref>Sanger, David E.: "Bombs Away?", Upfront, The New York Times, 16</ref> which has previously been associated with anti-Americanism, appears to now signify both the American and [[Government of the United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/5599270/What-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Boris | last=Johnson | title=What has Ayatollah Khamenei of Iran got against little old Britain? | date=22 June 2009 | access-date=5 April 2018 | archive-date=11 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811110408/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/5599270/What-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=254041 |title=World News " UK is Tehran's 'Great Satan' |newspaper=Gulf Daily News |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419114609/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=254041 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Iran hostage crisis]] that lasted from 1979 to 1981, in which fifty-two [[Americans]] were held hostage in [[Tehran]] for 444 days, was also a demonstration of anti-Americanism, one which considerably worsened [[Iran–United States relations|mutual perceptions]] between the U.S. and Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html|title=Iran–U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126080445/http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Jordan=====
Anti-Americanism is felt very strongly in [[Jordan]] and has been on the rise since at least 2003. Despite the fact that Jordan is one of America's closest allies in the Middle East and the [[Government of Jordan]] is pro-American and pro-Western, the anti-Americanism of [[Jordanians]] is among the highest in the world. Anti-Americanism rose dramatically after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], when a United States-led coalition invaded [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] to remove [[Saddam Hussein]] from power. According to several Pew Research Attitudes polls conducted since 2003, 99% of Jordanians viewed the U.S. unfavorably and 82% of Jordanians viewed American people unfavorably. Although 2017 data indicates negative attitudes towards the U.S. and American people have gone down to 82% and 61% respectively, rates of anti-Americanism in Jordan are still among the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=223&response=Favorable|title=Opinion of the United States|date=22 April 2010|work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044008/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=223&response=Favorable|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Palestinian territories=====
In July 2013, [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] Cleric Ismat Al-Hammouri, a leader of the [[Jerusalem]]-based [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], called for the destruction of America, [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Rome]] to conquer and destroy the enemies of the "Nation of Islam". He warned: "We warn you, oh America: Take your hands off the Muslims. You have wreaked havoc in [[Syria]], and before that, in [[Afghanistan]] and in [[Iraq]], and now in Egypt. Who do you think we are, America? We are the nation of Islam — a giant and mighty nation, which extends from east to west. Soon, we will teach you a political and military lesson, [[Allah]] willing. Allah Akbar. All glory to Allah".<ref name=warningstowest>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/imam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit/|title=imam calls for destruction of US and europe|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822220319/https://www.timesofisrael.com/imam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit/|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Hammouri also warned U.S. president Barack Obama that there is an impending rise of a united Muslim empire that will instill religious law on all of its subjects.<ref name="warningstowest"/>

=====Saudi Arabia=====
In Saudi Arabia, anti-American sentiment was described as "intense"<ref name=bradley-expo-169
>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=John R.|title=Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave
|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/169 169]
|isbn=9781403964335|quote=In the climate of intense anti-American sentiment in Saudi Arabia after September 11, it is certainly true that any association with U.S.-inspired 'reform' ... is fast becoming a hindrance rather than a help.}}</ref> and "at an all-time high".{{When|date=March 2024}}<ref name=bradley-expo-211>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=John R.|title=Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/211 211]
|isbn=9781403964335|quote=Anti-U.S. sentiment inside Saudi Arabia is now at an all-time high, following the outrages at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad and Washington's continued support for Israel's often brutal suppression of the Palestinians.}}</ref>

According to the survey taken by the [[General Intelligence Presidency|Saudi intelligence service]] of "educated [[Saudis]] between the ages of 25 and 41" taken shortly after the 9/11 attacks "concluded that 95 percent" of those surveyed supported Bin Laden's cause.<ref name=SCIOLINO>{{cite news|last1=SCIOLINO|first1=ELAINE|title=Don't Weaken Arafat, Saudi Warns Bush|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/world/don-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html|access-date=20 October 2014|agency=New York Times|date=January 27, 2002|quote=A classified American intelligence report taken from a Saudi intelligence survey in mid-October  [2001] of educated Saudis between the ages of 25 and 41 concluded that 95 percent of them supported Mr. bin Laden's cause, according to a senior administration official with access to intelligence reports.|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104001/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/world/don-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (Support for Bin Laden reportedly waned by 2006 and by then, the [[Demographics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi population]] become considerably more pro-American, after Al-Qaeda linked groups staged [[Terrorism in Saudi Arabia#2003|attacks]] inside Saudi Arabia.<ref name=TRT>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabians Overwhelmingly Reject Bin Laden, Al Qaeda, Saudi Fighters in Iraq, and Terrorism; Also among most pro-American in Muslim world. Results of a New [2006] Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.ka.com.tr/Creator/UploadCenter/Files/TFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf|publisher=Terror Free Tomorrow|access-date=20 October 2014|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227092046/http://www.ka.com.tr/Creator/UploadCenter/Files/TFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>)  The proposal at the Defense Policy Board to 'take [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] out of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]' was spread as the secret US plan for the kingdom.<ref name=bradley-expo-85>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=John R.|title=Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave
|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/85 85]
|isbn=9781403964335|quote=In a region obsessed with conspiracy theories, many Saudis, both Sunni and Shiite, think that Washington has plans to split off the Eastern Province into a separate entity and seize control of its oil reserves after Iraq has stabilized.
}}</ref>

=====Turkey=====
In 2009, during U.S. president [[Barack Obama]]'s visit to Turkey, anti-American protestors held signs saying "Obama, new president of the [[American imperialism]] that is the enemy of the world's people, your hands are also bloody. Get out of our country."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bianet.org/english/world/113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey |title=Protests as Obama Leaves Turkey |publisher=Bianet.org |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611055332/http://bianet.org/english/world/113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey |url-status=live }}</ref> Protestors also shouted phrases such as [[Yankee — go home!|"Yankee go home"]] and "Obama go home".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/04/obama_go_home_protestors_say.html |title='Obama go home,' protestors say |publisher=Swamppolitics.com |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507151034/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/04/obama_go_home_protestors_say.html |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/05/AR2009040500720.html |title=Hope, Criticism Greet Obama in Turkey |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 May 2012 |first=Kevin |last=Sullivan |date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173818/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/05/AR2009040500720.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2017 Pew Research poll indicated that 67% of Turkish respondents held unfavourable views of Americans and 82% disapproved of the spread of American ideas and customs in their country; both percentages were the highest out of all the nations surveyed.<ref name=":2" />

Anti-American sentiment in Turkey had existed since the mid-1940s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=1 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> However, Anti-Americanism began to spread primarily in the 1950s due to views that America had begun to dominate Turkey and spread its cultural influence into the middle class.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=1 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref>

Leftist figures such as Mehmet Ali Aybar, who would later become the Chairman of the [[Turkish Worker's Party]], opposed collaboration with the USA and Turkey, on the grounds that US economic aid would turn Turkey into an "Anglo-Saxon satellite state" as early as 1947.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=6 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> The Turkish revolutionary and Maoist [[İbrahim Kaypakkaya]] considered Turkey to be an American semi-colony.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaypakkaya | first = Ibrahim| title = Ibrahim Kaypakkaya selected works | publisher = Nisan Publishing| date = 2014 | pages = 90 (47 on pdf) | language = English | url = https://www.marxists.org/archive/kaypakkaya/works/ibrahim-kaypakkaya-sw-2014.pdf}}</ref> However, there were also growing Anti-American sentiments on the Turkish Right. Conservative newspapers such as Büyük Doğu and Kuvvet also held views that America would in the future meddle in Turkish domestic affairs. Anti-American sentiment spread among more of the public when a law was passed in Turkey that authorized only US officials, to exercise criminal jurisdiction over American personnel in cases where a criminal act had been committed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=13 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> While this on its own did not lead to Anti-American sentiment spreading, it did mean that any incidents resulting from the actions of American personnel would have a considerable impact on popular views towards America. Such incidents often led to anger and resentment to American personnel and America by extension.

Anti-Americanism in Turkey saw a significant rise as a result of the Johnson Letter in the 1960s, which stated that the US was against an invasion of Cyprus, and stated that the USA would not come to the aid of Turkey if an invasion of Cyprus led to war with the Soviet Union. Many Turks saw the letter as tantamount to outright veto power over Turkish affairs by the USA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bolukbasi |first1=Suha|date= 1993 |title=The Johnson Letter Revisited|journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 29 |issue=3 |pages=505–525 |doi=10.1080/00263209308700963 |jstor=4283581}}</ref>

=== The Americas ===
All the countries of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] (including [[Canada]], the [[United States|United States of America]], and [[Latin America]]n countries) are often referred to as "[[Americas|The Americas]]" in the [[Anglosphere]]. In the U.S. and most countries outside Latin America, the terms "America" and "American" typically refer only to the United States of America and its citizens respectively. In the 1890s Cuban writer [[José Martí]] in an essay, "Our America," alludes to his objection to this usage.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mauricio Augusto Font|author2=Alfonso W. Quiroz|title=The Cuban Republic and José Martí: Reception and Use of a National Symbol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQd86Hwmj3kC&pg=PA118|year=2006|publisher=Lexington Books|page=118|isbn=9780739112250|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726075419/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQd86Hwmj3kC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Latin America====
{{See also|Latin America|Monroe Doctrine|Manifest Destiny|Roosevelt Corollary|Banana Wars|Operation Condor|Latin America–United States relations}}
[[File:La fallera de l'oncle Sam.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A Spanish satirical drawing published in ''[[La Campana de Gràcia]]'' (1896) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]] by [[:ca:Manuel Moliné i Muns|Manuel Moliné]], just prior to the [[Spanish–American War]]. Upper text reads (in old [[Catalan language|Catalan]]): "Uncle Sam's craving", and below: "To keep the island so it won't get lost."]]
Anti-Americanism in Latin America has deep roots and is a key element of the concept of Latin American identity, "specifically anti-U.S. expansionism and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[anti-Protestantism]]."<ref>Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, ''Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2017, p. 35.</ref> An 1828 exchange between [[William Henry Harrison]], the U.S. [[minister plenipotentiary]] rebuked President [[Simón Bolívar]] of [[Gran Colombia]], saying "...&nbsp;the strongest of all governments is that which is most free", calling on Bolívar to encourage the development of a [[democracy]]. In response, Bolívar wrote, "The United States&nbsp;... seem destined by Providence to plague America with torments in the name of freedom", a phrase that achieved fame in Latin America.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bolívar |first=Simón |editor=Bushnell, David |title=El Libertador: Writings of Simón Bolívar. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=172–173 |url=http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon7/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-writings-of-simon-bolivar-david-bushnell-editor-1.pdf |access-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213749/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon7/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-writings-of-simon-bolivar-david-bushnell-editor-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Tr-bigstick-cartoon.JPG|thumb|right|Cartoon depicting [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Big Stick ideology|Big Stick]] interventionism]]
The [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898, which escalated [[Cuban War of Independence|Cuba's war of independence]] from [[Spain]], turned the U.S. into a world power and made [[Cuba]] a [[protectorate]] of the United States via the [[Platt Amendment]] to the Cuban constitution and the [[Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)|1903 Cuban–American Treaty of Relations]]. The U.S. action was consistent with the [[Big Stick ideology]] espoused by [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Roosevelt Corollary|corollary to the Monroe Doctrine]] that led to [[Banana Wars|numerous interventions]] in [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]], also prompted hatred of the U.S. in other regions of the Americas.<ref>Volker Skierka (2004) ''Fidel Castro A Biography''. Cambridge: Polity Press: 4</ref> A very influential formulation of Latin-American anti-Americanism, engendered by the 1898 war, was the Uruguayan journalist [[José Enrique Rodó]]'s essay ''Ariel'' (1900) in which the spiritual values of the South American [[Ariel (Shakespeare)|Ariel]] are contrasted to the brutish mass-culture of the American [[Caliban]]. This essay had enormous influence throughout [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]] in the 1910s and 1920s, and prompted resistance to what was seen as American [[cultural imperialism]].<ref>Edwin Williamson (1992) ''The Penguin History of Latin America'': 305</ref> Perceived racist attitudes of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants of the North toward the [[Latin Americans|populations of Latin America]] also caused resentment.<ref>Thomas Skidmore and Peter Smith (1997) ''Modern Latin America''. Oxford University Press: 364–65</ref>

[[File:Anti usa demo brazil.jpg|thumb|Anti-U.S. banner in a demonstration in [[Brazil]], 27 January 2005]]
The Student Reform that began in the Argentine [[National University of Córdoba|University of Cordoba]] in 1918, boosted the idea of anti-imperialism throughout Latin America, and played a fundamental role for launching the concept that was to be developed over several generations. Already in 1920, the [[Federación Universitaria Argentina]] issued a manifesto entitled ''Denunciation of Imperialism''.<ref>The University Reform (1918–1930). Caracas (Venezuela): Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1978, p.&nbsp;29</ref>

Since the 1940s, [[Argentina–United States relations|U.S. relations with Argentina]] have been tense, when the U.S. feared the regime of [[Juan Perón|General Peron]] was too close to [[Nazi Germany]]. In 1954, American support for the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état]] against the democratically elected President [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]] fueled anti-Americanism in the region.<ref name="Peter Winn 2006">Peter Winn (2006)'' Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean''. University of California Press: 472, 478, 482</ref><ref name="George Pendle 1976">George Pendle (1976) ''A History of Latin America''. London: Penguin: 180-86</ref><ref name="Why the world loves to Hate America">{{cite news |work=Financial Times |last1=Naím |first1=Moisés |title=Why the world loves to hate America |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=872 |access-date=27 December 2021 |date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227024847/https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=872 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This [[CIA]]-sponsored coup prompted a former president of that country, [[Juan José Arévalo]] to write a fable entitled ''The Shark and the Sardines'' (1961) in which a predatory shark (representing the United States) overawes the sardines of Latin America.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|114}}

Vice-President [[Richard Nixon]]'s tour of South America in 1958 prompted a spectacular eruption of anti-Americanism. The tour became the focus of violent protests which climaxed in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] where Nixon [[Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade|was almost killed by a raging mob as his motorcade drove from the airport to the city]].<ref name="pol">{{cite news|last1=Glass|first1=Andrew|title=Vice President Nixon's motorcade attacked in Venezuela, May 13, 1958|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/vice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584|access-date=March 13, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|date=May 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153747/http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/vice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584|archive-date=March 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] assembled troops at [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantanamo Bay]] and a fleet of battleships in the Caribbean to intervene to rescue Nixon if necessary.<ref name="glory">{{cite book |last=Manchester |first=William |author-link=William Manchester |title=[[The Glory and the Dream]]: A Narrative History of America |publisher=[[Bantam Books]] |location=New York |year=1984 |isbn=0-553-34589-3}}</ref>{{rp|826–34}}

[[Fidel Castro]], the late revolutionary leader of Cuba, tried throughout his career to co-ordinate long-standing Latin American resentments against the USA through military and propagandist means.<ref>George Anne Geyer (1991) ''Guerilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro''. Little Brown and Company</ref><ref>Volker Skierka (2004) ''Fidel Castro A Biography''. Cambridge: Polity Press</ref> He was aided in this goal by the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] of Cuba in 1961, planned and implemented by the American government against his regime. This disaster damaged American credibility in the Americas and gave a boost to its critics worldwide.<ref name="glory"/>{{rp|893–907}} According to Rubin and Rubin, Castro's Second Declaration of [[Havana]], in February 1962, "constituted a declaration of war on the United States and the enshrinement of a new theory of anti-Americanism".<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|115}} Castro called America "a vulture...feeding on humanity".<ref name="glory"/>{{rp|862}} The [[United States embargo against Cuba]] maintained resentment and Castro's colleague, the famed revolutionary [[Che Guevara]], expressed his hopes during the [[Vietnam War]] of "creating a Second or a Third Vietnam" in the Latin American region against the designs of what he believed to be [[U.S. imperialism]].<ref>Edwin Williamson (1992) ''The Penguin History of Latin America'': 325</ref>

[[File:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guerrillero Heroico]], [[Che Guevara]], one of the iconic images from the [[Cuban Revolution]] and more generally [[anti-imperialism]]. Photo by [[Alberto Korda]], 1961.]]
{{blockquote|The United States hastens the delivery of arms to the puppet governments they see as being increasingly threatened; it makes them sign pacts of dependence to legally facilitate the shipment of instruments of repression and death and of troops to use them.| [[Che Guevara]], 9 April 1961<ref>Cuba: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1961/04/09.htm Historical Exception or Vanguard in the Anticolonial Struggle?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813172007/https://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1961/04/09.htm |date=13 August 2019 }} by Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Spoken: April 9, 1961</ref>}}

Many subsequent U.S. interventions against countries in the region, including democracies, and support for military dictatorships solidified Latin American anti-Americanism. These include the [[Operation Brother Sam|1964 Brazilian coup d'état]], the [[Dominican Civil War#U.S. intervention|1965–1966 occupation of the Dominican Republic]], the [[1971 Bolivian coup d'état|1971 Bolivian]] and [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 Chilean]] coup d'états, [[Dirty War#United States involvement with the junta|U.S. involvement in Argentina's Dirty War]], [[U.S. involvement in Operation Condor]], the [[United States involvement in the Salvadoran Civil War|Salvadoran Civil War]], the support of the [[Contras#U.S. military and financial assistance|Contras]], the training of future military men, subsequently seen as war criminals, in the [[School of the Americas]], the refusal to extradite convicted terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]], and U.S. support for dictators such as Paraguayan [[Alfredo Stroessner]], Haitian [[François Duvalier]], and pre-1989 Panamanian [[Manuel Noriega]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CIA acknowledges involvement in Allende's overthrow, Pinochet's rise |work=CNN |date=19 September 2000 |url= http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/09/19/us.cia.chile.ap/ |access-date=5 December 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071108203027/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/09/19/us.cia.chile.ap/ |archive-date=8 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="Peter Winn 2006"/><ref name="George Pendle 1976"/><ref name="Why the world loves to Hate America"/>

Many Latin Americans perceived that [[neo-liberalism]] reforms were failures in the 1980s and 1990s and intensified their opposition to the [[Washington consensus]].<ref>BBC News. "How the US 'lost' Latin America". [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4861320.stm Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318045020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4861320.stm |date=18 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> This led to a resurgence in support for [[Pan-Americanism]], support for [[Popular front|popular movements]] in the region, the [[nationalization]] of key industries and [[Centralized government|centralization]] of government.<ref>Foreign Affairs. ''Latin America's Left Turn''. [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501faessay85302/jorge-g-castaneda/latin-america-s-left-turn.html Online] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080302030540/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501faessay85302/jorge-g-castaneda/latin-america-s-left-turn.html |date=2 March 2008}}. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</ref> America's tightening of the economic embargo on Cuba in 1996 and 2004 also caused resentment amongst Latin American leaders and prompted them to use the [[Rio Group]] and the [[Madrid]]-based [[Ibero-American Summit]]s as meeting places rather than the United States-dominated [[Organization of American States|OAS]].<ref>Peter Winn (2006) ''Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean''. University of California Press: 645</ref> This trend has been reinforced through the creation of a [[Latin American integration|series of regional political bodies]] such as [[Unasur]] and the [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]], and a strong opposition to the materialization of the Washington-sponsored [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]] at the 2005 [[4th Summit of the Americas]].

Polls compiled by the [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] showed in 2006 Argentine public opinion was quite negative regarding America's role in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Publics Reject US Role as the World Leader |work=The Chicago Council on Public Affairs |date=April 2007 |url= http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/CCGA+_ViewsUS_article.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420044914/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/CCGA+_ViewsUS_article.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, 26% of Argentines had a favorable view of the American people, with 57% having an unfavorable view. Argentine public opinion of the United States and U.S. policies improved during the [[Obama administration]], and {{as of|2010|lc=y}} was divided about evenly (42% to 41%) between those who viewed these favorably or unfavorably. The ratio remained stable by 2013, with 38% of Argentines having a favorable view and 40% having an unfavorable view.<ref name="pew_2012">*{{cite web |title=Argentina: Opinion of Americans, of the United States (Unfavorable) – Indicators Database Global Attitudes Project |publisher=Pew Research Center, Pewglobal.org |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=11 |year=2012 |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-date=22 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422043130/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=11 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=Response: Unfavorable |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/2/country/11/response/Unfavorable/ |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311005940/http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/2/country/11/response/Unfavorable/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Furthermore, the renewal of the concession for the U.S. military base in [[Manta, Ecuador]] was met by considerable criticism, derision, and even doubt by the supporters of such an expansion.<ref>Lawrence Reichard, [http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0112/011218.htm US Military Base in Ecuador Shrouded in Corruption] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080908074543/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0112/011218.htm |date=8 September 2008}}, [http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org PeaceWork magazine] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209072430/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/ |date=9 December 2008}}, Issue 391, December 2008 – January 2009.</ref> The near-war sparked by the [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]] was expressed by a high-level Ecuadorean military officer as being carried under American auspices. The officer said "a large proportion of senior officers," share "the conviction that the United States was an accomplice in the attack" (launched by the Colombian military on a [[FARC]] camp in Ecuador, near the Colombian border).<ref>Kintto Lucas, [http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41687 ECUADOR: Manta Air Base Tied to Colombian Raid on FARC Camp] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081018190828/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41687 |date=18 October 2008}}, [[Inter Press Service]].</ref> The Ecuadorean military retaliated by stating the 10-year lease on the base, which expired in November 2009, would not be renewed and that the U.S. military presence was expected to be scaled down starting three months before the expiration date.<ref>[http://www.coha.org/2008/08/after-the-lease-on-the-ecuadorian-military-base-at-manta-expires-where-will-the-us-turn-next/ After the Lease on the Ecuadorian Military Base at Manta Expires, Where Will the U.S. Turn Next?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029222646/http://www.coha.org/2008/08/after-the-lease-on-the-ecuadorian-military-base-at-manta-expires-where-will-the-us-turn-next/ |date=29 October 2008 }}, [http://www.coha.org/ Council of Hemispheric Affairs] .</ref>

=====Mexico=====
In the 1836 [[Texas Revolution]], the [[Mexican Texas|Mexican province of Texas]] seceded from [[Mexico]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Soto |first=Miguel |title=The Aftermath of War, A Legacy of the U.S.-Mexican War |publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México via PBS |date=14 March 2006 |url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142502/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and nine years later, encouraged by the [[Monroe Doctrine]] and manifest destiny, the United States annexed the [[Republic of Texas]] - at its request, but against vehement opposition by Mexico, which refused to recognize the independence of Texas - and began their expansion into [[Western United States|Western North America]].<ref name="bazant">{{cite book |last=Bazant |first=Jan |title=A Concise History of Mexico: From Hidalgo to Cárdenas 1805–1940 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29173-6}}</ref> {{rp|53–4, 57–8}} Mexican anti-American sentiment was further inflamed by the resulting 1846–1848 [[Mexican–American War]], in which Mexico lost more than half of its territory to the United States.<ref name="bazant"/>{{rp|57–8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |title=The Mexican-American War: Aftermath |publisher=Pbs.org |date=14 March 2006 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142502/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Chilean writer [[Francisco Bilbao]] predicted in ''America in Danger'' (1856) that the loss of Texas and northern Mexico to "the talons of the eagle" was just a foretaste of an American bid for world domination.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|104}} An early exponent of the concept of Latin America, Bilbao excluded [[Brazil]] and [[Paraguay]] from it, as well as Mexico, because "Mexico lacked a real republican consciousness, precisely because of its complicated relationship with the United States."<ref>Tenorio-Trillo, ''Latin America'', p. 6.</ref> Interventions by the U.S. prompted a later ruler of Mexico, [[Porfirio Diaz]], to lament: "Poor Mexico, so far from God, and so close to the United States".<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|104}} Mexico's [[Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones|National Museum of Interventions]], opened in 1981, is a testament to Mexico's sense of grievance with the United States.<ref name="hatingamerica"/>{{rp|121}}

In Mexico during the regime of liberal [[Porfirio Díaz]] (1876-1911), policies favored foreign investment, especially American, who sought profits in agriculture, ranching, mining, industry, and infrastructure such as railroads. Their dominance in agriculture and their acquisition of vast tracts of land at the expense of Mexican small holders and indigenous communities was a cause for peasant mobilization in the [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910–20). The program of the [[Liberal Party of Mexico]] (1906), explicitly called for policies against foreign ownership in Mexico, with the slogan "Mexico for the Mexicans." [[Land reform in Mexico]] in the postrevolutionary period had a major impact on these U.S. holdings, where many were expropriated.<ref>Dwyer, John J. ''The Agrarian Dispute: The Expropriation of American-Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico''. Durham: Duke University Press 2008</ref><ref>Hart, John Mason. ''Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War''. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002.</ref>

=====Venezuela=====
[[File:Antiimperialismo caracas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Hugo Chávez strongholds in [[Caracas]] slums, Venezuela, often feature political murals with anti-U.S. messages.]]
Since the start of the [[Hugo Chávez]] administration, [[United States–Venezuela relations|relations between Venezuela and the United States]] deteriorated markedly, as Chávez became highly critical of the [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]]. Chávez was known for his anti-American rhetoric. In a speech at the UN General Assembly, Chávez said that Bush promoted "a false democracy of the elite" and a "democracy of bombs".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm Chavez tells UN Bush is 'devil'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909170751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm |date=9 September 2021 }}, BBC News, 10 September 2006.</ref> Chávez opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S.-led invasion of Iraq]] in 2003<ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela's Chavez Says Iraq War Creates Uncertainty |publisher=China.org.cn |location=People's Republic of China |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/81082.htm |date=2003-11-28 |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817234709/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/81082.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and also condemned the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|NATO–led military intervention in Libya]], calling it an attempt by the West and the U.S. to control the oil in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=James |first=Ian |title=Chavez, allies lead push for Libya mediation |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=Mercury News |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17615753 |date=14 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In 2015, the Obama administration signed an executive order which imposed targeted sanctions on seven Venezuelan officials whom the White House argued were instrumental in human rights violations, persecution of political opponents and significant public corruption and said that the country posed an "unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States."<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Venezuelan officials targeted by US |publisher=BBC |date=10 March 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925 |ref=BBC |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121641/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31804925 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nicolás Maduro]] responded to the sanctions in a couple of ways. He wrote an open letter in a full page ad in ''The New York Times'' in March 2015, stating that Venezuelans were "friends of the American people" and called President Obama's action of making targeted sanctions on the alleged human rights abusers a "unilateral and aggressive measure".<ref name="FOXson">{{cite news |title=Venezuelan president's son, Nicolas Maduro Jr., showered in dollar bills as economy collapses |publisher=[[Fox News Latino]] |location=United States |date=19 March 2015 |url= http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/ |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054912/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/ |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela launches anti-American, in-your-face propaganda campaign in the U.S. |publisher=[[Fox News Latino]] |location=United States |date=18 March 2015 |url= http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/ |access-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175059/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/18/venezuela-launches-anti-american-in-your-face-propaganda-campaign-in-us/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Examples of accusations of human rights abuses from the United States to Maduro's government included the murder of [[Luis Manuel Díaz]], a political activist, prior to legislative elections in Venezuela.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela lashes U.S., opposition amid blame over activist's slaying |work=Reuters |date=27 November 2015 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129124302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/27/us-venezuela-election-idUSKBN0TG1IB20151127 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Maduro threatened to sue the United States over an executive order issued by the Obama Administration that declared Venezuela to be a threat to American security.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Kejal |title=Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Says He Will Sue U.S. |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940 |access-date=30 November 2015 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908154959/https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-says-he-will-sue-u-s-1446164940 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also planned to deliver 10 million signatures, denouncing the United States' decree declaring the situation in Venezuela an "extraordinary threat to US national security".<ref>{{cite web |title=Expresidentes iberoamericanos piden cambios en Venezuela |language=es |work=Panamá América |date=6 April 2015 |url=http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/mundo/expresidentes-iberoamericanos-piden-cambios-en-venezuela-971211 |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035707/https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/mundo/expresidentes-iberoamericanos-piden-cambios-en-venezuela-971211 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GPsanctions">{{cite news |last1=Tegel |first1=Simeon |title=Venezuela's Maduro is racing to collect 10 million signatures against Obama |work=[[GlobalPost]] |date=2 April 2015 |url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6505442/2015/04/02/venezuela-maduro-petition-obama |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193840/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6505442/2015/04/02/venezuela-maduro-petition-obama |url-status=live }}</ref> and ordered all schools in the country to hold an "anti-imperialist day" against the United States with the day's activities including the "collection of the signatures of the students, and teaching, administrative, maintenance and cooking personnel".<ref name="GPsanctions" /> Maduro further ordered state workers to apply their signatures in protest, with some workers reporting that firings of state workers occurred due to their rejection of signing the executive order protesting the "Obama decree".<ref name="GPsanctions" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Trabajadores petroleros que no firmen contra el decreto Obama serán despedidos |date=31 March 2015 |language=es |publisher=Diario las Americas |url=http://www.diariolasamericas.com/4848_venezuela/3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720195602/http://www.diariolasamericas.com/4848_venezuela/3027321_trabajadores-petroleros-firmen-decreto-obama-despedidos.html |archive-date=20 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Despiden a dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama |language=es |publisher=La Patilla |date=2015-04-01 |url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010132911/https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/04/01/despiden-a-dos-trabajadores-de-corpozulia-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Confirman despido de dos trabajadores de Corpozulia por no firmar contra decreto Obama |language=es |publisher=El Propio |url= http://www.elpropio.com/actualidad/Confirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185804/http://www.elpropio.com/actualidad/Confirman-trabajadores-Corporzulia-decreto-Obama_0_711528845.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Denuncian despidos por negarse a firmar contra decreto Obama |language=es |work=Diario El Vistazo |url=http://diarioelvistazo.com/tag/denuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908155122/https://diarioelvistazo.com/tag/denuncian-despidos-por-negarse-a-firmar-contra-decreto-obama/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Martín |first=Sabrina |title=Bajo amenazas, chavismo recolecta firmas contra Obama en Venezuela |language=es |work=PanAm Post |date=2015-03-26 |url=http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/ |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412171207/http://es.panampost.com/sabrina-martin/2015/03/26/bajo-amenazas-chavismo-recolecta-firmas-contra-obama-en-venezuela/ |archive-date=12 April 2015 }}</ref> There were also reports that members of [[Venezuelan armed forces]] and their families were ordered to sign against the United States decree.<ref name="GPsanctions" />

==== Canada ====
{{See also|Canada–United States relations#Anti-Americanism|label 1=Canada–United States relations}}
[[File:Tory Refugees by Howard Pyle.jpg|thumb|upright|Depiction of [[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees on their way to [[the Canadas]] during the [[American Revolution]]. Loyalist refugees who migrated to the Canadas helped foster anti-American sentiment after the Revolution.]]
Anti-Americanism in Canada is often considered unique. Historians like [[J. L. Granatstein]] argue that no other political community has sustained such a deeply entrenched tradition of anti-American sentiment, while [[Frank Underhill]] noted how Canada holds the "world record as the oldest continuing anti-Americans," when speaking of its longevity.<ref name=nossal>{{cite web|url=https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/cps-working-paper-antiamericanism-in-canada-2005.pdf|title=Anti-Americanism in Canada|publisher=Centre for Policy Study, Central European University|year=2005|last=Nossal|first=Kim Richard}}</ref><ref name=doran>{{cite journal|last1=Doran|first1=Charles F.|last2=Sewell|first2=James Patrick|title=Anti-Americanism in Canada?|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|pages=105–119|year=1988|volume=497 |doi=10.1177/0002716288497001009}}</ref> Political scientist [[Kim Richard Nossal]] highlights the role of the [[national myth]] pushed by [[United Empire Loyalists|Loyalist]] refugees who migrated north as a result of the [[American Revolution]], who portrayed Canada as a community founded on a conscious rejection of the United States. Anti-American sentiment became more entrenched through generations of Canadian-U.S. disputes.<ref name=nossal/> 

Granatstein further asserts that Canadian anti-Americanism is unique, not only for its long history but also for its relatively benign nature compared to other regions.<ref name=nossal/> As Canadians are within U.S. television and radio broadcast range, their anti-American rhetoric is often shaped by public opinion rather than political elites. Consequently, anti-Americanism in [[English Canada]] tends to be defined by a desire to differentiate from Americans,<ref name=bbow>{{cite journal|last=Bow|first=Brian|year=2008|volume=38|issue=3|pages=341–359|title=Anti-Americanism in Canada, Before and After Iraq|doi=10.1080/02722010809481718|journal=American Review of Canadian Studies}}</ref> with common caricatures often based on half-truths or truths lacking context, and which often reflected public opinion that exists in certain U.S. sectors as well.<ref name=doran/>  

This benign form of anti-Americanism rarely leads to confrontation or calls for radical decoupling from the U.S.<ref name=bbow/> It is often restrained by shared culture, language, and heritage,<ref name=bdaniels/> manifesting instead as a sense of estrangement and mistrust or as an outlet for feelings of insecurity and hostility against the U.S.<ref name=bbow/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Anti-Americanism and Its Correlates|last1=Cullen|first1=Dallas|first2=J. D.|last2=Jobson|last3=Schneck|first3=Rodney|journal=The Canadian Journal of Sociology|pages=116–117|volume=3|issue=1|year=1978|doi=10.2307/3339796|jstor=3339796 }}</ref> This sentiment tends to focus on the U.S. government and its policies rather than the American people. Canadians generally view Americans positively, but hold more negative opinions of U.S. leaders and policies.<ref name=nossal/>
[[File:Uncle Sam kicked out.png|thumb|upright|left|A 1869 Canadian political cartoon shows a young Canada kicking out Uncle Sam. Anti-Americanism in Canada often stems from concerns about U.S. influence and encroachment.]]
Historian Bruce C. Daniels suggests that the long-standing dynamic between Canadians and Americans has fostered an "invasion mentality" in Canada, with Canadians initially viewing the U.S. as a military threat and later as an economic and cultural one.<ref name=bdaniels>{{cite journal|title=Learning to Live with "Britain's Eldest Daughter": Anti-Americanism in Canada and Australia|journal=Journal of American and Comparative Cultures|last=Daniels|first=Bruce C.|volume=25|issue=1/2|pages=172–180|year=2002|doi=10.1111/1542-734X.00026 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/b2d68a7146f9df7a5568794e84f47538/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=29587|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Modern Canadian anti-Americanism is rooted in a mix of tangible nationalistic concerns over American influence and encroachment and intangible negative evaluations of American society in contrast to [[Canadian values]]. Historian [[Reginald C. Stuart]] identified five types of Canadian anti-Americanism that arises from disagreements with the U.S., including policy, anti-[[unilateralism]], ideological, nationalistic, and partisan.<ref name=wilsoncanada>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/canadian-anti-americanism-and-after-911|title=Canadian Anti-Americanism: Before and After 9/11|date=22 May 2003|publisher=The Wilson Center|access-date=18 January 2025|last1=Biette|first1=David|last2=Bowles|first2=Stefanie|website=www.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref> The latter is a political strategy Canadian politicians have used to rally support against perceived external threats.<ref name=wilsoncanada/><ref name=doran/>

The paradox of Canadian anti-Americanism lies in Canada's simultaneous embrace of U.S. economic and cultural influence, and its persistent rejection of "[[American republicanism]]" as an "inappropriate means of governance" and viewing the U.S. as a threat to its identity and [[Canadian sovereignty|sovereignty]]. As Nossal argues, this creates a distinct form of anti-Americanism, different from European anti-American forms identified by James W. Ceaser, Paul Hollander, and [[Adam Garfinkle]].<ref name=nossal/>

Anti-Americanism also varies across Canada. Anti-Americanism in [[French Canada]] aligns more with anti-Americanism in Europe as opposed to the forms found in English Canada.<ref name=bbow/> The degree of anti-Americanism also differs in Canada, with Lydia Miljan and [[Barry Cooper (political scientist)|Barry Cooper]] highlighting how the Loyalist heartland of [[southern Ontario]] embraced an anti-American "[[garrison mentality]]", while the formative mythos of provinces like [[Alberta]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] place no significance to emotional anti-Americanism.<ref name=cbcfraser>{{cite web|url=https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/GarrisonMentalityAntiAmericanism.pdf|title=The Canadian "Garrison Mentality" and Anti-Americanism at the CBC|publisher=The Fraser Institute|work=Studies in Defence & Foreign Policy|last1=Miljan|first1=Lydia|last2=Cooper|first2=Barry|issue=4|year=2005}}</ref> 

=====History of anti-Americanism in Canada=====
Before the American Revolution, colonists in [[British America]]—including the [[Thirteen Colonies]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Rupert's Land]]—and [[New France]]—including [[Canada (New France)|Canada]], [[Acadia]], and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]—engaged in [[French and Indian Wars|four major conflicts]], culminating in the British [[conquest of New France]] in 1760.<ref name=bdaniels/> However, British America fragmented decades later after the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] declined to send delegates to the [[Second Continental Congress]], the American [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|invasion of Quebec]] failed, and the [[United Colonies]] declared independence from the British Empire.<ref name=nossal/> After the revolution, the British encouraged anti-American sentiment in [[British North America]] to discourage any inclination toward joining the United States.<ref name=reawakenedwilson>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/three-furies-reawakened-canada|title=Three Furies Reawakened in Canada|last=Sands|first=Christopher|date=11 March 2025|access-date=12 April 2025|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|publisher=The Wilson Center}}</ref>

While Quebec and Nova Scotia's inhabitants were primarily neutral, the influx of loyalist refugees from the war brought a population deeply loyal to the Crown and antagonistic to the American political regime that displaced them. This fostered a political community that rejected the American republic in favor of a constitutional monarchical system that evolved from 1774, laying the foundation for Canada's unique constitutional evolution and distinct anti-Americanism not seen elsewhere in the international system.<ref name=nossal/>
[[File:UncleSam.gif|thumb|left|A 1870 Canadian political cartoon depicts Uncle Sam watching "his boys," with Canada in the background. Anti-American Canadian rhetoric of the time often depicted the US as chaotic in contrast to Canada.]]
Loyalists who sought refuge in Canada brought with them negative views of the new US republic, depicting it as a chaotic land of republican anarchy dominated by money, [[mob rule]], and violence.<ref name=nossal/> This ideological opposition contributed to a national mythology that Canada was formed through the rejection of the American republic. Historians [[Norman Hillmer]] and Granatstein observed that the Loyalist population exhibited a "fanatical" determination to ensure Canada remained distinct from the US. While anti-Americanism in Canada from the mid-19th century to 1989 was largely economic, the loyalist narrative continues to influence Canadian views,<ref name=nossal/> with a 2005 Pew Research Center poll revealing Canadians were more likely than other Western respondents to describe Americans as violent and rude.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2005/06/23/us-image-up-slightly-but-still-negative/|website=www.pewresearch.org|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=U.S. Image Up Slightly, But Still Negative|date=23 June 2005|access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>

Until the mid-19th century, anti-Americanism in Canada stemmed from fears of US expansionism and its promotion of manifest destiny.<ref name=nossal/><ref name=bbow/> The US Army's actions in [[Upper Canada]] during the [[War of 1812]] fuelled "deep prejudice against the United States," in the colony after the conflict.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Routledge Handbook of American Military and Diplomatic History: The Colonial Period to 1877|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-3178-1335-4|page=196|last1=Frentzos|first1=Christos G.|last2=Thompson|first2=Antonio S.}}</ref> The [[Rebellions of 1837–1838|1837–1838 rebellions]], which involved pro-American elements and American volunteers, intensified these fears, leading to assaults on Americans in the Canadas.<ref name=nossal/><ref name=bdaniels/> Anti-American sentiment during this period contributed to the union of the [[Province of Canada]] with Nova Scotia and [[New Brunswick]] to form [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867.<ref name=nossal/>
[[File:JackCanuckOYes.jpg|thumb|An early 20th century Canadian political cartoon depicting [[Johnny Canuck]] suspicious of Uncle Sam, US President [[William Taft]], and US business interests.]]
From the end of the [[Fenian Raids]] in 1871 to the signing of the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]] (CUSFTA) in 1989, anti-Americanism in Canada was primarily driven by opposition to deeper economic integration with the US, as fears of military invasion had largely subsided. Granatstein argues that Canadian business interests, initially opposed to free trade, fuelled economic anti-Americanism until 1988. This sentiment played a pivotal role in the [[1911 Canadian federal election]], where [[Wilfrid Laurier]]'s pro-free trade Liberals were defeated afer the Conservative Party stoked anti-American fears. This helped legitimizing economic anti-Americanism in Canadian politics until the 1980s.<ref name=nossal/>  

Economic anti-Americanism also spurred broader cultural anti-Americanism,<ref name=nossal/> as seen in the [[1891 Canadian federal election|1891 Canadian federal election]]. While the election focused explicitly on issues of free trade with the US, its underlying concerns, and the subsequent Conservative victory, reflected a wider rejection of American influence and an English Canada that to "desperately wanted remain to British."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Defining "Canadian": Anti-Americanism and Identity in Sir John A. Macdonald's Nationalism|pages=65–66|journal=Journal of Canadian Studies|issue=2|volume=36|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|last=Wood|first=Patricia K.|doi=10.3138/jcs.36.2.49}}</ref> Cultural anti-Americanism also influenced [[Canadian English]], as Canadians favoured the use of Briticisms over American lexicon especially during periods of heightened tension with the US, such as during the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.queensu.ca/strathy/sites/stratwww/files/uploaded_files/publications/volume7/Borden-Erath-Yang-WP7.pdf|title=The Impact of Anti-American Sentiment on Canadian English|last1=Borden|first1=Alison|last2=Erath|first2=Alexandra|last3=Yang|first3=Julie|publisher=Queen's University|journal=Strathy Undergraduate Working Papers on Canadian English|volume=7|year=2009|page=6}}</ref>

Efforts by Canadian artists and cultural figures to assert a distinct national identity sometimes veered into cultural chauvinism, contributing to popular anti-American sentiment within the country.<ref name=reawakenedwilson/> Early 20th-century Canadian intellectuals like [[Harold Innis]], [[Donald Creighton]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]] criticized US values of progress, technology, and mass culture, contrasting them with Canada's traditions of order and harmony.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prejudice and Pride: Canadian Intellectuals Confront the United States, 1891-1945|year=2011|isbn=9781442685420|page=16|publisher=University of Toronto Press|last=Belanger|first=Damien-Claude}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Changing Concepts of Time|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0742528189|first=Harold A.|last=Innis|year=2004|page=1314}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/robert-fulford-remembering-canadas-golden-era-of-anti-americanism|title=Remembering Canada's golden era of anti-Americanism|last=Fulford|first=Robert|date=29 June 2013|access-date=18 January 2025|website=nationalpost.com|publisher=Postmedia Network}}</ref>

The political shift away from economic anti-Americanism came in the 1980s, as Canadian businesses began to support free trade, leading to CUSFTA. By the 1990s, economic anti-Americanism had largely faded, with Granatstein arguing that economic integration made "othering" the Americans less persuasive.<ref name=reawakenedwilson/> However, Nossal argues that a milder form persists as an attenuated device that "Canadians will employ to differentiate themselves from [the US]". This subdued anti-Americanism has been leveraged by politicians, particularly [[Jean Chrétien]]'s Liberal Party from 1993 to 2003, and to a lesser extent by [[Paul Martin]].<ref name=nossal/> Its use was particular successful for the party in its constituencies in Ontario.<ref name=bbow/> 

[[John Herd Thompson]] and [[Stephen Randall (political scientist)|Stephen Randall]] have noted that anti-American sentiment continued to nourish Canadian identity into the early 21st century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|page=310|publisher=University of Georgia Press|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|year=2002|isbn=0820324035}}</ref> However, Stuart argues that after the September 11 attacks, anti-Americanism in Canada diminished as "non-Americanism" became less central to the country's identity and as Canadians' social and cultural outlooks continued to diverge from those of the US.<ref name=wilsoncanada/> 

A [[Fraser Institute]] study of [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] coverage from 2001 to 2002 found it overwhelmingly critical of US policies and actions, suggesting it exacerbated anti-American sentiment.<ref name=cbcfraser/> Anti-American sentiment on Canadian television was noted by US diplomats cables leaked in the [[U.S. diplomatic cables leak|2008 US diplomatic cables leak]], where they noted that although anti-American sentiment wasn't a "public diplomatic crisis," it was indicative of the "insidious negative popular stereotyping" the US increasingly faced in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016|title=CBC shows anti-U.S. 'melodrama':WikiLeaks|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=13 March 2021|website=www.cbc.ca|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121327/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cbc-shows-anti-u-s-melodrama-wikileaks-1.902016|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:MG 7786 (31939663183).jpg|thumb|upright|A demonstrator in Toronto holds up an anti-Trump sign in February 2016]]
Anti-American sentiment in Canada rose during the [[first presidency of Donald Trump]]. In 2017, Pew Research reported that 30% of Canadians viewed Americans negatively, and 58% opposed the spread of American ideas and customs.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2017-06-26|title=The tarnished American brand|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/|access-date=2019-12-08|website=Pew Research Center|page=2|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725003532/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/tarnished-american-brand/|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2018, dissatisfaction hit historic levels, with 56% expressing negative views of the US, spurred by Trump’s inflammatory comments and tariffs on Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/ |title=America's international image continues to suffer |date=2018-10-01 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=2019-02-17 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131841/https://www.pewglobal.org/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This discontent led to organized boycotts of American goods and tourism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Northam |first=Jackie |date=2018-06-28 |title='Canadians Are Livid' About Trump And Are Hitting Back By Boycotting U.S. Goods |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623518328/canadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods |work=National Public Radio |access-date=2019-02-17 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908121638/https://www.npr.org/2018/06/28/623518328/canadians-are-livid-about-trump-and-are-hitting-back-by-boycotting-u-s-goods |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Lela |date=2018-07-11 |title=Angry About Tariffs and Insults, Canadians Vow to Boycott U.S. Goods and Travel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/reader-center/canadians-boycott-us.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-17 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/reader-center/canadians-boycott-us.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Anti-Americanism also increased during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with isolated incidents of vandalism and harassment targeting Americans in Canada taking place in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gen.medium.com/even-canadians-think-americans-are-toxic-697e119bd102|title=Even Canadians Think Americans Are Toxic|first=Stephen|last=Marche|date=10 September 2020|website=gen.medium.com|publisher=Medium|access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>

On February 1, 2025, Trump signed an executive order imposing [[Second Trump tariffs|25% tariffs on Canada and Mexico]], prompting Canada to announce retaliatory tariffs and product removals, triggering the [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico]]. In the days that followed, Canadian fans at multiple sporting events featuring Canadian and American teams booed the American anthem in protest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Canadian Press |date=February 2, 2025 |title=Raptors fans become latest to boo American national anthem as trade war heats up |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/fans-booing-american-national-anthem-1.7448603 |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=[[CBC News]] |language=en |author1-link=The Canadian Press }}</ref><ref name=canadaboycott>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250203-with-boos-and-boycotts-canadians-voice-displeasure-with-trump|title=With boos and boycotts, Canadians voice displeasure with Trump|work=france24.com|publisher=France 24|date=February 3, 2025|access-date=February 3, 2025}}</ref> A movement to boycott American goods emerged in Canada as a protest against the tariffs.<ref name=canadaboycott/> 

The repeated tariffs and annexation threats from Trump led to a surge in nationalistic, anti-American sentiment in Canada, influencing the [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025 federal election]], where the Liberal Party campaigned on an anti-Trump platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2025/04/canadas-anti-trump-election/|title=Canada’s Anti-Trump Election|date=29 April 2025|access-date=4 May 2025|website=www.nationalreview.com|publisher=National Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/410854/canada-election-results-mark-carney-pierre-poilievre-donald-trump|title=How Trump lost Canada|first=Zack|last=Beauchamp|access-date=4 May 2025|date=29 April 2025|publisher=Vox Media|website=www.vox.com}}</ref> Political scientist Guy Lachapelle observed that the 2025 surge in anti-American sentiment and the boycott of American goods was "not so much against the United States, but more towards the American president."<ref name=canadaboycott/> However, Christopher Sands, the director of the [[Canada Institute]] has stated that the dispute has reawakened Canadian anti-Americanism, and will remain salient long after the trade war is over.<ref name=reawakenedwilson/>

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
Australian anti-Americanism has been attributed to an "invasion mentality" arising from the perceived threat of American commercial dominance.<ref name=bdaniels/> By the mid-20th century, concerns over American influence on Australian culture and identity further shaped this sentiment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Virtues of 'Anti-Americanism'|last=Phillips|first=Daniels|journal=Australasian Journal of American Studies|year=1990|volume=9|issue=2|page=78|jstor=41053577 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053577}}</ref> Unlike the philosophical anti-Americanism counterparts in Western Europe, Australian anti-Americanism is rooted in apprehensions about American encroachment.<ref name=capling>{{cite book|chapter='Allies But Not Friends': Anti-Americanism in Australia|last=Capling|first=Ann|editor-last1=Malbasic|editor-first1=Ivona|editor-first2=Richard|editor-last2=Higgot|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134041060|title=The Political Consequences of Anti-Americanism|pages=142–153}}</ref> 

Similar to other Anglophone countries, Australian anti-Americanism is mild and tempered by shared culture, language, and heritage;<ref name=capling/> with the historian Bruce C. Daniels observing that Australians have experienced a complex mix of affection, affinity, annoyance, and anger toward American culture and power simultaneously.<ref name=bdaniels/> 
[[File:Anti-Vietnam War protest March from U.S. Consulate 7 Wynyard Street to Hyde Park, Sydney, NSW 09.jpg|thumb|A anti-Vietnam War protest in Sydney, with a sign targeting U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], February 1966. Australian anti-Americanism is often tied to opposition to specific U.S. policies or administrations.]]
Anti-Americanism in Australia has often been shaped by specific U.S. administrations and policies, with opposition in the 1960s tied to the Vietnam War and in the early 2000s to U.S. President George W. Bush's [[Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration|foreign policy]].<ref name=capling/> Political scientist Ann Capling describes this as "contingent" anti-Americanism, akin to the "rational anti-Americanism" identified by sociologist Paul Hollander, where criticism is precipitated from U.S. actions perceived as harmful.<ref name=abloomfield>{{cite journal|title=End of an Era? Anti-Americanism in the Australian Labor Party|journal=Australian Journal of Politics & History|volume=56|issue=4|pages=592–611|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.2010.01573.x|last1=Bloomfield|first1=Alan|last2=Nossal|first2=Kim Richard|date=2010 }}</ref> It also extends to dissatisfaction with U.S. protectionist economic policies, amplified by Australia's trade deficit and dissatisfaction with what Australians perceive as "unfair" American trade practices.<ref name=capling/> 

=====History of anti-Americanism in Australia=====
Concerns over American economic influence in Australia emerged in the 1830s, driven by increased American whaling activity and the presence of a U.S. naval squadron along the Australian coastline in 1838. By the 1920s, growing American business activity sparked debates about the "Americanization" of Sydney and whether Australians could maintain a distinct identity from Americans.<ref name=bdaniels/> 

While American-Australian cooperation during World War II and its aftermath dampened anti-American sentiment, it resurfaced during the Vietnam War. Anti-Americanism in Australia were found across the political spectrum, from Anglophile conservatives to radical socialists, united from a shared fear of growing U.S. influence and economic suspicion. Though some attribute modern anti-Americanism to the Vietnam War and "boorish" American tourists in Australia, historian Bruce C. Daniels argues the backlash reflects pre-existing resentment, temporarily masked by earlier periods of cooperation.<ref name=bdaniels/>
[[File:Protest march on Pitt St, Sydney, NSW with representatives from the Australian Railways Union, the Plasterers Federation Carrying placards relating to Vietnam War, Wages and Apartheid 07.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Australian Railways Union]] and Plasterers' Federation carry a banner which reads "let's scram with Uncle Sam", during an anti-Vietnam War protest in Sydney, 1969]]
The modern wave of protest literature against American influence in Australia began in the mid-1960s, driven by political economists on the far left. By 1970, anti-American discourse spread to moderates and even some conservatives.<ref name=bdaniels/> The "radical left" escalated its rhetoric against the Vietnam War, with groups like the [[Australian Union of Students]] endorsing the burning of U.S. flags on campuses. These sentiments also permeated the [[Australian Labor Party]] (ALP) as it strengthened ties with anti-Vietnam War groups.<ref name=abloomfield/> The ALP, emboldened by discontent over Australia's Vietnam War involvement and growing U.S. economic influence, eventually adopted an anti-Vietnam War stance and opposed further American dominance.<ref name=bdaniels/>

Anti-Americanism within the ALP peaked when [[Gough Whitlam]]'s government came to power in 1972, although Whitlam tried to curb these factions.<ref name=abloomfield/> However, these elements gave rise to domestic partisan rhetoric that branded Whitlam as an "anti-American radical socialist," despite being an "amiable centrist."<ref name=bdaniels/> Anti-American sentiment surged briefly in 1975 when conspiracy theorists linked [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|Whitlam's dismissal]] in 1975 to CIA machinations.<ref name=capling/> After the ALP’s defeat and return to opposition, anti-Americanism diminished within the party. Though some left-wing elements still held these views, these sentiments were opposed and stifled by ALP leaders like [[Bob Hawke]]. Anti-Americanism briefly resurfaced under [[Mark Latham]] from 2003 to 2005, but his fall and the discrediting of his anti-American positions marked the end of serious public anti-American sentiment in the ALP.<ref name=abloomfield/>

Australian public opinion on the U.S. soured in the early 2000s, fuelled by disillusionment with the U.S.-led [[Global War on Terror]]. According to [[Peter Costello]], then [[treasurer of Australia]], anti-American sentiment in Australia saw a boost in 2003, due to Australia's participation in the U.S.-led [[Iraq War]].<ref name=capling/> [[Richard Alston (politician)|Richard Alston]], then [[Minister for Communications (Australia)|Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts]], claimed that the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]’s coverage of the war exhibited anti-American bias, though three inquiries found no evidence of this.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The ABC and Anti-Americanism: The Case of the 2003 Iraq War and Minister Alston|journal=Australian Journal of Political Science|volume=44|issue=3|year=2009|pages=389–404|last1=O'Connor|first1=Brendon|last2=Delaney|first2=Katherine|doi=10.1080/10361140903066963}}</ref> The perceived rise in anti-American sentiment was echoed by [[Rupert Murdoch]], an Australian-born American media mogul and owner of [[News Corp]], in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2007/february/1240978945/john-button/americas-australia#mtr|website=www.themonthly.com.au|title=America's Australia|last=Button|first=John|date=February 2007|access-date=19 January 2025|publisher=Schwartz Media}}</ref> 

While Australian opinion of the U.S. improved in the following years, a 2020 [[Lowy Institute]] poll revealed it reverted to 2006 levels due to the U.S.'s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and Trump tariffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/generation-why-younger-australians-wary-united-states|title=Generation why? Younger Australians wary of United States|last=Kassam|first=Natasha|publisher=Lowry Institute|website=www.lowyinstitute.org|access-date=19 January 2025|date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* [[American exceptionalism]]
* [[Anti-Western sentiment]]
* [[Global arrogance]]
* [[Americanism (ideology)]]
* [[Covert U.S. regime change actions]]
* [[Criticism of the United States government]]
* [[Dedollarisation]]
* [[Euston Manifesto]]
* ''[[How the World Sees America]]''
* [[Human rights in the United States]]
* [[Military history of the United States]]
* [[Monetary hegemony]]
* [[Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]]
* [[Opposition to the Iraq War]]
* [[Pro-Americanism]]
* [[Racism in the United States]]
* [[United States and state terrorism]]
* [[Washington Obkom]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===

* {{cite news |last1=Vine |first1=David |title=How U.S. Military Bases Back Dictators, Autocrats, And Military Regimes |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-us-military-bases-back-dictators-autocrats-and-military-regimes_b_591b229ae4b05dd15f0ba8e6 |agency=HuffPost |date=2017}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chomsky |first1=Noam |title=9-11 Was There an Alternative |date=2001 |publisher=The Open Media}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chomsky |first1=Noam |title=Hegemony or survival: America's quest for global dominance |date=2003 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company, LLC |isbn=0-8050-7400-7}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|editor1=Barclay, David E. |editor2=Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt |title=Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aK_FZzejQGQC&pg=PR7|year=2003|isbn=9780521534420|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite journal|first=Gerrit-Jan|last=Berendse|title=German Anti-Americanism in Context|journal=Journal of European Studies|volume=33|date=December 2003|issue=3|doi=10.1177/0047244103040422|page=333|s2cid=145571701| issn=0047-2441}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Ian Buruma|first=Ian|last=Buruma|author2=Margalit, Avishai|author-link2=Avishai Margalit|title=[[Occidentalism]]: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies|year=2005|isbn=1-59420-008-4|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Dean|author2=Gabilliet, Jean-Paul|title=European Readings of American Popular Culture|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fabbrini|first=Sergio|title=Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective|journal=European Journal of American Culture|date=September 2004|volume=23|issue=2|pages=79–94|doi=10.1386/ejac.23.2.79/0| issn=1466-0407}}
* Friedman, Max Paul. ''Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations''  (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
* {{cite journal | last=Gienow-Hecht | first=Jessica C. E.| title=Always blame the Americans: Anti-Americanism in Europe in the Twentieth Century | journal=American Historical Review | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=111 | issue=4 | pages=1067–1091 | date=1 Oct 2006 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067  |access-date=   | issn=0002-8762 | doi=10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067 |jstor=10.1086/ahr.111.4.1067  | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|first=J. L.|last=Granatstein|author-link=J. L. Granatstein|title=Yankee Go Home? Canadians and Anti-Americanism|year=1996|publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-255301-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hodgson|first=Godfrey|title=Anti-Americanism and American Exceptionalism|journal=[[Journal of Transatlantic Studies]]|year=2004|volume=2|issue=1|pages=27–38|issn=1479-4012|doi=10.1080/14794010408656805|s2cid=144389005}}
* {{Cite book|title=Anti-Americanism: Irrational and Rational|last=Hollander|first=Paul|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Hollander|title=Understanding Anti-Americanism: Its Origins and Impact at Home and Abroad|year=2004}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ickstadt|first=Heinz|title=Uniting a Divided Nation: Americanism and Anti-americanism in Post-war Germany|journal=European Journal of American Culture|year=2004|volume=23|issue=2|pages=157–170|doi=10.1386/ejac.23.2.157/0 | issn=1466-0407}}
* {{cite book|first=Josef|last=Joffe|title=Überpower: The Imperial Temptation|url=https://archive.org/details/umluberpowerimpe00joff_0|url-access=registration|year=2006|isbn=0-393-33014-1|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York}}<!--Reviewed: [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/15/AR2006061501114.html-->
* {{cite book|author-link=Chalmers Johnson|first=Chalmers Ashby|last=Johnson|title=Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire|isbn=0-8050-7559-3|publisher=Henry Holt|year=2004}}
* Kamalipour, Yahya R. ed. (1999) ''Images of the U.S. around the World: A Multicultural Perspective''
* {{cite book|last=Katzenstein|first=Peter J.|author2=Robert O. Keohane|year=2005|title=Anti-americanisms in World Politics|publisher=Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences|location=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-7351-9}}
* Lacorne, Denis and Tony Judt, eds. ''With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Against-Anti-Americanism-International-Relations-Political/dp/0230602266/  excerpt and text search], essays by scholars in Europe and Asia
* {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Eric Victor|author2=Levin, Norman D.|author3=Baik, Seonhae|author4=Savych, Bogdan|title=Ambivalent Allies? A Study of South Korean Attitudes toward the U.S.|publisher=Rand|year=2004|isbn=0-8330-3584-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Andrei S.|last=Markovits|title=Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America|publisher=Princeton UP|year=2007|isbn=978-0-691-12287-8|url=https://archive.org/details/uncouthnationwhy00mark}}
* {{cite book|editor=Nakaya, Andrea C.|title=[[Does the World Hate the United States?]]|publisher=[[Greenhaven Press]]|location=Farmington Hills, Michigan|year=2005}}
* {{cite journal|first=Brendon|last=O'Connor|title=A Brief History of Anti-Americanism: From Cultural Criticism to Terrorism |journal= Australasian Journal of American Studies |volume=23|issue=1 |date=July 2004 |page=82  | url= | issn=1838-9554 | jstor=41053968 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-first=Brendon|editor1-last=O'Connor|editor2-first=Martin|editor2-last=Griffiths|title=The Rise of anti-Americanism|publisher=Routledge|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|editor=O'Connor, Brendon|title=Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84645-004-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/antiamericanismh0000unse}}
* {{cite book|editor=O'Connor, B.|editor2=Griffiths, M. |year=2007 |title=Anti-Americanism: Comparative perspectives |volume=3 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing}}
* {{cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=Brendon|last2=Griffiths|first2=Martin|title=The rise of anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJLIIZN8szYC|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-36906-0}}
* Pells, Richard. ''Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War  II'' (1997) [https://archive.org/details/notlikeushoweuro00pell online]
* {{cite book|first=Jean-François|last=Revel|author-link=Jean-François Revel|title=Europe's Anti-American Obsession|work=The View from Abroad|publisher=The American Enterprise Institute|url=http://theamericanenterprise.org/issues/articleid.17764/article_detail.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204174924/http://theamericanenterprise.org/issues/articleid.17764/article_detail.asp|archive-date=4 December 2003|year=2003|access-date=4 December 2003}}
* {{cite book|first=Jean-François|last=Revel|author-link=Jean-François Revel|title=Anti-Americanism|url=https://archive.org/details/antiamericanism00reve|url-access=registration|location=San Francisco|publisher=Encounter Books|isbn=1-59403-060-X|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|first=Barry|last=Rubin|author-link=Barry Rubin|author2=Rubin, Judith Colp|title=Hating America: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-19-530649-X}} <!--[http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=128551165243518 online review]-->
* Shiraev, Eric, and Vladimir Zubok. (2000) ''Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin''
* {{cite book|first=Julia|last=Sweig|url=https://archive.org/details/friendlyfirelosi00swei|title=Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2006|isbn=1-58648-300-5|access-date=28 March 2006}}
* {{cite journal|first=Charles J.|last=Swindells|title=Anti-Americanism and Its Discontents|journal=New Zealand International Review|volume=30|issue=1|year=2005|pages=8–12|issn=0110-0262|jstor=45235363}}
* {{cite book|first=Frank|last=Trommler|author2=McVeigh, Joseph|title=America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History|chapter=Volume 2: The Relationship in the Twentieth Century|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|author=Woodward, C. Vann|title=The Old World's New World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wcbe4CEjwC|year=1992|isbn=9780199874323|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

===France===
* Armus, Seth D. ''French Anti-Americanism (1930-1948): Critical Moments in a Complex History'' (2007)  179pp. 
* {{cite journal |last1=Boyce |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Boyce (historian) |title=When "Uncle Sam" became 'Uncle Shylock': Sources and Strength of French Anti-Americanism, 1919-1932 |journal=Histoire@Politique |date=April 2013 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=29–51 |doi=10.3917/hp.019.0004 |url=http://www.histoire-politique.fr/index.php?numero=19&rub=dossier&item=178 |access-date= |language=English |issn=1954-3670}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard Z.|last=Chesnoff|title=The Arrogance of the French: Why They Can't Stand Us – and Why the Feeling Is Mutual|publisher=Sentinel|date=April 2005|isbn=1-59523-010-6|url=https://archive.org/details/arroganceoffren00ches}}
* {{cite journal | last=Kennedy | first=Sean | year=2009  | title=André Siegfried and the Complexities of French Anti-Americanism | journal=French Politics, Culture & Society | volume=27 | issue=2  | pages=1–22| issn=1537-6370 | jstor=42843597 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42843597 | doi=10.3167/fpcs.2009.270201  | access-date= | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | last=Kuisel | first=Richard F. | title=The French Way: How France Embraced and Rejected American Values and Power | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-691-16198-3 | jstor=j.ctt7sm7n | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sm7n | access-date= }}
* Kuisel, Richard F. ''Seducing the French: the dilemma of Americanization'' (U of California Press, 1993).
* Lacorne, Denis, et al. eds. ''The Rise and Fall of Anti-Americanism: A Century of French Perception'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1990) 18 essays by French scholars in English translation.
* {{cite web | last=Lacorne | first=Denis | title=Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives | publisher=Sciences Po | date=2005 | url=https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01065572/document |id={{HAL|hal-01065572}} | access-date=}}
** also in Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt, eds. ''With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism'' (2007) pp 35–58
* {{cite journal |last1=Matsumoto |first1=Reiji. |title=From Model to Menace: French Intellectuals and American Civilization |journal=The Japanese Journal of American Studies |date=2004 |volume=15 |pages=163–85 |url=http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2004/No.15-163.pdf |access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412082533/http://sv121.wadax.ne.jp/~jaas-gr-jp/jjas/PDF/2004/No.15-163.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019}}
* {{cite journal | last=Meunier | first=Sophie | date=1 Jan 2005 | title=Anti-Americanisms in France | journal='French Politics, Culture & Society | volume=23 | issue=2 | issn=1537-6370 | jstor=42843400 | pages=126–141 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42843400 | access-date= | doi=10.3167/153763705780980010 | url-access=subscription }}
* Miller, John J., and Mark Molesky. ''Our oldest enemy: A history of America's disastrous relationship with France'' (Broadway Books, 2007).
* {{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Leonard |title=Anti-Americanism and left-right ideology in France |journal=French Politics |date=1 September 2011 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=201–221 |doi=10.1057/fp.2011.13 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/fp.2011.13 |access-date= |language=en |issn=1476-3427|url-access=subscription }}
* Roger, Philippe.  ''The American Enemy: the history of French anti-Americanism'' (U of Chicago Press, 2005) [https://www.amazon.com/The-American-Enemy-History-Anti-Americanism/dp/0226723690/ excerpt and text search]
* Rolls, Alistair, and Deborah Walker. ''French and American noir: dark crossings'' (2009).
* {{cite journal|first=Fabrice|last=Serodes|url=http://www.sens-public.org/article.php3?id_article=174|title=L'anglophobie est morte! Vive l'antiaméricanisme?|journal=Sens Public |year=2005|access-date=18 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913091214/http://www.sens-public.org/article.php3?id_article=174|archive-date=13 September 2006}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Strauss|title=Menace in the West: The Rise of French Anti-Americanism in Modern Times|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1978|isbn=0-313-20316-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/menaceinwestrise0000stra}}
* {{cite journal | last=Verhoeven | first=Tim | title=Shadow and Light: Louis-Xavier Eyma (1816–76) and French Opinion of the United States during the Second Empire | journal=The International History Review | publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. | volume=35 | issue=1 | year=2013  | jstor=24701343| issn=0707-5332 | doi=10.1080/07075332.2012.742449 | pages=143–161 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2012.742449 | access-date= | url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Willging |first1=Jennifer |title=Of GMOs, McDomination and Foreign Fat: Contemporary Franco-American Food Fights |journal=French Cultural Studies |date=June 2008 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=199–226 |doi=10.1177/0957155808089665 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0957155808089665 |access-date= |language=en |issn=0957-1558|url-access=subscription }}

===Historiography===
* {{cite journal | last=Craig | first=Campbell | title=Kennedy's international legacy, fifty years on | journal=International Affairs  | volume=89 | issue=6 | year=2013  | pages=1367–1378  |doi = 10.1111/1468-2346.12078 | issn=0020-5850 | jstor=24538446 | url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/101369/ | access-date= | url-access=subscription }}
* Friedman, Max Paul. ''Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations'' (Cambridge University Press; 2012) 358 pages. Scholarly history of the concept of anti-Americanism and considers how the idea has affected American politics.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Klautke | first1 = Egbert | year = 2011 | title = Anti-Americanism in Twentieth-Century Europe | url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1303252/1/Americanization_Revised_May_2011_Historical_Journal.pdf| journal = Historical Journal | volume = 64 | issue = 4| pages = 1125–1139 | doi = 10.1017/S0018246X11000276| s2cid = 154765941 | issn=0018-246X }}

{{Commons category|Anti-Americanism}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|Americophobia|Americanophobia}}{{Discrimination}}{{United States topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-Americanism| ]]
[[Category:American imperialism]]
[[Category:American studies]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment]]
[[Category:Political terminology of the United States]]