Editing Anti-Arab racism

{{Short description|Discrimination against Arab people}}
{{Distinguish|Islamophobia}}
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{{Discrimination sidebar|expand-ethnic=yes}}
'''Anti-Arab racism''', also called '''Anti-Arabism''', '''Anti-Arab sentiment''', or '''Arabophobia''', refers to feelings and expressions of hostility, hatred, discrimination, fear, or prejudice toward [[Arabs|Arab people]], the [[Arab world]] or the [[Arabic|Arabic language]] on the basis of an irrational disdain for their [[Arab culture|ethnic and cultural affiliation]].

Notable historical instances of anti-Arab racism include the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]] from 1609 to 1614, the [[pacification of Algeria]] from 1830 to 1875, the [[Libyan genocide (1929–1934)|Libyan Genocide]] from 1929 to 1934, the [[Nakba]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]] from 1947 to 1949, and the [[Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution|Zanzibar massacre]] in 1964. In the modern era, anti-Arabism is apparent in many nations, including the [[United States]] and [[Israel]], as well as parts of [[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and the [[Americas]]. In the United States, anti-Arab racism surged after the [[September 11 attacks]], resulting in widespread racial profiling and hate crimes against [[Arab Americans]]. [[Arab citizens of Israel]] and [[Palestinians]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[Occupied Palestinian territories|Palestinian territories]] face [[Israeli apartheid|institutionalized segregation and discrimination]], which several scholars have characterized as a form of [[Crime of apartheid|apartheid]]. Various advocacy organizations have been formed to protect the [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] of [[Arab Americans|individuals of Arab descent in the United States]], such as the [[American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee]] and the [[Council on American–Islamic Relations]].

==Definition of Arab==
{{Further|Arab people|Arab culture}}
Arabs are people whose native language is Arabic. People of Arabic origin, in particular native English and French speakers of Arab ancestry in Europe and the Americas, often identify themselves as Arabs. Due to widespread practice of [[Islam]] among Arab populations, Anti-Arabism is commonly confused with [[Islamophobia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/race/story/0,11374,1120849,00.html |title=Islamophobia should be as unacceptable as racism |first=Faisal |last=Bodi |date=12 January 2004 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2009-06-22 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206151512/http://www.guardian.co.uk/race/story/0%2C11374%2C1120849%2C00.html |archive-date=February 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are prominent Arab non-Muslim minorities in the Arab world. These minorities include the [[Arab Christians]] in [[Christianity in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[Christianity in Syria|Syria]], [[Palestinian Christians|Palestine]], [[Christianity in Jordan|Jordan]], [[Christianity in Egypt|Egypt]], [[Christianity in Iraq|Iraq]], [[Christianity in Kuwait|Kuwait]] and [[Christianity in Bahrain|Bahrain]], among other Arab countries.<ref name="PharesIntro">*{{cite web|first=Walid|last=Phares|author-link=Walid Phares|url=https://www.arabicbible.com/for-christians/christians/1396-arab-christians-introduction.html|title=Arab Christians: An Introduction|publisher=Arabic Bible Outreach Ministry|date=2001}}
*{{cite web|title=Majority and Minorities in the Arab World: The Lack of a Unifying Narrative|url=http://jcpa.org/article/majority-and-minorities-in-the-arab-world-the-lack-of-a-unifying-narrative/|website=Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs}}</ref> There are also sizable minorities of [[Arab Jews]], [[Druze]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], and [[nonreligious]] people.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45| title=The Arabs in Israel|access-date=4 March 2014|author=Ori Stendel|page=45|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1898723240| year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmgkD3Hel5IC&pg=PA297|title=Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others|author=Mohammad Hassan Khalil|access-date=1 March 2014|page=297|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199945412|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

==Historical anti-Arabism==
[[File:Anti-Semitic Graffiti in San Pedro Sula.JPG|thumb|Graffiti in [[San Pedro Sula]], Honduras, calling for an expulsion of Arabs and Jews]]
Anti-Arab prejudice is suggested by many events in history. In the [[Iberian Peninsula]], when the ''[[Reconquista]]'' by the indigenous Christians from the Moorish colonists was completed with the [[Granada War|fall of Granada]], all non-Catholics were expelled. In 1492, Arab converts to Christianity, called [[Morisco]]s, were expelled from Spain to North Africa after being condemned by the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. The Spanish word "moro", meaning ''moor'', today carries a negative meaning.<ref name="Echabe">{{cite journal |last=Echebarria-Echabe |first=Agustín |author2=Emilia Fernández Guede |date=May 2007 |title=A New Measure of Anti-Arab Prejudice: Reliability and Validity Evidence |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=1077–1091 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00200.x |issn=0021-9029 }}</ref>

After the [[annexation]] of the [[Muslim culture of Hyderabad|Muslim-ruled]] state of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] by India in 1948, about 7,000 Arabs were interned and deported.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/freitag99.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000712123052/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/freitag99.htm |archive-date=2000-07-12 |first=Ulrike |last=Freitag |publisher=British-Yemeni Society |title=Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries |date=December 1999 |access-date=2009-06-22}}</ref>

The [[Zanzibar Revolution]] of January 12, 1964, ended the local Arab dynasty. As many as 17,000 Arabs were exterminated by [[black African]] revolutionaries, according to reports, and thousands of others fled the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://channel4.empireschildren.co.uk/category/chapters/index.php?chapter=472&cat=3 |title=Country Histories: Independence for Zanzibar |work=Empire's Children |publisher=Channel 4 |year=2007 |access-date=2009-06-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318192427/http://channel4.empireschildren.co.uk/category/chapters/index.php?chapter=472&cat=3 |archive-date = March 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://whosfaultisit.blogspot.com/2006/09/homemade-genocide-arab-world-is.html |title=A Homemade Genocide |last=Heartman |first=Adam |date=2006-09-26 |publisher=Adam Heartman |access-date=July 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203075624/http://whosfaultisit.blogspot.com/2006/09/homemade-genocide-arab-world-is.html |archive-date=February 3, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://onwar.com/aced/data/zulu/zanzibar1964.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010215003654/http://onwar.com/aced/data/zulu/zanzibar1964.htm |archive-date=2001-02-15 |title=Revolution in Zanzibar 1964 |date=December 16, 2000 |work=Armed Conflict Events Data |publisher=OnWar.com |first=Ralph |last=Zuljan}}</ref>

In ''The Arabic Language and National Identity: a Study in Ideology'', [[Yasir Suleiman]] notes of the writing of Tawfiq al-Fikayki that he uses the term ''shu'ubiyya'' to refer to movements he perceives to be anti-Arab, such as the [[Turkification]] movement in the [[Ottoman Empire]], extreme-nationalist and [[Pan-Iranist]] movements in Iran and [[communism]].  The economic boom in Iran which lasted until 1979 led to an overall increase of Iranian nationalism sparking thousands of anti-Arab movements. In al-Fikayki's view, the objectives of anti-Arabism are to attack [[Arab nationalism]], pervert history, emphasize Arab regression, deny [[Arab culture]], and generally be hostile to all things Arab. He concludes that, "In all its various roles, anti-Arabism has adopted a policy of intellectual conquest as a means of penetrating Arab society and combatting Arab nationalism."<ref name=Suleiman>{{cite book|title=The Arabic Language and National Identity: A Study in Ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/arabiclanguagena00sule|url-access=limited|first=Yasir|last=Suleiman|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/arabiclanguagena00sule/page/n243 238]|isbn=0-7486-1707-8}}</ref>

In early 20th and late 19th century when Palestinians and Syrians migrated to Latin America Arabophobia was common in these countries.<ref name=turcofobia>La "Turcofobia". Discriminación anti-Árabe en Chile.</ref>

==Modern anti-Arabism==

===Algeria===
{{See also|Kabyle myth|Arab migrations to the Maghreb}}

Anti-Arabism is a major element of a movement known as [[Berberism]] that is widespread mainly amongst Algerians of [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] and other [[Berbers|Berber]] origin.<ref>"Le monde arabe existe-il ?", [[Lucien-Samir Oulahbib|Lucien Oulahbib]].</ref> It has historic roots in French colonialist policy propagating the [[Kabyle myth]], with Arabs depicted as invaders that occupied Algeria and destroyed its late Roman and early medieval civilization that was considered an integral part of the West; this invasion is considered to have been the source of the resettlement of Algeria's Berber population in [[Kabylie]] and other mountainous areas. Regardless, the Kabyles and other Berbers have managed to preserve their culture and achieve high standards of living and education. Furthermore, many Berbers speak their language and French; are non religious, secular, or Evangelical Christian; and openly identify with the Western World. Many Berber Nationalists view Arabs as a hostile people intent on eradicating their own culture and nation. Berber social norms restrict marriage to someone of Arab ethnicity, although it is permitted to marry someone from other ethnic groups.<ref>"Du problème berbère au dilemme kabyle a l'aube du 21e siècle", Maxime Ait Kaki</ref>

According to [[Lawrence Rosen (anthropologist)|Lawrence Rosen]], ethnic background is not a crucial factor in marriage between members of each group in North Africa, when compared to social and economic backgrounds.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosen |first=Lawrence |title=Bargaining for Reality: The Construction of Social Relations in a Muslim Community |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1984 |pages=139–140 |isbn=0-226-72611-8}}</ref> There are regular hate incidents between Arabs and Berbers, and Anti-Arabism has been accentuated by the Algerian government's anti-Berber policies. Contemporary relations between Berbers and Arabs are sometimes tense, particularly in Algeria, where Berbers rebelled (1963–65, 2001) against Arab rule and have demonstrated and rioted against their cultural marginalization in the newly founded state.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Brett |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Fentress |title=The Berbers |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=1997 |pages=278–282 |isbn=0-631-20767-8 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Berbers protest in Kabylia |work=BBC News |date=21 May 2001 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1343153.stm |access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref>

The Anti-Arab sentiments among [[Berber people#Contemporary demographics|Algerian Berbers]] (mainly from Kabylie) were always related to the reassertion of Kabyle identity. It began as an intellectual militant movement in schools, universities, and popular culture (mainly nationalistic songs).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Hugh |title=The Economics of Berberism: The Material Basis of the Kabyle Question in Contemporary Algeria |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1983.tb00024.x |year=1983|s2cid=145646046 }}</ref> In addition to that, the authorities' efforts to promote development in Kabylie contributed to a boom of sorts in [[Tizi Ouzou]], whose population almost doubled between 1966 and 1977, and to a greater degree of economic and social integration within the region had the contrary effect of strengthening a collective [[Berbers|Berber]] consciousness and Anti-Arab sentiments.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ofra |last1=Bengio |first2=Gabriel |last2=Ben-Dor |title=Minorities and the State in the Arab World |url=https://archive.org/details/minoritiesstatea00beng |url-access=limited |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/minoritiesstatea00beng/page/n30 35] |isbn=1-55587-647-1 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Arabophobia can be seen at different levels of intellectual, social, and cultural life of some Berbers. After the Berberist crisis in 1949, a new radical intellectual movement emerged under the name ''L'Académie Berbère''. This movement was known by its adoption and promotion of Anti-Arab and [[Islamophobia|Anti-Islam]] ideologies especially amongst immigrant Kabyles in France and achieved a relative success at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Slimani-Direche |first=Karina |title= Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècle: Réalités culturelles et politiques et réappropriations identitaires |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2002 |page=140 |isbn=2-7384-5789-4 |language=fr}} ''Translation from [[French language|French]]'': <blockquote>These reactions are also residues of a violent and Manichean political discourse which was particularly developed after the Berberist crisis in 1949 (see the second part) and expressed by members or sympathizers of the L'Académie Berbère (Berber Academy). This political berberist and radical trend which was especially developed with immigration, wanted to be anti-Arab, anti-Islam, and willingly sank in a narrow Manichaeism. This trend has seen relative success among some Kabyle immigrants especially from Paris Region (Région parisienne).</blockquote></ref>

In 1977, the final game of the national soccer championship pitting a team from Kabylie against one from [[Algiers]] turned into an Arab-Berber conflict. The Arab national anthem of Algeria was overwhelmed by the shouting of Anti-Arab slogans such as "A bas les arabes" (''down with the Arabs'').<ref name="rnesmw-p-150">{{cite book |chapter=Ethnicity and Power in North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco |editor-last=Spickard |editor-first=Paul R. |first=Taoufik |last=Djebali |title=Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic/page/n164 150] |isbn=0-415-95003-1}}</ref>

The roots of modern-day Arabophobia in Algeria can be traced back to multiple factors. For some, Anti-Arabism movement among Berbers is part of the legacy of [[French Algeria|French Colonization]] or manipulation of North Africa. As from the beginning, the French understood that to attenuate Muslim resistance to their presence, mainly in Algeria, they had to resort to the [[divide and rule]] doctrine. The most obvious divide that could be instrumentalized in this perspective was the ethnic one. Therefore, France employed some official colonial practices to tighten its control over Algeria by creating racial tensions between Arabs and Berbers and between Jews and Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Joan E. |last1=Gross |first2=David A. |last2=McMurray |title=Berber Origins and the Politics of Ethnicity in Colonial North African Discourse |journal = PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=39–58 |date=June 1993 |doi=10.1525/pol.1993.16.2.39}}</ref>

Others argue that the Berber language and traditions are deeply rooted in the North African cultural mosaic; for centuries, Berber culture has survived conquests, repression, and exclusion from different invaders: Romans, Arabs, and French. Hence, believing that its identity and specificity were threatened, the Berbers took note of the political and ideological implications of Arabism as defended by successive governments.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Ethnicity and Power in North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco |editor-last=Spickard |editor-first=Paul R. |first=Taoufik |last=Djebali |title=Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic |url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/racenationethnic00spic/page/n163 149] |isbn=0-415-95003-1}}</ref> Gradual radicalization and Anti-Arab sentiments began to emerge in Algeria and among the hundreds of thousands of Berbers in France who had been in the forefront of the Berber cultural movement.<ref name="rnesmw-p-150"/>

===Australia===
[[File:Cronulla riots 2 - no lebs.jpg|thumb|[[2005 Cronulla riots|Cronulla riots]] in Sydney, Australia in December 2005.]]
{{See also|Racism in Australia}}
The [[2005 Cronulla riots|Cronulla riots]] in [[Sydney]], Australia in December 2005 have been described as "anti-Arab racism" by community leaders.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ansley |first=Greg |date=2005-12-16 |title=1000 extra police officers ready for Sydney lockdown |journal=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_id=1501019&ObjectID=10360218 |access-date=April 7, 2006 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120425/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_id=1501019&ObjectID=10360218 |url-status=dead }}</ref> NSW Premier [[Morris Iemma]] said the violence revealed the "ugly face of racism in this country".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Malcolm |author2=Dan Silkstone |date=2005-12-13 |title=Fresh violence rocks Sydney |journal=[[The Age]] |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/riots-fire-debate-on-racism/2005/12/12/1134236003072.html}}</ref>

A 2004 report by the [[Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission]] said that more than two-thirds of Muslim and Arab Australians say they have experienced racism or [[racial vilification]] since the [[September 11 attacks]] and that 90% of female respondents experienced racial abuse or violence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Delaney |first=Brigid |author2=Cynthia Banham |date=2004-06-17 |title=Muslims feel the hands of racism tighten around them |journal=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/06/16/1087244979369.html |access-date=2006-04-08}}</ref>

Adam Houda, a [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] [[Muslim]] [[lawyer]], has been repeatedly harassed by the [[New South Wales]] police force.<ref name="AdamHouda2">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Payout for lawyer dragged from court |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/payout-for-lawyer-dragged-from-court/2005/10/25/1130239521799.html |access-date=2012-07-19 |date=2005-06-09 |author=Wallace, Natasha}}</ref><ref name="AdamHouda4">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Lawyer wins $145,000 for 'spiteful' arrest |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/lawyer-wins-145000-for-spiteful-arrest/2005/10/25/1130006097096.html |date=2005-10-25 |access-date=2012-07-19 |author=Wallace, Natasha}}</ref><ref name="AdamHouda6">{{cite news |date=5 October 2011 |title=(NSW): Muslim lawyer wrongly arrested: court told |url=<!-- dead link accessed 2012-07-19 (citation details: Australian Broadcasting Company, 2005-11-12): http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/8355895/muslim-lawyer-wrongly-arrested-court-told --> |access-date= |work=[[Australian Associated Press]] General News |publisher= |id=AAP lxs/jjs/dep/jlw/. [[Factiva]] [https://global.factiva.com/redir/default.aspx?p=sa&NS=16&an=AAP0000020111005e7a50025t&drn=drn:archive.newsarticle.AAP0000020111005e7a50025t&cat=a&ep=asi AAP0000020111005e7a50025t]. |agency=AAP}}</ref><ref name="AdamHouda7">{{cite news |publisher=[[NineMSN]] |title=A Winger and a Prayer |url=http://www.abc.net.au/austory/content/2007/s2043052.htm |date=2007-07-24 |access-date=2012-07-19 |agency=[[Australian Story]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019000530/http://www.abc.net.au/austory/content/2007/s2043052.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="AdamHouda8">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Adam Houda: 'talk out against oppression and injustice{{'-}} |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/adam-houda-talk-out-against-oppression-and-injustice/2005/11/27/1132966009134.html |date=2007-11-27 |access-date=2012-07-19}}</ref> Houda has been arrested or detained six times in 11 years and has sued the police force for [[malicious prosecution]] and harassment three times. Houda claims that the police's motivation is racism which he says is "alive and well" in [[Bankstown]]. He has been stopped going to prayers, with relatives and friends and has been subjected to a humiliating body search. He has been the object of several groundless accusations of robbery or holding a knife. A senior lawyer told the [[Sydney Morning Herald]] that the police harassment was due to the police enmity against Houda's clients and the Australian Arab community.<ref name="AdamHouda1">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Suing police again, the lawyer of Middle Eastern appearance |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/suing-police-again-the-lawyer-of-middle-eastern-appearance-20111112-1ncvd.html |date=2011-11-13 |access-date=2012-07-19 |author=Mercer, Neil}}</ref> He was first falsely arrested in 2000 for which he was awarded $145,000 damages by a judge who described his persecution as "shocking". Constable Lance Stebbing was found to have maliciously arrested Houda, as well as using profanities against him and approaching him in a "menacing manner". Stebbing was supported by other police, against the testimony of many eyewitnesses.<ref name="AdamHouda9">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/scjudgments/2005nswsc.nsf/66950614059df523ca25673900081e8e/0f0bd2707fc26affca25709e001f46f6?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121127042143/http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/scjudgments/2005nswsc.nsf/66950614059df523ca25673900081e8e/0f0bd2707fc26affca25709e001f46f6?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-27 |publisher=LawLink NSW |date=2005-10-26 |title=Houda v The State of New South Wales |quote=It is common ground that Constable Stebbing laid the charge against the plaintiff comprised in the Field Court Attendance Notice (Exhibit Z) of assaulting him and that that charge was terminated in favour of the plaintiff. I have found that in laying that charge Constable Stebbing acted out of spite or ill will towards the plaintiff. He then, because of his personal contact with the events well knew that the offence had not been committed. Accordingly the count of malicious prosecution has been established. ... I am further comfortably satisfied on the probabilities that Constable Stebbing, with the assistance of other police officers imprisoned the plaintiff and that imprisonment caused him to be escorted to the police station and held there for a period of about one hour. For reasons already given the constable had no reasonable or probable cause for imprisoning him.}}</ref> In 2005, Houda accused the police of disabling his mobile phone making it difficult to perform his work as a criminal defense lawyer.<ref name="AdamHouda5">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Lawyer wins $145,000 for 'spiteful' arrest |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/police-are-disabling-my-phone-houda/2005/11/12/1131578275328.html |date=2005-11-12 |access-date=2012-07-19 |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]]}}</ref>

In 2010, Houda, his lawyer Chris Murphy, and Channel Seven journalist [[Adam Walters]] claimed that Frank Menilli, a senior [[New South Wales]] police officer, behaved in a corrupt fashion by trying to alter [[Seven Network|Channel Seven]]'s coverage of the Houda Case by promising Walters inside information in exchange for presenting the case in the police's favour. Walters regarded the offer as an "attempted bribe".<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Police officer accused of trying to bribe Channel Seven |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/police-officer-accused-of-trying-to-bribe-channel-seven-20100920-15ju0.html |date=2010-09-21 |access-date=2012-07-19 |author=Gibson, Joel}}</ref><ref name="AdamHouda10">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Chris Murphy's complaint |url=https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/chris-murphys-complaint-20100921-15k5i.html |date=2010-09-21 |access-date=2012-07-19 |author=Murphy, Christopher}}</ref> The latest incident occurred in 2011, when Houda was arrested for refusing a frisk search and resisting arrest after having been approached by police suspecting him of involvement in a recent robbery. These charges were thrown out of court by Judge John Connell who stated "At the end of the day, here were three men of Middle Eastern appearance walking along a suburban street, for all the police knew, minding their own business at an unexceptional time of day, in unexceptional clothing, except two of the men had hooded jumpers. The place they were in could not have raised a reasonable suspicion they were involved in the robberies"<ref name="AdamHouda1"/> Houda is currently suing the six police officers involved for false imprisonment, unlawful arrest, assault and battery and defamation. One of the six is an assistant commissioner. He is seeking $5 million in damages.<ref name="AdamHouda3">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Age]] |url=http://m.theage.com.au/nsw/lawyer-to-sue-nsw-police-for-5m-20120317-1vc1p.html |title=Lawyer to sue NSW Police for $5m |date=2012-03-08 |access-date=2012-07-19 |author=Mercer, Neil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801081005/http://m.theage.com.au/nsw/lawyer-to-sue-nsw-police-for-5m-20120317-1vc1p.html |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AdamHouda11">{{cite web |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]] |title=Solicitor takes on Police over racial profiling |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-01/solicitor-takes-on-police-over-racial-profiling/4048312 |date=2012-06-01 |access-date=2012-07-19}}</ref>

===France===
{{See also|Racism in France}}
France used to be a colonial [[empire]], with still great post-colonial power over its former [[colonies]], using Africa as a reservoir for labor, especially in moments of dire need. During [[World War I]], reconstruction and shortages made France bring thousands of North African workers. Out of a total of 116,000 workers from 1914 to 1918, 78,000 [[Algeria]]ns, 54,000 [[Morocco|Moroccans]], and [[Tunisia]]ns were requisitioned.{{dubious|mathematically impossible|date=February 2011}} Two hundred and forty thousand Algerians were mobilized or drafted, and two thirds of these were soldiers who served mostly in France. This constituted more than one-third of the men of those nations from ages 20–40.{{dubious|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{cite book |first1=Alain |last1=Gillette |first2=Abdelmalek |last2=Sayadm |title=L'immigration algérienne en France |location=Paris |publisher=Editions Entente |year=1984 |page=50 |name-list-style=amp |isbn=2-7266-0018-2 |edition=2nd |language=fr}}</ref> According to historian [[Abdallah Laroui]], Algeria sent 173,000 soldiers, 25,000 of whom were killed. Tunisia sent 56,000, of whom 12,000 were killed. Moroccan soldiers helped defend Paris and landed at [[Bordeaux]] in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |first=Abdallah |last=Laroui |title=History of the Maghreb |others=Translated by Ralph Manheim |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1977 |pages=351–12 |isbn=0-691-03109-6}}</ref>

After the war, reconstruction and labor shortages necessitated even larger number of Algerian laborers. Migration (or the need for labor) was reestablished at a high level by 1936. This was partly the result of collective recruitments in the villages conducted by French officers and representatives of companies. Labor recruitment continued throughout the 1940s. North Africans were mostly recruited for dangerous and low-wage jobs, unwanted by ordinary French workers.<ref>{{cite book |first=Georges |last=Mauco |title=Les étrangers en France: leur role dans l'activite economique |location=Paris |publisher=Armand Colin |year=1932 |page=170 |language=fr}}; and {{cite book |first=Neil |last=McMaster |title=Colonial Migrants and Racism: Algerians in France, 1900-62 |location=New York |publisher=St Martin's Press |year=1997 |page=67}}</ref>

This large number of immigrants was of great help for France's rapid post–[[World War II]] economic growth. The 1970s were marked by recession followed by the cessation of labor migration programs and crackdowns on [[illegal immigration]]. During the 1980s, political disfavor with President [[Mitterrand]]'s social programs led to the rise of [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] and other [[far right]] French [[nationalist]]s. The public increasingly blamed immigrants for French economic problems. In March 1990, according to a poll reported in [[Le Monde]], 76% of those polled said that there were too many Arabs in France while 39% said they had an "aversion" to Arabs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dwyer |first=Katherine |year=1997 |title=France's New Nazis: The Resistible Rise of Jean-Marie LePen |journal=International Socialist Review |issue=2 |issn=0020-8744 |url=http://www.isreview.org/issues/02/LePen.shtml |access-date=April 14, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427231825/http://isreview.org/issues/02/LePen.shtml |archive-date=April 27, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the following years, Interior Minister [[Charles Pasqua]] was noted for dramatically toughening immigration laws.<ref name=migrinfo>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126072745/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=266 |archive-date=2009-11-26 |title=The Challenge of French Diversity |first1=Kimberly |last1=Hamilton |publisher=Migration Policy Institute |first2=Patrick |last2=Simon |first3=Clara |last3=Veniard |date=November 2004 |access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref>

In May 2005, riots broke out between North Africans and [[Romani people]] in [[Perpignan]], after a young Arab man was shot dead and another Arab man was lynched by a group of Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title='Race killing' sparks French riot |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4594019.stm |work=BBC News |date=30 May 2005 |access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Megan |last=Rowling |title=French riots borne of mutual exclusion |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=12707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118210817/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=12707 |archive-date=January 18, 2008 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |date=June 6, 2005 |access-date=2009-06-26}}</ref>

[[Jacques Chirac|Chirac]]'s controversial [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|"Hijab ban" law]], presented as [[secularization]] of schools, was interpreted by its critics as an "indirect legitimization of anti-Arab stereotypes, fostering rather than preventing racism."<ref name=migrinfo/>

A higher rate of racial profiling is conducted on Blacks and Arabs by the French police.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/06/30/la-police-mise-en-cause-pour-ses-controles-au-facies_1213277_3224.html |title=La police mise en cause pour ses contrôles au faciès |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-06-30 |access-date=2016-01-07}}</ref>

===Iran===
{{See also|Iranian Arabs|Anti-Iranian sentiment|Arab separatism in Khuzestan}}

[[Human rights]] group [[Amnesty International]] says that in practice, Arabs are among a number of ethnic minorities that are disadvantaged and suffer discrimination by the authorities.<ref name="dire human rights">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/76000/mde130102006en.pdf|title=Iran: New government fails to address dire human rights situation|work=Amnesty International|date=February 16, 2006|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> [[Separatist]] tendencies in [[Khuzestan]] exacerbate this. How far the situation facing Arabs in Iran is related to racism or simply a result of policies suffered by all Iranians is a matter of debate (''see: [[Politics of Khuzestan]]''). Iran is a multi-ethnic society with its Arab minority mainly located in the south.<ref>Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iran_ethnoreligious_distribution_2004.jpg ''Iran ethnoreligious distribution 2004''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911193900/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/iran_ethnoreligious_distribution_2004.jpg |date=September 11, 2007 }}, [[The University of Texas]] at Austin, 2004</ref>

It is claimed by some that anti-Arabism in Iran may be related to the notion that Arabs forced some [[Persian people|Persians]] to convert to [[Islam]] in 7th century [[AD]] (''See: [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]'').{{weasel inline|date=October 2016}} Author [[Richard Foltz]] in his article "Internationalization of Islam" states "Even today, many Iranians perceive the Arab destruction of the [[Sassanid Empire]] as the single greatest tragedy in Iran's long history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |first=Richard |last=Foltz |author-link=Richard Foltz |title=Internationalization of Islam |url=http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_1741575641/Internationalization_of_Islam.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101121221/http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_1741575641/Internationalization_of_Islam.html |archive-date=November 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> Following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]], many Iranians (also known as "[[mawali]]") came to despise the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] due to discrimination against them by their Arab rulers. The [[Shu'ubiyah]] movement was intended to reassert Iranian identity and resist attempts to impose Arab culture while reaffirming their commitment to Islam.

More recently, anti-Arabism has arisen as a consequence of aggression against Iran by the regime of [[Saddam Hussein]] in [[Iraq]]. During a visit to Khuzestan, which has most of Iran's Arab population, a British journalist, John R. Bradley, wrote that despite the fact that the majority of Arabs supported Iran in the war, "ethnic Arabs complain that, as a result of their divided loyalties during the [[Iran–Iraq War]], they are viewed more than ever by the clerical regime in Tehran as a potential [[fifth column]], and suffer from a policy of discrimination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/786/re7.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060321185923/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/786/re7.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-03-21 |first=John |last=Bradley |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly |title=Ethnicity versus theocracy}}</ref> However, Iran's Arab population played an important role in defending Iran during the Iran-Iraq War and most refused to heed Saddam Hussein's call for an uprising and instead fought against their fellow Arabs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/history/iran_iraq_war/iran_iraq_war1.php |title=Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988 |work=History of Iran |publisher=Iran Chamber Society}}</ref> Furthermore, Iran's former defense minister [[Ali Shamkhani]], a [[Khuzestan]]i Arab, was chief commander of the ground force during the Iran-Iraq War as well as serving as first deputy commander of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]].

The Arab minority of southern Iran has been subject to discriminations, persecution in Iran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article666792.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220024643/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article666792.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 20, 2007|location=London|work=The Times|title=Tehrans secret war against its own people|first=Peter|last=Tatchell|date=October 10, 2006|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a report published in February 2006, Amnesty International stated that the "Arab population of Iran is one of the most economically and socially deprived in Iran" and that Arabs have "reportedly been denied state employment under the ''gozinesh'' [job placement] criteria."
{{Blockquote|text=Furthermore, land [[Nationalization|expropriation]] by the Iranian authorities is reportedly so widespread that it appears to amount to a policy aimed at dispossessing Arabs of their traditional lands. This is apparently part of a strategy aimed at the forcible relocation of Arabs to other areas while facilitating the transfer of non-Arabs into Khuzestan and is linked to economic policies such as zero-interest loans which are not available to local Arabs.|author=Amnesty International|source=<ref name="dire human rights"/>}}

Critics of such reports have pointed out that they are often based on sketchy sources and are not always to be trusted at face value (see: [[Politics of Khūzestān Province#Human rights|Criticism of human rights reports on Khuzestan]]). Furthermore, critics point out that Arabs have social mobility in Iran, with a number of famous Iranians from the worlds of arts, sport, literature, and politics having Arab origins (see: [[List of Iranian Arabs|Iranian Arabs]]) illustrating Arab-Iranian participation in Iranian economics, society, and politics. They contend that Khuzestan province, where most of Iran's Arabs live, is actually one of the more economically advanced provinces of Iran, more so than many of the Persian-populated provinces.

Some critics of the Iranian government contend that it is carrying out a policy of anti-Arab [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cafebabel.com/en/article.asp?T=A&Id=1626 |title=Ahmanidejad's Jihad |last=Casaca |first=Paulo |author-link=Paulo Casaca |date=2006-01-19 |publisher=Café Babel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524042325/http://www.cafebabel.com/en/article.asp?T=A&Id=1626 |archive-date=May 24, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zope06.v.servelocity.net/hjs/sections/middleeast/document.2006-03-07.9070964039 |title=While the West fiddles, Iran's people... |last=Frampton |first=Martyn |date=2006-03-07 |publisher=[[Henry Jackson Society]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901231253/http://zope06.v.servelocity.net/hjs/sections/middleeast/document.2006-03-07.9070964039 |archive-date=September 1, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> While there has been large amounts of investment in industrial projects such as the ''Razi Petrochemical Complex'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://branch.isna.ir/mainkhouzestan/PicView.aspx?Pic=Pic-40262-1 |title= ISNA - PicView|website=branch.isna.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318184638/http://branch.isna.ir/mainkhouzestan/PicView.aspx?Pic=Pic-40262-1 |archive-date=March 18, 2008}}</ref> local universities,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajums.ac.ir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011070206/http://ajums.ac.ir/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-10-11 |title=دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی جندی شاپور اهواز |publisher=Ajums.ac.ir |access-date=2009-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cua.ac.ir/ |title=welcome to cua.ac.ir |publisher=Cua.ac.ir |access-date=2009-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109075935/http://www.cua.ac.ir/ |archive-date=January 9, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.put.ac.ir/WebUI/uniform/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061214154335/http://www.put.ac.ir/WebUI/uniform/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-12-14 |title=دانشگاه صنعت نفت |publisher=Put.ac.ir |access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref> and other national projects such as [[hydroelectric dam]]s (such as the [[Karkheh Dam]], which cost $700 million to construct) and nuclear power plants,<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran to build new nuclear plant |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4498932.stm |publisher=BBC | date=2005-12-05 | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> many critics of Iran's economic development policies have pointed to the poverty suffered by Arabs in Khuzestan as proof of an anti-Arab policy agenda. Following his visit to Khuzestan in July 2005, [[UN Special Rapporteur]] for Adequate Housing Miloon Kothari spoke of how up to 250,000 Arabs had been displaced by such industrial projects and noted the favorable treatment given to settlers from [[Yazd]] compared to the treatment of local Arabs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2004/02/10/civic-umbrella-body-highlight-plight-basarwa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116150201/http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=48518|url-status=dead|title=Civic umbrella body to highlight plight of the Basarwa|date=February 10, 2004|archive-date=January 16, 2007|website=The New Humanitarian}}</ref>

However, it is also true that non-Arab provinces such as [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], and neighboring [[Īlām Province]] also suffer high levels of poverty, indicating that government policy is not disadvantaging Arabs alone but other regions, including some with large ethnically Persian populations. Furthermore, most commentators agree that Iran's state-controlled and highly subsidized economy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2415/html/focus.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060322163054/http://www.iran-daily.com/1384/2415/html/focus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-03-22 |title=Economic Focus |date=2005-11-01 |publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Agence France-Presse |title=Iran on rough road to WTO membership |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=3&article_id=15634 |newspaper=[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=2005-06-04 |author-link=Agence France-Presse |access-date=May 25, 2006 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121620/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=3&article_id=15634 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the main reason behind the inability of the Iranian government to generate economic growth and welfare at ground levels in all cities across the nation, rather than a state ethnic policy targeted specifically at Arabs; Iran is ranked 156th on [[The Heritage Foundation]]'s 2006 [[Index of Economic Freedom]].

In the Iranian education system, after primary education cycle (grades 1-5 for children 6 to 11 years old), passing some [[Arabic]] courses is mandatory until the end of secondary education cycle (grade 6 to Grade 12, from age 11 to 17). In higher education systems (universities), passing Arabic language courses is selective.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iran-embassy-oslo.no/embassy/educat.htm |title=Iranian embassy information page |publisher=Iran-embassy-oslo.no |access-date=2009-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609234100/http://www.iran-embassy-oslo.no/embassy/educat.htm |archive-date=June 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://edu.tebyan.net/textbooks/0084/index.htm |title=Iranian book of Arabic education |publisher=Edu.tebyan.net |access-date=2009-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604022905/http://edu.tebyan.net/textbooks/0084/index.htm |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Persians use slurs like "Tazi Kaseef" (lit. ''Dirty Taazi''), "Arabe malakh-khor" (عرب ملخ‌خور) (lit. ''Locust-eater Arab''),<ref name="Rahimieh2015">{{cite book|last=Rahimieh|first=Nasrin|title=Iranian Culture: Representation and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtpzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|access-date=October 18, 2016|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-42935-7|page=133}}</ref><ref name="economist1">{{cite news|title=Persians v Arabs: Same old sneers|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21554238|newspaper=The Economist|date=May 5, 2012|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Majd2008">{{cite book|author=Hooman Majd|title=The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kuSfuHovwMC&pg=PA165|date=23 September 2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-52842-9|page=165}}</ref><ref name="Daryaee2012">{{cite journal |first=Touraj |last=Daryaee |author-link=Touraj Daryaee |url=http://tourajdaryaee.com/wp-content/uploads/Daryaee-Food-Zoro.pdf |title=Food, Purity and Pollution: Medieval Zoroastrian Views on the Eating Habits of the Arabs and Indians |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=45 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2011.617157 |date=March 2012 |access-date=October 18, 2016 |pages=229–242 |s2cid=161684767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011145021/http://tourajdaryaee.com/wp-content/uploads/Daryaee-Food-Zoro.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rferl.org">{{cite news|first=Frud |last=Bezhan |url=http://www.rferl.org/a/iran-racism-arab-persian-assault-case/26955610.html |title=Alleged Assault On Iranian Teens Stokes Anti-Arab Sentiment |publisher=Rferl.org |date=April 14, 2015 |access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> "soosmar-khor" (سوسمارخور) (''lizard eater''<ref name="rferl.org"/>) and call Arabs "پابرهنه" (lit. ''barefoot''), "بی‌تمدن" (lit. ''uncivilized''), "وحشی" (lit. ''barbarians'') and "زیرصحرایی" (lit ''sub-saharan''). Anti-Islamist government Persians refer to Persian Islamic Republic supporters from Hezbollahi families as Arab-parast (عرب‌پرست) (lit. ''Arab Worshipper''). Arabs use slurs against Persians by calling them ''Fire-worshipers'' and ''majoos'', "[[Majus]]" (مجوس) ([[Zoroastrians]], [[Magi]]).

Negative views Persians have of Arabs include eating habits such as Arabs [[Uromastyx#Consumption by humans|eating lizards]].<ref name="O'Donnell1980">{{cite book|author=Terence O'Donnell|title=Garden of the brave in war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl8uAQAAIAAJ&q=lizards|year=1980|publisher=Ticknor & Fields|isbn=978-0-89919-016-7|page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/opinion/06sadjapour.html|title=Arabs Rise, Tehran Trembles|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 5, 2011 |access-date=2016-01-07|last1=Sadjadpour |first1=Karim }}</ref><ref name="Sciolino2001">{{cite book|author=Elaine Sciolino|title=Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7QYk48OPqYC&q=uncivilized+people+who+went+about+unclothed+and+ate+lizards.&pg=PA170|date=25 September 2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-1779-8|pages=170–}}</ref><ref name="Rajaee1997">{{cite book|author=Farhang Rajaee|title=Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BABAZqVgfq0C&q=uncivilized+people+who+went+about+unclothed+and+ate+lizards.&pg=PA75|year=1997|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-1476-0|pages=75–}}</ref><ref name="Tahir-KheliAyubi1983">{{cite book|author1=Shirin Tahir-Kheli|author2=Shaheen Ayubi|title=The Iran-Iraq War: New Weapons, Old Conflicts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt5tAAAAMAAJ&q=uncivilized+people+who+went+about+unclothed+and+ate+lizards.|year=1983|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-03-062906-8|page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/opinions/arabs_rise_tehran_trembles |title=Arabs rise, Tehran trembles |website=Now.mmedia.me |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-date=January 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173035/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/opinions/arabs_rise_tehran_trembles |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.alalamalislami.com/node/28699 |title=Islamic Revival and Middle East Social Revolution &#124; AL-ALAM AL-ISLAMI |website=En.alalamalislami.com |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173035/http://en.alalamalislami.com/node/28699 |archive-date=January 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In Iran, there is a saying, ''The Arab of the desert eats locusts, while the dogs of Isfahan drink ice-cold water.'' ({{lang|fa|عرب در بیابان ملخ میخورد سگ اصفهان آب یخ میخورد}}).<ref name="Daryaee2012"/> In Iran "to be outright Arab" ({{lang|fa|از بیخ عرب بودن}}) means "to be a complete idiot".<ref name="FischerAbedi1990">{{cite book|author1=Michael M. J. Fischer|author2=Mehdi Abedi|title=Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/debatingmuslimsc0000fisc|url-access=registration|quote=the Arabs of the desert eat locusts while the dogs of Isfahan.|year=1990|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-12434-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/debatingmuslimsc0000fisc/page/180 180]}}</ref>

Relations are uneasy between specifically Iran and the Persian Gulf Arab countries in particular.<ref>{{cite news |date=2007-12-19 |title=  Iran and the Arabs Friendlier hands across the Gulf Old suspicions and new links|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10328285 |newspaper=The Economist |location=Cairo  }}</ref> Persians and Arabs [[Persian Gulf naming dispute|dispute the name of the Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2010-03-09|title=  The Gulf All latest updates What's in a name? Call it Persian—or else |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15657199 |newspaper=The Economist |location=Cairo  }}</ref> The [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] are disputed between the two countries.<ref name="economist1"/> A National Geographic reporter who interviewed Iranians reported that many of them frequently said ''We are not Arabs!" "We are not terrorists!"''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2008/08/iran-archaeology/del-giudice-text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721143840/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2008/08/iran-archaeology/del-giudice-text |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 21, 2008 |title=National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com |website=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date=2012-05-15 |access-date=2016-01-07}}</ref>

The Iranian rap artist Behzad Pax released a song in 2015 called "Arab-Kosh" (عرب‌كش) (Arab-killer) which was widely reported on the Arab media who claimed that it was released with the approval of the [[Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Iran)|Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance]]. The Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance denied that it gave approval to the song and condemned it as a product of a "sick mind".<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-08-19 |url=http://www.alalam.ir/news/1730791 |title=وزارة الثقافة الايرانية: أغنية "عرب كُش" غير مرخصة قانونيا |website=Alalam.ir |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206125700/http://www.alalam.ir/news/1730791 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==={{anchor|Anti-Arabism_in_Israel}}Israel===
{{See also|Arab citizens of Israel|Racism in Israel|Israeli apartheid}}
[[Image:Baruch Goldstein tomb.jpg|thumb|right|Baruch Goldstein's tomb. The plaque reads "To the holy Baruch Goldstein, who gave his life for the Jewish people, the Torah and the nation of Israel."]]
As a consequence of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], there is a high level of hostility between sections of the Jewish and Arab societies in Israel. A group of men in [[Pisgat Ze'ev]] started patrolling the neighborhood to stop Jewish women from dating Arab men. The municipality of [[Petah Tikva]] has a telephone hotline to inform on Jewish girls who date Arab men, as well as a psychological counseling service. [[Kiryat Gat]] launched a school programme to warn Jewish girls against dating local Bedouin men.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1253198149221&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708082344/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1253198149221&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-08 |title='Protecting' Jewish girls from Arabs |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2009-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/israeli-drive-to-prevent-jewish-girls-dating-arabs-1.490477 |title=Israeli drive to prevent Jewish girls dating Arabs |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |first=Jonathan |last=Cook}}</ref>

Geography textbooks used in Israeli schools were found to portray Arabs as primitive and backwards, with the [[Nakba]], the destruction of Palestinian society in the [[1948 Palestine war]], disregarded entirely. History textbooks likewise portrayed the Palestinian population negatively, showing them as primitive and collectively to be an enemy. Contrasted with the portrayal of Jews, who were shown to be heroic and progressive, Israeli textbooks delegitimized Arabs and used negative stereotyping of Arabs nearly uniformly.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bar-Tal | first=Daniel | title=The Rocky Road toward Peace: Beliefs on Conflict in Israeli Textbooks | journal=Journal of Peace Research | publisher=Sage Publications, Ltd. | volume=35 | issue=6 | year=1998 | issn=0022-3433 | jstor=425413 | pages=727, 738 | doi=10.1177/0022343398035006005 | s2cid=145696905}}</ref>

The [[Bedouin]] representatives submitted a report to the [[United Nations]] claiming that they are not treated as equal citizens and Bedouin towns are not provided the same level of services, land and water as Jewish towns of the same size are. The city of [[Beersheba]] refused to recognize a Bedouin holy site despite a High Court recommendation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bedouin ask UN to help fight systemic discrimination in Israel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/734096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705021417/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/734096.html |archive-date=2006-07-05 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=2006-07-03}}</ref>

In 1994, a Jewish settler in the [[West Bank]] and follower of the [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]] party, [[Baruch Goldstein]], [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre|massacred]] 29 Palestinian Muslim worshipers at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]]. It was known that, prior to the massacre, Goldstein, a physician, refused to treat Arabs, including Arab soldiers with the Israeli army.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://972mag.com/idf-jewish-soldiers-refuse-to-share-table-with-druze-comrades/40607/ |work=972mag |title=Jewish soldiers refuse to share Seder table with Druze comrades |first=Yossi |last=Gurvitz |date=2012-04-08 |access-date=2012-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://theunjustmedia.com/Jewish%20Zionists/The%20Real%20Significance%20of%20Baruch%20Goldstein.htm |title=The Real Significant of Baruch Goldstein |author=Israel Shahak |newspaper=The Unjust Media |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326001404/http://theunjustmedia.com/Jewish%20Zionists/The%20Real%20Significance%20of%20Baruch%20Goldstein.htm |archive-date=March 26, 2015 }}</ref> During his funeral, a rabbi declared that even one million Arabs are "not worth a Jewish fingernail".<ref name="LATimes-022894">{{cite news|title=Extremists Pay Tribute to Killer of 48 at Funeral|last=Kraft|first=Scott|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1994-02-28|page=A1}}</ref><ref name="wrmea-0399">{{cite journal|title=Growing Intolerance Threatens the Humane Jewish Tradition|last=Brownfeld|first=Allan C.|journal=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]|date=March 1999|pages=84–89|access-date=2011-04-11|url=http://www.wrmea.org/1999-march/growing-intolerance-threatens-the-humane-jewish-tradition.html}}</ref><ref name="TheNewCrusades">{{cite book|title=The new crusades: constructing the Muslim enemy|url=https://archive.org/details/newcrusadesconst00qure|url-access=limited|author=Emran Qureshi, Michael Anthony Sells|page=[https://archive.org/details/newcrusadesconst00qure/page/n143 129]|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=0-231-12667-0|year=2003}}</ref> Goldstein was immediately "denounced with shocked horror even by the mainstream Orthodox",<ref name="ethics">The ethics of war in Asian civilizations: a comparative perspective By Torkel Brekke, Routledge, 2006, p.44</ref> and many in Israel classified Goldstein as insane.<ref name="wilson">{{cite journal | last1 = Wilson | first1 = Rodney | year = 2007 | title = Review Article: Islam and Terrorism | journal = British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 203–213 | doi = 10.1080/13530190701427933 | s2cid = 144867169 }}</ref> The Israeli government condemned the massacre and made Kach illegal.<ref>{{cite news | first=Clyde| last=Haberman| title   = Israel votes ban on Jewish groups linked to Kahane| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/14/world/israel-votes-ban-on-jewish-groups-linked-to-kahane.html?pagewanted=all| newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=March 14, 1994}}</ref> The Israeli army killed a further nine Palestinians during riots following the massacre,<ref>{{cite news|last=Surkes |first=Sue |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-goldstein-massacre-and-the-danger-of-escalation |title=The Goldstein massacre and the danger of escalation |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=2014-02-28 |access-date=2016-01-07}}</ref> and the Israeli government severely restricted [[Palestinian freedom of movement]] in Hebron,<ref name=shame>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-shame-of-shuhada-street-hebron/372639/|title=The Shame of Shuhada Street|author=AYELET WALDMAN|magazine=The Atlantic|year=2014}}</ref> while letting settlers and foreign tourists roam free,<ref name = "Hindu">{{cite web | first   = Bhaduri| last   = Aditi| title   = Fabled town, divided and bruised| url   = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/05/21/stories/2006052100090100.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029173031/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/05/21/stories/2006052100090100.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = October 29, 2007| work   = [[The Hindu]]| date   = May 21, 2006| access-date  = October 19, 2009| quote   = Still fresh in the memory of almost all the inhabitants was the Goldstein case of 1994, when a two-week curfew was imposed on the 1,20,000 {{sic}} Palestinian residents of the city, but not on the 400 Jewish settlers of H2.}}</ref> although Israel also forbade a small group of Israeli settlers from entering Palestinian towns and demanded that those settlers turn in their army-issued rifles.<ref>{{cite news | first=Clyde| last=Haberman|author-link=Clyde Haberman| title   = West Bank Massacre; Israel Eases Curfew in Territories; Ensuing Riots Deepen Pessimism| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/03/world/west-bank-massacre-israel-eases-curfew-territories-ensuing-riots-deepen.html?scp=1&pagewanted=all|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| page=A1| date=March 3, 1994| access-date=November 23, 2015| quote       = Faced with rage in the territories and its own revulsion over the Hebron massacre, the P.L.O. has dug in on its demands that all settlers be disarmed and that an international force be created to protect Palestinians. Mr. Rabin has said no to both demands. But he [Rabin] has imposed tougher measures against a relatively small number of the most militant settlers, which, while far from what the Palestinians want, represents a significant shift for the Government. Several days after ordering the arrest of five people faithful to the anti-Arab preaching of the late Rabbi Meir Kahane, the army began today to carry out other measures, telling 18 settlers to stay out of Arab towns and to turn in their army-issued rifles.}}</ref> Goldstone's grave has become a pilgrimage site for Jewish extremists.<ref name = "Party">{{cite news| title       = Graveside party celebrates Hebron massacre| url  = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/685792.stm| work  = BBC News| date  = March 21, 2000| access-date  = October 19, 2009}}</ref>

In a number of occasions, Israeli Jewish demonstrators and rioters used racist anti-Arab slogans. For example, during the Arab riots in [[October 2000 events]], Israelis counter-rioted in [[Nazareth]] and [[Tel Aviv]], throwing stones at Arabs, destroying Arab property, with some chanting "[[death to Arabs]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Or Inquiry - Summary of Events |url=http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=96428&contrassID=3&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=2000-09-12 |access-date=2006-04-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011216035313/http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?contrassID=3&itemNo=96428&listSrc=Y&sbSubContrassID=0&subContrassID=1 |archive-date=December 16, 2001}}</ref> Some Israeli-Arab soccer players face chants from the crowd when they play such as "no Arabs, no terrorism".<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli's World Cup hopes saved by ... Arabs |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7349701/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405223549/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7349701/ |archive-date=2005-04-05|work=MSNBC |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=dead |date=2005-04-01}}</ref> In the most radical event, [[Abbas Zakour]], an Arab member of the Knesset, was stabbed and wounded by unidentified men, who shouted anti-Arab chants.<ref name=h744039/> The attack was described as a "[[hate crime]]".<ref name=h744039>{{cite news |title=Acre gang stabs, lightly wounds MK Abbas Zakur in hate crime |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/acre-gang-stabs-lightly-wounds-mk-abbas-zakur-in-hate-crime-1.194011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016111914/http://www.haaretz.com/news/acre-gang-stabs-lightly-wounds-mk-abbas-zakur-in-hate-crime-1.194011 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |date=2006-07-30 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Among the Israeli teams, [[Beitar Jerusalem]] is considered emblematic of Jewish racism; the fans are infamous for their 'Death to Arabs' chant<ref>[https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/beitar-jerusalem-football-club-hails-a-year-free-of-racist-chanting-in-the-stands-1.477861 Beitar Jerusalem hails a year free of racist chanting in the stands] – Jewish Chronicle, 1 January 2019</ref> and the team has a ban on Arab players,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insideworldfootball.com/2015/04/21/beitar-jerusalem-ordered-to-end-racist-ban-on-arab-players/|title= Beitar Jerusalem ordered to end racist ban on Arab players |date= 21 April 2015}}</ref> a policy that is in violation of [[FIFA]]'s guidelines, though the team has never faced suspension from the football organization. In March 2012, supporters of the team were filmed raiding a Jerusalem mall and beating up Arab employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/soccer-hooligans-in-israel-bring-racist-chants-to-shopping-mall/?_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=Soccer Hooligans in Israel Bring Racist Chants to Shopping Mall|date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

The Israeli political party [[Yisrael Beiteinu]], whose platform includes the redrawing of Israel's borders so that 500,000 [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli Arabs]] would be part of a future [[Palestinian State]], won 15 seats in the [[2009 Israeli legislative election|2009 Israeli elections]], increasing its seats by 4 compared to the [[2006 Israeli legislative election|2006 Israeli elections]]. This policy, also known as the [[Lieberman Plan]], was described as "anti-Arab" by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="israelpoll">{{cite news |title=41% of Israel's Jews favour segregation |first=Chris |last=McGreal |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2006-03-04 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1738508,00.html | location=London}}</ref> In 2004, [[Yehiel Hazan]], a member of the [[Knesset]], described the Arabs as worms: "You find them everywhere like worms, underground as well as above."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=8245 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829094334/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=8245 |title=Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera|archive-date=August 29, 2007|work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=ADL Dismayed At Offensive Remarks Made By Member of Israeli Knesset |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=2004-12-14 |url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4602_62 |access-date=April 4, 2006 |archive-date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028061425/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4602_62 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Vandalized grave.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Vandalized grave. The graffiti says "death to the Arabs" by an unknown.]]

In 2004, then Deputy Defense Minister [[Ze'ev Boim]] asked "What is it about Islam as a whole and the Palestinians in particular? Is it some form of cultural deprivation? Is it some genetic defect? There is something that defies explanation in this continued murderousness."<ref>{{cite news |first=Yair |last=Ettinger |title=Boim: Is Palestinian terror caused by a genetic defect? |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=397851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109035328/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=397851 |archive-date=2004-11-09 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref>

In August 2005, Israeli soldier Eden Natan-Zada traveled to an Israeli Arab town and massacred four civilians. Israeli Arabs said they would draw up a list of grievances after the [[terrorist]] attack of [[Eden Natan-Zada]]. "This was a planned terror attack and we find it extremely difficult to treat it as an individual action," Abed Inbitawi, an Israeli-Arab spokesman, told ''The Jerusalem Post''. "It marks a certain trend that reflects a growing tendency of fascism and racism in Israeli society generally as well as the establishment towards the minority Arab community," he said.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Rudge |title=Israeli Arabs: Israel is racist |url=http://www.newsdesk.org/archives/000267.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026125458/http://www.newsdesk.org/archives/000267.php |archive-date=2005-10-26 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2005-08-11}}</ref>

According to a 2006 poll conducted by Geocartographia for the Centre for the Struggle Against Racism, 41% of Israelis support Arab-Israeli [[Religious segregation|segregation]] at entertainment venues, 40% believed "the state needs to support the emigration of Arab citizens", and 63% believed Arabs to be a "security and [[demographic threat]]" to Israel. The poll found that more than two thirds would not want to live in the same building as an Arab, 36% believed Arab culture to be inferior, and 18% felt hatred when they heard Arabic spoken.<ref name="israelpoll"/>

In 2007, the [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]] reported that anti-Arab views had doubled, and anti-Arab racist incidents had increased by 26%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli anti-Arab racism 'rises' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7136068.stm |date=2007-12-10 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> The report quoted polls that suggested 50% of Jewish Israelis do not believe Arab citizens of Israel should have equal rights, 50% said they wanted the government to encourage Arab emigration from Israel, and 75% of Jewish youths said Arabs were less intelligent and less clean than Jews. The Mossawa Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens in Israel reported a tenfold increase in racist incidents against Arabs in 2008. Jerusalem reported the highest number of incidents. The report blamed Israeli leaders for the violence, saying "These attacks are not the hand of fate, but a direct result of incitement against the Arab citizens of this country by religious, public, and elected officials."<ref>{{cite news |title=Racist attacks against Arabs increase tenfold - report |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689855,00.html |date=2009-03-21 |publisher=Y-Net News |access-date=March 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324093531/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689855,00.html |archive-date=March 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2009, following the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]], the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) drew criticism when several young soldiers had [[T-shirt]]s printed up privately with slogans and caricatures portraying dead babies, weeping mothers, and crumbled mosques.<ref name="indy-tshirts">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-military-condemns-soldiers-shocking-tshirts-1651333.html|title= Israel Military condemns soldiers' shocking T-shirts|last=Macintyre |first=Donald |date=2009-03-22|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=2009-03-24 | location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090323234237/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-military-condemns-soldiers-shocking-tshirts-1651333.html| archive-date= 23 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="haaretz-tshirts">{{cite news|title=Dead Palestinian babies and bombed mosques - IDF fashion 2009 |url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1072466.html |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090322142136/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1072466.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2009 |date=2009-03-20 |work=[[Haaretz]] }}</ref><ref name=shermeister>{{Cite news| last = Blau| first = Uri| title = IDF education officer slams troops' 'belittling' T-shirts| work = Haaretz| access-date = 2009-04-01| date = 2009-04-01| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1075348.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090401213612/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1075348.html| archive-date= 1 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In June 2009, [[Haaretz]] reported that Israel's Public Security Minister, [[Yitzhak Aharonovich]], called an undercover police officer a "dirty Arab" whilst touring [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1093401.html |title=Public security minister calls cop 'dirty Arab'| work = [[Haaretz]] |date=2009-06-16 |first1=Yuval |last1=Goren |first2=Yoav |last2=Stern |first3=Mazal |last3=Mualem}}</ref>

Since the 2000s, groups such as [[Lehava]] have been formed in Israel to prevent that Israeli Arab men form relationships with Jewish women. Some of the material promoted to discourage Jewish women to be with Arab men, are sanctioned by local governments and police departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/sep/29/israel-jewish-arab-couples|title=Israel's vile anti-miscegenation squads|author=Seth Freedman|date=29 September 2009|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Lehava has received permission from Israeli courts to picket the weddings uniting a Palestinian and a Jewish partner.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Israeli court allows protesters to picket Palestinian-Jewish wedding|date=17 August 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/17/israeli-court-protesters-picket-palestinian-jewish-wedding}}</ref>

In 2010, dozens of Israel's top [[rabbis]] went on to sign a document forbidding that Jews rent apartments to Arabs, saying that "racism originated in the [[Torah]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Rabbis Move to Forbid Renting Homes to Arabs, Say 'Racism Originated in the Torah'|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/top-rabbis-move-to-forbid-renting-homes-to-arabs-say-racism-originated-in-the-torah-1.329327|date=7 December 2010|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

In January 2012, the Israeli High Court upheld a decision, deemed racist, preventing the Palestinian espouses of Israeli Arabs from obtaining Israeli citizenship or resident status.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9010302/Israel-citizenship-ruling-slammed-as-racist.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9010302/Israel-citizenship-ruling-slammed-as-racist.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=12 January 2012|title=Israel citizenship ruling slammed as 'racist'}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A poll in 2012 revealed that racist attitudes are embraced by a large majority of Israelis. 59% of Jews said they wanted Jews to be given preference in admission to public employment, 50% wanted the state to generally treat Jews better than Arabs, and over 40% wanted separate housing for Jews and Arabs. According to the poll, 58% supported the use of the term [[apartheid]] to represent Israeli policies against Arabs. The poll also showed that the majority of Israeli Jews would not want voting rights extended to Palestinians if the West Bank were annexed by Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/survey-most-israeli-jews-wouldn-t-give-palestinians-vote-if-west-bank-was-annexed.premium-1.471644|title= Survey: Most Israeli Jews Wouldn't Give Palestinians Vote if West Bank Was Annexed|author=Gideon Levy|date=23 October 2012|newspaper=Haaretz|author-link= Gideon Levy}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Nazareth Illit]] mayor Shimon Gafsou declared that he would never allow that an Arab school, a mosque, or a church be built in his city, despite the fact that Arabs account for 18 percent of its population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/high-above-nazareth-an-israeli-mayor-wants-to-keep-his-city-jewish-now-and-forever/2013/09/19/1a3fd172-2157-11e3-ad1a-1a919f2ed890_story.html|date=20 September 2013|title=High above Nazareth, an Israeli mayor wants to keep his city Jewish 'now and forever'|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

On July 2, 2014, 16-year-old Palestinian [[Mohammed Abu Khdeir]] was kidnapped, beaten and burned alive, after [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers|three Israeli teenagers were kidnapped and killed]] in the West Bank. Khdeir's family members have blamed Israeli Government anti-Arab hate speech for inciting the murder and rejected the PM's condolence message, as well as a visit by then President [[Shimon Peres]].<ref name=uncle>{{cite news|title=Shocked Palestinian family waits to bury son|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/shocked-palestinian-family-waits-bury-son-20147317554777685.html|date=4 July 2014|first=Gregg|last=Carlstrom|publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> Two Israeli minors were found guilty of Khdeirs' murder and sentenced to life and 21 years imprisonment respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hasson|first1=Nir|title=Abu Khdeir Murderer Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Plus 20 Years|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.717695|work=Haaretz|date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

During the [[2015 Israeli legislative election]], [[Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] complained, in a video statement to supporters, that his left-wing opponents were supposedly sending Israeli Arabs to vote in droves, in a statement that was widely condemned as racist,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/opinion/an-israeli-election-turns-ugly.html?_r=0|date=17 March 2015|title=An Israeli Election Turns Ugly|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2016-01-07}}</ref> including by the US government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/world/middleeast/netanyahu-apologizes-for-comments-about-israeli-arabs.html?_r=0|date=23 March 2015|title=Netanyahu Apologizes; White House Is Unmoved|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2016-01-07}}</ref> Netanyahu went on to win the elections against poll predictions,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newsweek.com/netanyahu-cant-walk-back-his-election-rhetoric-316157|date=23 March 2015|title=Netanyahu Can't Walk Back His Election Rhetoric|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|author=JACOB ERIKSSON}}</ref> and several commentators and pollster imputed his victory to his last-minute attack on Israeli Arab voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/03/25/benjamin_netanyahus_racist_remarks_may_have_swung_israeli_election_pollster_suggests/|date=25 March 2015|title=Benjamin Netanyahu's racist remarks may have swung Israeli election, pollster finds|work=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]|author=LUKE BRINKER}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2015/03/24/Netanyahu-s-racism-won-him-the-Israeli-elections.html|date=24 March 2015|title=Netanyahu's racism won him the Israeli elections|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|author=Octavia Nasr|author-link=Octavia Nasr}}</ref> During election campaign, then Foreign Affairs Minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] proposed beheading Israeli Arabs that are "disloyal" to the state.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/1.646076|title=Lieberman: Disloyal Israeli Arabs Should Be Beheaded|publisher=Haaretz|date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

===Niger===
In October 2006, the government of [[Niger]] announced that it would deport the [[Mahamid]] [[Baggara]] Arabs living in the [[Diffa]] region of eastern Niger to [[Chad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Niger starts mass Arab expulsions |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6087048.stm |publisher=BBC |date=2006-10-26 | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref> This population numbered about 150,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Niger's Arabs say expulsions will fuel race hate |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25138454.htm |agency=Reuters |date=2006-10-25 |access-date=July 20, 2007 |archive-date=November 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110112313/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L25138454.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> While the government was rounding Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government had eventually suspended the controversial decision to deport Arabs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6081416.stm |publisher=BBC |date=2006-10-25 | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants World Refugee Survey 2007 - Niger |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=469638881e |publisher=US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=2007-07-11}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===
{{Main|Anti-Arabism in Turkey}}
Turkey has a history of strong anti-Arabism. During the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Arabs were treated as just second-class subjects and suffered from immense discrimination by the Ottoman Turkish rulers, in addition, most of government's main positions were either held by Turks or non-Arab people, except for the [[Hejaz vilayet|Emirate of Hejaz]] under Ottoman rule. Future policy of anti-Arab sentiment, including the process of [[Turkification]], led to the [[Arab Revolt]] against the Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ahvalnews.com/history/debris-history-christians-and-arabs-ottoman-empire|title=The debris of history: Christians and Arabs of the Ottoman Empire|website=Ahval|date=January 29, 2018|last1=Kardaş|first1=Ümit|access-date=October 15, 2020|archive-date=September 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925154210/https://ahvalnews.com/history/debris-history-christians-and-arabs-ottoman-empire|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Because of the [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey|Syrian refugee crisis]], anti-Arabism has intensified.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-palestinians-were-spared-turkey-s-rising-anti-arab-hate-until-now-1.7491287|title=Palestinians Were Spared Turkey's Rising anti-Arab Hate. Until Now|date=2019-07-16|work=Haaretz|access-date=2019-08-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/turkey-syria-anti-arab-sentiment-tremblay.html|title=Anti-Arab sentiment on rise in Turkey|last=Tremblay|first=Pinar|date=2014-08-21|website=Al-Monitor|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> [[Haaretz]] reported that anti-Arab racism in Turkey mainly affects two groups; tourists from the Gulf who are characterized as "rich and condescending" and the [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey|Syrian refugees in Turkey]].<ref name=":0" /> Haaretz also reported that anti-Syrian sentiment in Turkey is metastasizing into a general hostility toward all Arabs including the Palestinians.<ref name=":0" /> Deputy Chairman of the [[Good Party]] warned that Turkey risked becoming "a Middle Eastern country" because of the influx of refugees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/syrian-refugees-who-fled-turkey-face-backlash-n978831|title=Syrian refugees who were welcomed in Turkey now face backlash|website=NBC News|date=March 18, 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

Outside historical enmity, anti-Arabism is also widespread in Turkish media, as Turkish media and education curriculum associating Arabs with backwardness.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arabs in Kemalist Turkish Historiography|author=AKTURK, AHMET SERDAR|year=2010|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=46|issue=5|pages=633–653|jstor = 20775068|doi = 10.1080/00263206.2010.504553|s2cid=145675272}}</ref> This has continued influencing modern Turkish historiography and the crusade of Turkish soft power, with Arabs being frequently stereotyped as evil, uncivilized, terrorists, incompetent, etc. This depiction is frequently used in contrast to the alleged depiction of Turkic people as "noble, generous, fearsome, loyal, brave and spirited warriors".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/abstract-E_HER_160_0319--arabs-and-turks-so-close-yet-so-far.htm|title=Arabs and Turks: So Close Yet So Far|first=Nora|last=Seni|date=May 2, 2016|journal=Hérodote|volume=160161|issue=1|pages=319–336|doi=10.3917/her.160.0319 |via=www.cairn-int.info|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Anti-Arab sentiment is also further fueled by ultranationalist groups, including the [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]] and pan-Turkist nationalist parties,<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDar0BM2t2gC&q=grey+wolves+anti-arabism&pg=PA109 |title = Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe|isbn = 9781136167515|last1 = Mammone|first1 = Andrea|last2 = Godin|first2 = Emmanuel|last3 = Jenkins|first3 = Brian|date = 2013-05-07| publisher=Routledge }}</ref> who called for invasions on the [[Arab World]]'s [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]], to prevent the ongoing Arab persecution of its Turkic populations in many Arab countries of the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-11-25/the-turkish-minority-fighting-for-survival-in-syria/6973310 |title = Turkmens: The Turkish minority fighting for survival in Syria|newspaper = ABC News|date = 2015-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4c2c.html |title = Refworld &#124; Iraq: Iraqi-Turkmen (Turkomen); treatment by Iraqi government, security and police personnel as well as general public}}</ref> Subsequently, Turkey has begun a series of persecuting its Arab population, as well as desire to recreate the new Turkish border.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/08/erdogan-wants-redraw-middle-east-ethnic-map-kurds-arabs-turkey-syria/ |title = Erdogan Wants to Redraw the Middle East's Ethnic Map| date=November 8, 2019 }}</ref>

In recent years, anti-Arabism has been linked with various attempts by Arab leaders to meddle into Turkish affairs, Turkey's alliance with [[Israel]], which led to the discrimination against Arabs in Turkey grow.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4284156|title = Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel|journal = Middle Eastern Studies|volume = 37|issue = 2|pages = 50–92|last1 = Bengio|first1 = Ofra|last2 = Özcan|first2 = Gencer|year = 2001|doi = 10.1080/714004395|s2cid = 143914150}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{see also|Racism in the United Kingdom}}
In 2008, a Qatari 16-year-old was killed in a racially motivated attack in [[Hastings|Hastings, East Sussex]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/26/race?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront | first= Helen| last= Pidd| title=Qatari student, 16, dies after 'race' attack in Hastings &#124; World news |newspaper=The Guardian |date= 2008-08-26|access-date=2009-07-07 | location=London}}</ref>

===United States===
{{see also|Racism in the United States}}
William A. Dorman, writing in the compendium ''The United States and the Middle East: A Search for New Perspectives'' (1992), notes that whereas "[[History of antisemitism in the United States|anti-Semitism]] is no longer socially acceptable, at least among the educated classes[, n]o such social sanctions exist for anti-Arabism."<ref name=Dorman>{{cite book|chapter=Media, Public Discourse, and U.S. Policy toward the Middle East|title=The United States and the Middle East: A Search for New Perspectives|first=William A.|last=Dorman|editor-first=Hooshang|editor-last=Amirahmadi|year=1992|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-1225-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmidd00hoos/page/302 302]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmidd00hoos/page/302}}</ref>  Public opinion polls demonstrate that anti-Arabism in the United States is increasing significantly.<ref>{{cite web |author=James Zogby |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-zogby/arab-americans-and-americ_b_5644041.html |title=Arab Americans and American Muslims Are at Risk |website=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2014-08-02 |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102094331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-zogby/arab-americans-and-americ_b_5644041.html |archive-date=2016-01-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prominent [[Russian Americans|Russian-American]] [[Objectivism|Objectivist]] author, scholar and philosopher [[Ayn Rand]], in her 1974 [[Ford Hall Forum]] lecture, explained her support for [[Israel]] following the [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations, expressing strong anti-Arab sentiment, saying: "The Arabs are one of the least developed cultures. They are typically nomads. Their culture is primitive, and they resent Israel because it's the sole beachhead of modern science and civilization on their continent. When you have civilized men fighting savages, you support the civilized men, no matter who they are."<ref name="web.archive-aynrand.org-israeli_arab_conflict">{{cite web |title=The Ayn Rand Institute: America at War: Israeli-Arab Conflict |url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=media_america_at_war_israeli_arab_conflict |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822182957/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=media_america_at_war_israeli_arab_conflict |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2007 |publisher=www.aynrand.org |access-date=1 June 2019 |date=22 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="Ayn Rand answers">{{cite book |title=Ayn Rand answers: the best of her Q & A |publisher=New American Library |isbn=978-0-451-21665-6 |page=96 |edition=Centennial |year=2005 }}</ref><ref name="Ayn Rand American Right">{{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=Jennifer |title=Goddess of the market: Ayn Rand and the American Right |url=https://archive.org/details/goddessmarketayn00burn_569 |url-access=limited |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-532487-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/goddessmarketayn00burn_569/page/n276 266] }}</ref>

During the 1991 [[Gulf War]], hostility toward Arabs increased in the United States.<ref name="Oswald">{{cite journal |last=Oswald |first=Debra L. |date=September 2005 |title=Understanding Anti-Arab Reactions Post-9/11: The Role of Threats, Social Categories, and Personal Ideologies |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=1775–1799 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02195.x}}</ref> [[Arab American]]s have experienced a backlash as result of terrorist attacks, including events where Arabs were not involved, like the [[Oklahoma City bombing]], and the explosion of [[TWA Flight 800]].<ref name="aaiusa">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanitykingdom.com/library/general/arab-american.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080307094318/http://www.humanitykingdom.com/library/general/arab-american.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |title=Arab American Institute 2001 report submitted to the United States Commission on Civil Rights |publisher=[[Arab American Institute]] }}<!--http://www.aaiusa.org/PDF/JZ%20October%20Testimony.pdf--></ref> According to a report prepared by the [[Arab American Institute]], three days after the Oklahoma City bombing "more than 200 serious hate crimes were committed against Arab Americans and [[Islam in the United States|American Muslim]]s. The same was true in the days following September 11."<ref name="aaiusa"/>

According to a 2001 poll of Arab Americans conducted by the Arab American Institute, 32% of Arab Americans reported having been subjected to some form of ethnic-based discrimination during their lifetimes, while 20% reported having experienced an instance of ethnic-based discrimination since the [[September 11 attacks]]. Of special concern, for example, is the fact that 45% of students and 37% of Arab Americans of the Muslim faith report being targeted by discrimination since September 11.<ref name="aaiusa"/>

According to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and Arab groups, the number of attacks against Arabs and Muslims, as well as others mistaken for them, rose considerably after the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfrterrorism.org/policy/hatecrimes.html |title= Terrorism: Q & A &#124; Hate Crimes|website=cfrterrorism.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207134046/http://cfrterrorism.org/policy/hatecrimes.html |archive-date=February 7, 2006}}</ref> [[Hate crime]]s against people of Middle Eastern origin or descent increased from 354 attacks in 2000, to 1,501 attacks in 2001.<ref name="Oswald"/> Among the victims of the backlash was a Middle Eastern man in [[Houston]], Texas who was shot and wounded after an assailant accused him of "blowing up the country",<ref name="aaiusa"/> and four immigrants shot and killed by a man named [[Larme Price]], who confessed to killing them as revenge for the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dewan |first=Shaila K. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/01/nyregion/vibes-made-man-kill-and-confess-police-say.html |title='Vibes Made Man Kill... and Confess, Police Say |location=New York City |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=2003-04-01 |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134305/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/01/nyregion/vibes-made-man-kill-and-confess-police-say.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Price described his victims as Arabs, only one was from an Arab country. This appears to be a trend; because of stereotypes of Arabs, several non-Arab, non-Muslim groups were subjected to attacks in the wake of 9/11, including several [[Sikh]] men attacked for wearing their religiously mandated [[turban]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks|publisher=CNN|date=September 17, 2001|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/|access-date=April 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415215239/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/|archive-date=April 15, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy}}</ref>

[[Earl Krugel]] and [[Irv Rubin]], two leaders of the [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL), described by the [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] as a [[terrorist organization]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tolerance.org/maps/hate/state.jsp?S=NY&m=3|title=SPLCenter.org: Hate Groups Map|publisher=Tolerance.org|access-date=July 7, 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> planned to bomb Arab-American [[United States Congress|Congressman]] [[Darrell Issa]]'s office and the [[King Fahad Mosque (Culver City)|King Fahd Mosque]] in [[Culver City, California]]. The two were arrested as part of a sting operation when they received a shipment of explosives at Krugel's home in [[Los Angeles]]. Krugel was murdered in November 2005 while in the custody of the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] in Phoenix. His conviction, which was under appeal at that time, was dismissed in U.S. District Court. Rubin committed suicide in 2002 while in Federal Bureau of Prisons custody in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jewish extremist killed in jail |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4411408.stm |publisher=BBC |date=November 6, 2005 |access-date=January 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105102448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4411408.stm |archive-date=2006-01-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the JDL was suspected in the 1985 bombing death of ADC leader [[Alex Odeh]], no arrest has been made in that case.<ref>{{cite news |title=JDL leader Irv Rubin dies at 57| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-11-14-obit-rubin_x.htm| agency=Associated Press |work=[[USA Today]]|date=November 14, 2002}}</ref>

[[Stephen E. Herbits]], the Secretary-General of the New York–based [[World Jewish Congress]] (WJC) made several racist remarks and ethnic slurs in an internal memo against the president of the [[European Jewish Congress]] Pierre Besnainou: "He is French. Don't discount this. He cannot be trusted ... He is Tunisian. Do not discount this either. He works like an Arab."<ref>Ratner, Lizzy & Schneider-Mayerson, Anna (May 7, 2007). [http://www.observer.com/2007/memo-old-rumsfeld-aide-may-sink-bronfman-heir "Memo from Old Rumsfeld Aide May Sink Bronfman Heir"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715125926/http://www.observer.com/2007/memo-old-rumsfeld-aide-may-sink-bronfman-heir |date=July 15, 2007 }}. ''[[The New York Observer]]''</ref> The WJC in Israel has condemned the statements as both hateful and racist. "It appears that the struggle in the World Jewish Congress has now turned racist, said [[Knesset]] member [[Shai Hermesh]] ([[Kadima]]), who heads the Israeli board of the WJC. Instead of creating unity among the Jewish people, this organization is just creating division and hatred."<ref>Lefkovits, Etgar (May 4, 2007). [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1178198609617 "Top WJC official makes Arab jibe at EJC chief"]. ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''</ref>

In 2004, American radio host [[Michael Savage]] described Arabs as "non-humans", said that Americans want the U.S. to "drop a nuclear weapon" on an Arab country, and advocated that people in the Middle East be "forcibly converted to [[Christianity]]" to "turn them into human beings". Savage characterized Israel as "a little country surrounded by racist, fascist bigots who don't want anyone but themselves living in that hell hole called the Middle East".<ref>''Savage Nation'', May 11, 2004.</ref> Expressions of anti-Arabism in the United States intensified following the [[2009 Fort Hood shooting]], which was perpetrated by [[Nidal Hasan]], a Palestinian Arab American. In 2010, the proposed development of an Islamic community center containing a mosque near the [[World Trade Center site]] provoked further widespread expressions of virulent anti-Arabism in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ferguson |first=Barbara |url=http://arabnews.com/world/article104056.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100825065259/http://arabnews.com/world/article104056.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 25, 2010 |title=Ground Zero mosque polarizes US |work=[[Arab News]]|date=August 16, 2010|access-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref>

===Western media===
{{Main|Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States}}
Parts of [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] are regarded as using a disproportionate number of Arabs as villains and of depicting Arabs negatively and stereotypically. According to [[Godfrey Cheshire]], a critic on the ''[[New York Press]]'', "the only vicious racial stereotype that's not only still permitted but actively endorsed by Hollywood" is that of Arabs as crazed terrorists.<ref name="Whitaker">{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Whitaker|author-link=Brian Whitaker|title=The 'towel-heads' take on Hollywood|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,355880,00.html|work=The Guardian|date=August 11, 2000|location=London}}</ref>

Like the image projected of Jews in [[Nazi Germany]], the image of Arabs projected by [[Western world|western]] movies is often that of "money-grubbing caricatures that sought world domination, worshipped a different God, killed innocents, and lusted after blond virgins".<ref name="Hollywood1">{{cite journal |last=Shaheen |first=Jack G. |author-link=Jack Shaheen |year=2000 |title=Hollywood's Muslim Arabs |journal=The Muslim World |volume=90 |issue=1–2 |pages=22–42 |issn=0027-4909 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03680.x}}</ref>

The 2000 film ''[[Rules of Engagement (film)|Rules of Engagement]]'' drew criticism from Arab groups and was described as "probably the most racist film ever made against Arabs by Hollywood" by the ADC.<ref name="Whitaker"/> [[Paul Clinton]] of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote "at its worst, it's blatantly racist, using Arabs as cartoon-cutout bad guys".<ref name="Whitaker"/>

[[Jack Shaheen]], in his book ''[[Reel Bad Arabs]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaheen |first=Jack G. |author-link=Jack Shaheen |title=Reel Bad Arabs |year=2001 |publisher=Interlink Publishing Group |isbn=1-56656-388-7|title-link=Reel Bad Arabs }}</ref> surveyed more than 900 film appearances of Arab characters. Of those, only a dozen were positive and 50 were balanced. Shaheen writes that "[Arab] stereotypes are deeply ingrained in American cinema. From 1896 until today, filmmakers have collectively indicted all Arabs as Public Enemy #1 – brutal, heartless, uncivilized religious fanatics and money-mad cultural "others" bent on terrorizing civilized Westerners, especially [Christians] and [Jews]. Much has happened since 1896&nbsp;... Throughout it all, Hollywood's caricature of the [Arab] has prowled the silver screen. He is there to this day – repulsive and unrepresentative as ever."<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Levesque|title=Arabs suffer in the hands of Hollywood|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/tv/63118_tv21.shtml|work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]|date=March 21, 2002}}</ref>

According to ''[[Newsweek]]'' columnist [[Meg Greenfield]], anti-Arab sentiment presently promotes misconceptions about Arabs and hinders genuine peace in the Middle East.<ref name="Hollywood1"/>

In 1993, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee confronted [[Disney]] about anti-Arab racist content in its animated film ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]''. At first Disney denied any problems but eventually relented and changed two lines in the opening song. Members of the ADC were still unhappy with the portrayal of Arabic characters and the referral to the Middle East as "barbaric".<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIyH_DLYhoIC&pg=PA74 |first=Karl F. |last=Cohen |title=Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America |page=74 |publisher=McFarland & Company |date=March 1998 |isbn=978-0-7864-0395-0}}</ref>

In 1980, ''The Link'', a magazine published by [[Americans for Middle East Understanding]], contained an article "The Arab Stereotype on Television" which detailed negative Arab stereotypes that appeared in TV shows including ''[[Woody Woodpecker]]'', ''[[Rocky and Bullwinkle]]'', ''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]'' and an educational children's show on [[PBS]].<ref name="Cohen"/>

==Arab advocacy organisations==

===United States===
The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) was founded in 1980 by [[United States Senator]] [[James Abourezk]]. The ADC claims that it is the largest Arab-American grassroots [[civil rights]] organization in the United States. Warren David is the national president of ADC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adc.org/adc-staff-attorney-is-panelist-at-the-ecumenical-advocacy-days-conference-lift-every-voice-racism-class-and-power/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719183930/http://www.adc.org/about-us/adc-staff/|url-status=dead|title=ADC &#124; ADC Staff Attorney serves on interfaith panel at the Ecumenical Advocacy Days Conference|archive-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> On March 1, 2010, Sara Najjar-Wilson replaced former Democratic [[United States Congressman|US Congresswoman]] [[Mary Rose Oakar]] as president. ADC claims that is at the forefront in addressing anti-Arabism - discrimination and bias against Arab Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adc.org |title=American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee web page |publisher=Adc.org |access-date=July 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073421/http://www.adc.org/ |archive-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Founded in 1985 by [[James Zogby]], a prominent Democrat, the [[Arab American Institute]] (AAI) states that it is a partisan non-profit, membership organization and advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. that focuses on the issues and interests of Arab-Americans nationwide. The AAI also conducts research related to anti-Arabism in the United States. The Anti-Defamation League identifies the [[Arab American Institute]] as an anti-Israel protest organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/Israel/israel_protest_calendar_groups.asp|title=U.S. Anti-Israel Activity |publisher=Adl.org |access-date=March 27, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100914111806/http://www.adl.org/Israel/Israel_protest_calendar_groups.asp|archive-date=September 14, 2010|url-status= live}}</ref> According to an AAI 2007 poll of Arab-Americans:
{{blockquote|text=Experiences of discrimination are not uniform within the Arab American community, with 76% of young Arab Americans (18 to 29 years old) and 58% of Arab American Muslims reporting that they have "personally experienced discrimination in the past because of [their] ethnicity," as opposed to 42% of respondents overall... . Comparisons with previous AAI polls in which this same question was asked indicate a rise in experiences of discrimination amongst young Arab Americans.<ref>{{cite press release|title=AAI/Zogby Poll on Arab American Experiences and Identity Shows Increase in Discrimination Among Young Arab Americans|publisher=Arab American Institute|date=July 16, 2007|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/page/-/Polls/r-2007%20AA%20Identity%20poll%20-%20FINAL.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081024115005/http://www.aaiusa.org/page/-/Polls/r-2007%20AA%20Identity%20poll%20-%20FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 24, 2008|access-date=June 22, 2009}}</ref>}}

The [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] (CAIR) is an Islamic organization in North America that was created in June 1994.<ref name='CAIR-25FACTS'>{{cite web|url=http://www.cair.com/factsaboutcair.asp |title=25 Facts about CAIR: Did you know? |access-date=2007-08-25 |publisher=CAIR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826144932/http://www.cair.com/factsaboutcair.asp |archive-date=August 26, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cair.com/default.asp?Page=About|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060711203550/http://www.cair.com/default.asp?Page=About|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 11, 2006|title=About|publisher=CAIR|access-date=July 7, 2009}}</ref> It has been active against anti-Arabism as well.<ref>Philippa Strum, [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060807191748/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/DUSS_Arab_America.pdf American Arabs and Political Participation], [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]], May 2006.</ref>

The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), which was founded to combat [[antisemitism]] and other forms of bigotry, actively investigated and spoke out against the rise in anti-Arab hate crimes following the September 2001 terrorist attacks.<ref name="jewishsf2">{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Eskenazi |title=State's skyrocketing anti-Arab incidents pain area Jews |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/17057/edition_id/336/format/html/displaystory.html |website=Jewishsf.com |date=October 19, 2001 |access-date=December 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318184639/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/17057/edition_id/336/format/html/displaystory.html |archive-date=March 18, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2003, the ADL urged the Speaker of the United States' House of Representatives to approve a resolution condemning bigotry and violence against Arab-Americans and American Muslims. The [[American Jewish Committee]], and [[American Jewish Congress]] have issued similar responses.<ref>{{cite press release |title=ADL Urges House of Representatives to Consider Resolution Protecting Arabs, South Asians, Muslims and Sikhs |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |date=July 30, 2003 |url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Mise_00/4288_41.htm |access-date=October 19, 2003 |archive-date=October 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023212842/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Mise_00/4288_41.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004, the ADL national director issued the following statement: "we are disturbed that a number of Arab Americans and Islamic institutions have been targets of anger and hatred in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks."<ref>{{cite book |last=Elaasar |first=Aladdin |title=Silent Victims: The Plight of Arab & Muslim Americans in Post 9/11 America |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-4184-1055-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=ADL Says Americans Must Remain United, Reject Group Hatred in Aftermath of Terrorist Attacks |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |date=September 14, 2001 |url=http://www.adl.org/presRele/dirab_41/3919_41.asp |access-date=April 8, 2006 |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000604/http://www.adl.org/presRele/dirab_41/3919_41.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the 1990s, the Anti-Defamation League clashed with the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee in a legal dispute regarding sensitive information the ADL had collected about ADC members' positions on the Arab-Israeli conflict. In 1999, the dispute was finally settled out of court without any finding of wrongdoing.<ref name="jewishsf">{{cite news |first=Julie |last=Wiener |title=ADL settles with Arabs, others to wrap up 6-year lawsuit |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12169/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070714090321/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12169/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |website=Jewishsf.com|date=October 1, 1999}}</ref> In 2001, the ADL attempted to bar Arab members of CAIR from attending a conference on multicultural inclusion. In 2007 the ADL accused the Council on American-Islamic Relations of having a "poor record on terrorism."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cair-florida.org/ViewArticle.asp?Code=AA&ArticleID=20|title=FL rights group rejects ADL demand to bar Muslim from panel|publisher=cair-florida.org|date=November 14, 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009152951/http://www.cair-florida.org/ViewArticle.asp?Code=AA&ArticleID=20|archive-date=October 9, 2007}}</ref> CAIR, in turn, accused the ADL of "attempting to muzzle the First Amendment rights of American Muslims by smearing and demonizing them". When the case was settled, Hussein Ibish, director of communications for the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), stated that the ADL had gathered data "systematically in a program whose clear intent was to undermine civil rights and Arab-American organizations".<ref name="jewishsf"/>

===United Kingdom===
In Britain, the [[Greater London Council]] (GLC) and Labour Committee on Palestine (LCP) have been involved in fighting anti-Arabism through the promotion of Arab and Palestinian rights. The LCP funded a conference on anti-Arab racism in 1989.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Edmunds |first=June |date=May 1998 |title=The British Labour Party in the 1980s: The Battle Over the Palestinian/Israeli Conflict |journal=Politics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=111–118 |doi=10.1111/1467-9256.00068|s2cid=154763592 }}</ref> The National Association of British Arabs also works against discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naba.org.uk/ |title=NABA British Arabs Association |website=Naba.org.uk |access-date=2016-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209050137/http://www.naba.org.uk/ |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===United Nations===
The outcome document of the [[Durban Review Conference]] organized by the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UN Human Rights Council]], April 21, 2009, ''Deplores the global rise and number of incidents of racial or religious intolerance and violence, including Islamophobia, anti-Semitism, Christianophobia and anti-Arabism''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Press/Durban_Review_outcome_document_En.pdf |title=Draft outcome document of the Durban Review Conference |website=Ohchr.org |access-date=July 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611201733/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Press/Durban_Review_outcome_document_En.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[2015 European migrant crisis]]
* [[Anti-African sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Palestinianism]] ([[Public diplomacy of Israel]])
* [[Antisemitism]]
* [[Arab nationalism]]
* [[Huwara pogrom]]
* [[Islamophobia]]
* [[Racism in the Arab world]]
* [[Racism in Australia]] ([[2005 Cronulla riot]], [[Pacific solution]], [[True Blue Crew]])
* [[Racism in Europe]] ([[Racism in Germany |Germany]], [[Racism in Poland |Poland]], [[Racism in the United Kingdom |UK]])
* [[Racism in Iran]]
* [[Racism in the Middle East]]
* [[Racism in Turkey]] ([[Syrians in Turkey]])
* [[Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States]] (documentary: ''[[Reel Bad Arabs]]'')
{{end div col}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205140943/http://www.aaiusa.org/PDF/JZ%20October%20Testimony.pdf An October 2001 report on civil liberties in the U.S. including an appendix of some anti-Arab hate-based incidents]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605073922/http://www.aljazeera.com/cgi-bin/review/article_full_story.asp?service_id=9959 Aljazeera.com: What do Israelis say about the Arabs]
* [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/dirab_41/3919_41.asp ADL statement against Anti-Arab prejudice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000604/http://www.adl.org/presRele/dirab_41/3919_41.asp |date=May 12, 2008 }}

{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Anti-Arabism| ]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Orientalism]]
[[Category:Racism]]