Editing Anti-German sentiment

{{Short description|Opposition to Germany, its inhabitants and culture}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Germanophobia|Mysophobia{{!}}Germophobia}}
{{Distinguish|Anti-Germans (political current)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:World War I-era Australian 'Anti-German League' badge circa 1915.jpg|thumb|A 1915 Australian badge reflecting the anti-German sentiment at the time]]
'''Anti-German sentiment''' (also known as '''anti-Germanism''', '''Germanophobia''' or '''Teutophobia''') is [[fear]] or dislike of [[Germany]], its [[Germans|people]], and its [[Culture of Germany|culture]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Germanophobe|encyclopedia=[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]|edition=4th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2000 |page=738|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/738/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-395-82517-4 |editor=Joseph P. Pickett|url-access=registration|quote=One who dislikes or fears Germany, its people, and its culture}}</ref> Its opposite is [[Germanophile|Germanophilia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordnik.com/words/Germanophile |title=Germanophile - definition and meaning |website=Wordnik.com |date=2007-08-01 |access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/philias.html |title=AlphaDictionary Free Online Dictionaries * Corrected List of Philias – Fears, Loves, Obsessions |website=Alphadictionary.com |date=2007-06-14 |access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>

Anti-German sentiment mainly emerged following the [[unification of Germany]], and it reached its height during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. Prior to this the German speaking states were mostly independent entities in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Originally a response to the growing industrialisation of Germany as a threat to the other great powers, anti-German sentiment became mainstream in the Allied countries during both World Wars, especially the Second World War in which the Germans carried out major atrocities in regions occupied by them. Anti-German sentiment is historically  specifically anti-[[Prussian]], as the Prussian [[Junker (Prussia)|Junker]]s were the main military class in the [[German Empire]] and in [[Nazi Germany]]. Anti-German and [[Anti-Austrian sentiment]] were generally held together, as Austrians worked with and were involved in the German military, especially in Nazi Germany, with most Austrians considering themselves German until the end of the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://papers.iafor.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/eccs2016/ECCS2016_32360.pdf|title=The Good German Consensus and Dissent in the Development of British Wartime Subversive Propaganda|author=Kirk Robert Graham}}</ref>

Following the collapse of Nazi Germany, anti-German sentiment generally decreased as Europe entered into a period of peace. In modern times anti-German sentiment usually comes about from the major power Germany has economically over Europe, and its importance in the [[European Union]].

==History==
=== Australia ===
[[File:Lindsay German monster.jpg|thumb|Anti-German propaganda cartoon from Australia, [[Norman Lindsay]], between 1914 and 1918]]
When Britain declared war on Germany in 1914, naturalized Australian subjects born in enemy countries and Australian-born descendants of migrants born in enemy countries were declared "enemy aliens".<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Australians suffered 'enemy heritage' persecution during war: historian |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/german-australians-suffered-enemy-heritage-persecution-during-war-historian/vhqnmgw9u |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=SBS News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="awm.gov.au">{{Cite web |title="Enemy aliens" {{!}} Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/schools/resources/anzac-diversity/european-anzacs/enemy-aliens |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.awm.gov.au}}</ref> Approximately 4,500 "enemy aliens" of German or Austro-Hungarian descent were interned in Australia during the war.<ref name="awm.gov.au" />

An official proclamation of 10 August 1914 required all German citizens to register their domiciles at the nearest police station and to notify authorities of any change of address. Under the later Aliens Restriction Order of 27 May 1915, enemy aliens who had not been interned had to report to the police once a week and could only change address with official permission. An amendment to the Restriction Order in July 1915 prohibited enemy aliens and naturalized subjects from changing their name or the name of any business they ran. Under the [[War Precautions Act]] of 1914 (which survived the First World War), publication of German language material was prohibited and schools attached to [[Lutheran]] churches were forced to abandon German as the language of teaching or were closed by the authorities. German clubs and associations were also closed.<ref name="jupp">{{cite book |last=Jupp |first=James |title=The Australian People |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-80789-0 |pages=371–372}}</ref>

The original German names of settlements and streets were officially changed. In [[South Australia]], ''Grunthal'' became ''[[Verdun, South Australia|Verdun]]'' and ''Krichauff'' became ''Beatty''. In [[New South Wales]] ''Germantown'' became ''[[Holbrook, New South Wales|Holbrook]]'' after the submarine commander [[Norman Douglas Holbrook]].<ref name="jupp" /> This pressure was strongest in [[South Australia]] where 69 towns changed their names, including Petersburg, South Australia, which became [[Peterborough, South Australia|Peterborough]] (see [[Australian place names changed from German names]]).

Most of the anti-German feeling was created by the press that tried to create the idea that all those of German birth or descent supported Germany uncritically. This is despite many Germans and offspring such as Gen. [[John Monash]] serving Australia capably and honorably. A booklet circulated widely in 1915 claimed that "there were over 3,000 German spies scattered throughout the states". Anti-German propaganda was also inspired by several local and foreign companies who were keen to take the opportunity to eliminate Germany as a competitor in the Australian market. Germans in Australia were increasingly portrayed as evil by the very nature of their origins.<ref name="jupp" />

=== Brazil ===
After Brazil's entry into the World War II on the Allied side in 1942, anti-German riots broke out in nearly every city in Brazil in which Germans were not the majority population. German factories, including the Suerdieck cigar factory in Bahia, shops, and hotels were destroyed by mobs. The largest demonstrations took place in Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul. Brazilian police persecuted and interned "subjects of the Axis powers" in internment camps similar to those used by the US to intern Japanese-Americans. Following the war, German schools were not reopened, the German-language press disappeared completely, and use of the German language became restricted to the home and the older generation of immigrants.[1]

=== Canada ===

==== Late 19th-early 20th centuries ====
There was some anti-German sentiment in Germanic communities, including Berlin, Ontario ([[Kitchener, Ontario]]) in [[Waterloo County, Ontario]], before the [[First World War]] and some cultural sanctions.<ref name="historicplaces.ca">{{cite web |title=HistoricPlaces.ca – HistoricPlaces.ca |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=3297 |website=www.historicplaces.ca}}</ref> There were anti-German riots in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], and [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], in the first years of the war.{{citation needed|date = October 2018}}

It was this anti-German sentiment that precipitated the [[Berlin to Kitchener name change]] in 1916. The city was named after [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], famously pictured on the "[[Lord Kitchener Wants You]]" recruiting posters. Several streets in Toronto that had previously been named for Liszt, Humboldt, Schiller, Bismarck, etc., were changed to names with strong British associations, such as Balmoral.{{citation needed|date = October 2018}}

The Governor General of Canada, the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]], while visiting Berlin, Ontario, in May 1914, had discussed the importance of [[German Canadians|Canadians of German ethnicity]] (regardless of their origin) in a speech: "It is of great interest to me that many of the citizens of Berlin are of German descent. I well know the admirable qualities – the thoroughness, the tenacity, and the loyalty of the great Teutonic Race, to which I am so closely related. I am sure that these inherited qualities will go far in the making of good Canadians and loyal citizens of the British Empire".<ref>"City on Edge: Berlin Becomes Kitchener in 1916" Exhibit at Waterloo Region Museum, on display 2016.</ref>

Some immigrants from Germany who considered themselves Canadians but were not yet citizens, were detained in internment camps during the War.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/Pages/thematic-guides-internment-camps.aspx#b4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709193317/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/Pages/thematic-guides-internment-camps.aspx#b4 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |publisher=Government of Canada |quote=Some German citizens living in Canada were arrested and detained in internment camps. Because Canada also served as a place of detention for German prisoners of war on behalf of the British, they formed a large proportion of the internees.}}</ref> In fact, by 1919 most of the population of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Elmira in [[Waterloo County, Ontario]], were Canadian.<ref>
{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |title=Waterloo Region 1911 |url=http://waterlooregionww1.uwaterloo.ca/tag/1911/ |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=Waterloo Region WWI |publisher=University of Waterloo}}</ref>

The German-speaking [[Amish]] and Mennonites were [[Christian pacifist]]s so they could not enlist and the few who had immigrated from Germany (not born in Canada) could not morally fight against a country that was a significant part of their heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mennonites and conscription – Wartime Canada |url=http://wartimecanada.ca/document/world-war-i/conscription/mennonites-and-conscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085646/http://wartimecanada.ca/document/world-war-i/conscription/mennonites-and-conscription |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=wartimecanada.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=D'Amato |first=Louisa |date=28 June 2014 |title=First World War ripped away Canada's 'age of innocence' |url=https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/4605027-first-world-war-ripped-away-canada-s-age-of-innocence-/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315023707/https://www.kitchenerpost.ca/news-story/4605027-first-world-war-ripped-away-canada-s-age-of-innocence-/ |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |work=Kitchener Post, Waterloo Region Record |location=Kitchener}}</ref>

News reports during the war years indicate that "A Lutheran minister was pulled out of his house ... he was dragged through the streets. German clubs were ransacked through the course of the war. It was just a really nasty time period."<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitchener mayor notes 100th year of name change – CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/kitchener-ontario-berlin-name-change-100-years-tom-reitz-berry-vrbanovic-1.3744212}}</ref> Someone stole the bust of Kaiser [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] from Victoria Park and dumped it into a lake;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lunn |first1=Janet |title=The Story of Canada |last2=Moore |first2=Christopher |publisher=[[Lerner Publishing Group|Lerner Publishing Limited]] |year=1992 |isbn=1-895555-88-4 |location=[[Toronto]] |page=226}}</ref> soldiers vandalized German stores. History professor Mark Humphries summarized the situation:

{{blockquote|Before the war, most people in Ontario probably didn't give the German community a second thought. But it's important to remember that Canada was a society in transition – the country had absorbed massive numbers of immigrants between 1896 and the First World War, proportionately more than at any other time in our history. So there were these latent fears about foreigners ... It becomes very easy to stoke these racist, nativist fires and convince people there really is a threat. War propaganda is top-down driven, but it's effective because it re-enforces tendencies that already exist.<ref>{{cite news|title=One hundred years after disappearing, Berlin (Ontario) shows signs of revival|date=26 August 2016|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/enduring-spirit-the-rejuvenation-of-berlin-ontario/article31576065/
|work=Globe and Mail|access-date=19 March 2019|quote=The declaration of war marked the beginning of vicious, violent antagonism on an international scale, and Berliners became collateral damage through a simple seismic shift of global alliances.}}</ref>}}

A document in the Archives of Canada makes the following comment: "Although ludicrous to modern eyes, the whole issue of a name for Berlin highlights the effects that fear, hatred and nationalism can have upon a society in the face of war."<ref>{{cite web |date=30 June 2016 |title=Did You Know That... – Canada and the First World War – Library and Archives Canada |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/firstworldwar/025005-3300-e.html#d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630163552/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/firstworldwar/025005-3300-e.html#d |archive-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Waterloo oktoberfest.jpg|thumb|upright|The Oktoberfest Timeteller, a traditional display in Waterloo]]

Internment camps across Canada opened in 1915 and 8,579 "enemy aliens" were held there until the end of the war; many were German speaking immigrants from [[Austria-Hungary]], Germany, and Ukraine. Only 3,138 were classed as prisoners of war; the rest were civilians.<ref>
{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |title=Anti-German Sentiment |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life-at-home-during-the-war/enemy-aliens/anti-german-sentiment |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=Canadian War Museum |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last=Tahirali |first=Jesse |date=3 August 2014 |title=First World War internment camps a dark chapter in Canadian history |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/first-world-war-internment-camps-a-dark-chapter-in-canadian-history-1.1945156 |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=CTV News |publisher=Bell Media}}</ref>

Built in 1926, the [[Waterloo Pioneer Memorial Tower]] in rural Kitchener, Ontario, commemorates the settlement by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] (actually ''Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch'' or ''German''){{sfn|Elliot|1988|p=105}} of the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand River]] area in the 1800s in what later became [[Waterloo County, Ontario]].<ref name="historicplaces.ca" />

==== World War II ====
There was also anti-German sentiment in Canada during [[World War II]]. Under the [[War Measures Act]], some 26 POW camps opened and were filled with those who had been born in Germany, Italy, and particularly in Japan, if they were deemed to be "enemy aliens". For Germans, this applied especially to single males who had some association with the [[National Unity Party of Canada]]. No compensation was paid to them after the war.<ref>
{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=23 February 2016 |title=Internment in Canada: WW1 vs WW2 |url=https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/internment-in-canada-ww1-vs-ww2/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=All About Canadian History}}</ref> In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was at [[Camp Petawawa]], housing 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{cite web |last=MacKinnon |first=Dianne |date=16 August 2011 |title=Canadian Internment Camps |url=http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112140/http://www.petawawaheritagevillage.com/history/canadian-internment-camps |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=Renfrew County Museums}}</ref> Although some residents of internment camps were Germans who had already immigrated to Canada, the majority of Germans in such camps were from Europe; most were prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2012 |title=Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/Pages/thematic-guides-internment-camps.aspx#b4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709193317/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/Pages/thematic-guides-internment-camps.aspx#b4 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |publisher=Government of Canada |quote=The first German prisoners arrived in Canada in the days following the declaration of war. They were either Jewish refugees or enemy merchant seamen. Prisoners of war soon followed. They were first received at stations located near major urban centers like Montreal, Toronto, Kingston, Vancouver, Niagara, etc. These stations were temporary receiving camps since the "permanent" camps were not yet ready. Many other prisoners are added over the years. The majority of the prison population in Canadian internment camps were made up of Germans.}}</ref>

711 [[Jews|Jewish]] refugees fleeing the Nazi regime in Europe were interned at Camp B70 in [[Ripples, New Brunswick]] at the request of [[Winston Churchill]], who worried that there could be German spies among their numbers.<ref name="Brunswick">{{Cite web |author=Kevin Bissett |date=2013-08-03 |title=Internment camp for Jews in Second World War a little-known piece of New Brunswick history |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/internment-camp-for-jews-in-second-world-war-a-little-known-piece-of-new-brunswick/article_48544ca3-480b-5c2a-9f1c-fb5eae9fd6ae.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Toronto Star |language=en |agency=The Canadian Press}}</ref> The prisoners were subjected to forced labor, including felling lumber and chopping wood to heat the camp. After a year of internment, the refugees were seen as valuable to the war effort, and given the option to participate in the war or find sponsorship in [[Canada]]. The camp was temporarily closed in 1941, and converted to a prisoner-of-war camp for the remainder of the war.<ref name="Brunswick" />

=== Czechoslovakia ===
{{See also|Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Beneš decrees|Sudetenland|Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia}}

A few days after the end World War II, 2,000 Germans were massacred in [[Postoloprty]] and [[Žatec]] by the Czechoslovak army.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hans-Ulrich Stoldt |title=Czech Town Divided over How to Commemorate 1945 Massacre |url=http://spiegel.de/international/europe/a-646757.html}}</ref> In the summer of 1945, there were a number of incidents and localized massacres of the German population.<ref>[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/65421 Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans] by Brian Kenety, Radio Praha, 2005-04-14.</ref>

The following examples are described in a study done by the European University Institute in Florence:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1 |url=http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022039/http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-01 |access-date=2006-12-02}}</ref>
* In the [[Přerov]] incident, 71 men, 120 women, and 74 children were killed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* 30,000 Germans were forced to leave their homes in [[Brno]] for labour camps near Austria. It is estimated that several hundred died in the march.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
* Estimates of killed in the [[Ústí massacre]] range from 30 to 700 civilians. Some women and children were thrown off the bridge into the Elbe River and shot.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Law No. 115 of 1946 (see [[Beneš decrees]]) provides: "Any act committed between September 30, 1938, and October 28, 1945, the object of which was to aid the struggle for liberty of the Czechs and Slovaks or which represented just reprisals for actions of the occupation forces and their accomplices, is not illegal, even when such acts may otherwise be punishable by law." As a consequence, atrocities committed during the expulsion of Germans were made legal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies/benesdecrees/pdf/opinions_en.pdf|title=Legal opinion on Benes decrees<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref>

=== France ===

==== First World War ====
[[File:Shell Explosion Cathedral at Rheims.jpg|thumb|German shelling of [[Reims Cathedral]] in France early in the First World War]]
In 1914, when Germany invaded neutral Belgium and northern France, [[Imperial German Army]] regularly court martialed Belgian and French civilians under [[German military law]] for offenses including [[espionage]], [[perfidy]], or being [[francs-tireurs]] (illegal civilian combatants) and executed 6,500 of them.<ref>John Horne, and Alan Kramer, ''German atrocities, 1914: a history of denial'' (Yale University Press, 2001) p. 419. [[iarchive:germanatrocities00horn|online]]</ref> [[Rape of Belgium|These acts]] were both exploited and exaggerated by the governments of the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], who produced [[atrocity propaganda]] [[dehumanization|dehumanizing]] Germans as [[gorilla]]-like ''[[List of terms used for Germans|Huns]]'' who were all racially inclined to [[Sadomasochism|sadism]] and violence.

=== Israel ===
In the 21st century, the long debate about whether the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]] should play the works of [[Richard Wagner]] is mostly considered a remnant of the past. In March 2008, German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] became the first foreign head of government invited to deliver a speech in the Israeli parliament, which she gave in German. Several members of parliament left in protest during the speech and claimed the need to create a [[collective memory]] that "will create a kind of electric wave when Jews will hear the sounds of the German language, they'll remember the Holocaust."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2008 |title=German Chancellor's speech to Israel upsets MPs |url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2008/s2194102.htm |access-date=16 September 2008 |work=[[The World Today (Australian radio program)|The World Today]]}}</ref>

In an October 2008 interview, the researcher Hanan Bar (חנן בר) summed up the ambiguous Israeli attitude to Germany: "If the average Israeli happens to see a football match between Germany and Holland{{sic}}, he would automatically root for the Dutch. But the same person, when buying a washing machine, would prefer a German model, considering it to be the best."<ref>Interview in "Shamenet" (שמנת), monthly supplement of ''[[Haaretz]]'', October 2008.</ref>

=== Norway ===
[[Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany#German prisoners of war|German POWs in Norway were forced to clear their own minefields]] and then walk over them, leading to the death and mutilation of hundreds of prisoners.<ref>[http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid=166207 VG 08.04.2006 ''Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere''].</ref><ref>[http://atvs.vg.no/player/?id=2887 Tvang tyskere til å løpe over minefelt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128061447/http://atvs.vg.no/player/?id=2887|date=2007-11-28}} VG video sequence from documentary. VG 08.04.2006</ref>

=== Russia / Soviet Union ===
{{main|History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union}}
In the mid-1850s and 1860s, Russia experienced an outbreak of Germanophobia after Austria refused to support it during the [[Crimean War]]. It was restricted mainly to a small group of writers in [[St. Petersburg]] that united around a [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] newspaper. In 1864, it began with the publication of an article by a writer (using the pseudonym "Shedoferotti") who proposed that [[Poland]] be given autonomy and that the privileges of the [[Baltic German nobility]] in the [[Baltic governorates]] and [[Finland]] be preserved. [[Mikhail Katkov]] published a harsh criticism of the article in the ''[[Moscow News]]'', which in turn caused a flood of angry articles in which Russian writers expressed their irritation with Europeans in which some featured direct attacks on Germans.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marietta Stepaniants |author-link=Marietta Stepanyants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVFBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 |title=Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351905145 |pages=45–47}}</ref>

The following year, the 100th anniversary of the death of [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] was marked throughout the Russian Empire by articles being published that mentioned the difficulties that Lomonosov had encountered from the foreign members of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], most of whom were of German descent. The authors then criticized contemporary German scholars for their neglect of the Russian language and for printing articles in foreign languages while they received funds from the Russian people. It was further suggested by some writers that Russian citizens of German origin who did not speak Russian and follow the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]] should be considered foreigners. It was also proposed that people of German descent be forbidden from holding diplomatic posts, as they might not have "solidarity with respect to Russia".

Despite the press campaign against Germans, Germanophobic feelings did not develop in Russia to any widespread extent and died out because of the Imperial family's German roots and the presence of many German names in the Russian political elite.<ref>{{cite book |last=Forest |first=Benjamin |title=Religion and Identity in Modern Russia |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7546-4272-5 |pages=45–47}}</ref>

==== Post World War II ====
{{Main|Forced labour of Germans in the Soviet Union}}

On 25 July 1937, [[NKVD Order No. 00439]] led to the arrest of 55,005 German citizens and former citizens in the [[Soviet Union]], of whom 41,898 were sentenced to death.<ref>Н.Охотин, А.Рогинский, Москва. Из истории "немецкой операции" НКВД 1937–1938 гг.[http://www.memo.ru/history/nem/Chapter2.htm Chapter 2]</ref><ref>Охотин Н., Рогинский А. Из истории "немецкой операции" НКВД 1937–1938 гг. // Репрессии против советских немцев. Наказанный народ. М., 1999. С. 35–75. {{in lang|ru}}
</ref><ref name="fore">[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2004/0147/analit03.php "Foreigners in GULAG: Soviet Repressions of Foreign Citizens"], by [[Pavel Polian]] {{in lang|ru}}

* English language version (shortened): P.Polian. Soviet Repression of Foreigners: The Great Terror, the GULAG, Deportations, Annali. Anno Trentasttesimo, 2001. Feltrinelli Editore Milano, 2003. pp. 61–104</ref> The Soviets were not successful in expelling all German settlers living in the Western and Southern Ukraine, however, due to the rapid advance of the [[Wehrmacht]] (German army). The secret police, the [[NKVD]], was able to deport only 35% of the ethnic Germans in Ukraine. Thus in 1943, the Nazi German census registered 313,000 ethnic Germans living in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. With the Soviet re-conquest, the Wehrmacht evacuated about 300,000 German Russians and brought them back to the Reich. Because of the provisions of the [[Yalta Agreement]], all former Soviet citizens living in Germany at the war's end had to be repatriated, most by force. More than 200,000 German Russians were deported, against their will, by the Western Allies and sent to the Gulag. Thus, shortly after the end of the war, more than one million ethnic Germans from Russia were in special settlements and labor camps in Siberia and Central Asia. It is estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 died of starvation, lack of shelter, overwork and disease during the 1940s.<ref>Ulrich Merten, Voices from the Gulag: the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union, (American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2015) {{ISBN|978-0-692-60337-6}}, pp. 2, 3, 166</ref>

Later during the war Germans were suggested to be used for forced labour. The Soviet Union began deporting ethnic Germans in their territories and using them for forced labour. Although by the end of 1955, they had been acquitted of criminal accusations, no rights to return to their former home regions were granted, nor were the former self-determination rights returned to them.<ref name="polian">{{cite book |last=Polian |first=Pavel |title=Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2004 |isbn=963-9241-68-7 |pages=201–210}}</ref> Near the end of World War II and during the occupation of Germany, Soviet forces invaded German villages and raped German women ''en masse''. It is believed by historian [[Antony Beevor]] that "a 'high proportion' of at least 15 million women who lived in the Soviet zone or were expelled from Germany's eastern provinces were raped."<ref>[http://www.antonybeevor.com/Berlin/berlinmenu.htm Berlin –The Downfall 1945] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205201551/http://antonybeevor.com/Berlin/berlinmenu.htm|date=2006-02-05}} by Antony Beevor</ref>

=== Great Britain ===
{{main|Germans in the United Kingdom|Germany–United Kingdom relations}}

==== Late 19th -Early 20th centuries ====

===== Fears after German Unification =====
Negative comments about Germany were first made in Britain in the 1870s, following the Prussian victory in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870–71.<ref>Paul M. Kennedy, "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939." ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 25 (1975): 137–156.</ref><ref>Paul M. Kennedy, ''The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914'' 1980).</ref> British war planners believed that they needed to prevent a possible German invasion of Britain.<ref>David G. Morgan-Owen, ''The Fear of Invasion: Strategy, Politics, and British War Planning, 1880–1914'' (Oxford University Press, 2017).</ref>

===== Literature =====
German advances eventually lead to the popularity of [[invasion novel|invasion novels]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Scully|title=British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XC5qaGcZpyAC&pg=PA98|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=100|isbn=9781137283467}}</ref>
[[File:The Battle of Dorking (1871).jpg|thumb|"The Battle of Dorking (1871)" in which England is invaded by Germany]]
According to Alfred Vagts "[[The Battle of Dorking]]":<blockquote> appeared first in ''Blackwood's Magazine'' in the summer of 1871, at a time when the German Crown Prince and his English wife [the daughter of Queen Victoria] were visiting England. Impressed by the late German victories, the author, a Colonel Chesney, who remained anonymous for some time, told the story of how England, in 1875, would be induced by an insurrection of the natives in India, disturbances in Ireland, and a conflict with the United States threatening Canadian security, to employ her navy and standing army far from her own shores; in spite of this dangerous position England, on account of a quarrel with Germany over Denmark, would declare war on Germany. The latter would land an army in England which would conquer the remaining parts of the British army and the Volunteers, who would join it at Dorking, and would force upon England a disastrous peace.<ref>Vagts, 1940 p. 54</ref></blockquote>

In 1894, the newspaper publisher Lord [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe]] commissioned author [[William Le Queux]] to write the serial novel ''[[The Great War in England in 1897]]'', which featured France and Russia combining their forces in an attempt to crush Britain. Happily, German intervention on Britain's side forced France and Russia to retreat. Twelve years later, however, Harmsworth asked him to reverse the enemies, making Germany the villain. The result was the bestselling ''[[The Invasion of 1910]]'', which originally appeared in serial form in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' in 1906. Now, Harmsworth used his newspapers the "Daily Mail" and "The Times" to denounce Berlin, inducing an atmosphere of paranoia, mass hysteria and Germanophobia that would reach their climax in the Naval Scare of 1908–09.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Usandizaga | first1 = Aránzazu | first2 = Andrew | last2 = Monnickendam | title = Dressing Up For War | publisher = Rodopi | year = 2001 | pages = 60–61 | isbn = 978-90-420-1367-4}}</ref><ref>J. Lee Thompson, ''Politicians, the Press and Propaganda. Lord Northcliffe and the Great War, 1914–1919'' (Kent State University Press, 1999).</ref>

=====Discrimination =====

====== Economic ======
[[German cuisine|German food]] such as the sausage was deprecated by Germanophobes.<ref>Keir Waddington, "'We don't want any German sausages here!' food, fear, and the German nation in Victorian and Edwardian Britain." ''Journal of British Studies'' 52.4 (2013): 1017-1042. [http://orca.cf.ac.uk/38815/1/Waddington%202013.pdf online]</ref> In the late 19th century, the label ''[[Made in Germany]]'' was introduced. The label was originally introduced in Britain by the [[Merchandise Marks Act 1887]] ([[50 & 51 Vict.]] c. 28), to mark foreign produce more obviously, as foreign manufacturers had been falsely marking inferior goods with the marks of renowned British manufacturing companies and importing them into the United Kingdom. Most of these were found to be originating from Germany, whose government had introduced a protectionist policy to legally prohibit the import of goods in order to build up domestic industry (Merchandise Marks Act – Oxford University Press).<ref>{{cite news|title=Dreist, dreister, Deutschland|url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/made-in-germany-vom-stigma-zum-qualitaetssiegel-a-947688.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=24 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012|last1=Lutteroth |first1=Johanna }}</ref>

====== Nativism ======
In the 1890s, German immigrants in the UK were the targets of "some hostility". Joseph Bannister believed that German residents of Britain were mostly "gambling-house keepers, hotel-porters, barbers, 'bullies', runaway conscripts, bath-attenders, street musicians, criminals, bakers, [[Socialism|socialists]], [[wikt:chapman|cheap clerks]], etc.". Interviewees for the Royal Commission on Alien Immigration believed that Germans were involved in [[prostitution]] and [[burglary]], and many people also believed that Germans who were working in Britain were threatening the livelihoods of Britons by being willing to work for longer hours.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Herbert A. Strauss]]|title=Germany – Great Britain – France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoQuWDqb4nIC&pg=PA352|year=1993|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=352–54|isbn=9783110855616}}</ref>

===== Rising political tensions =====
Following the signing of the [[Entente Cordiale]] alliance in 1904 between the United Kingdom and France, official relationships cooled, as did popular attitudes towards Germany and German residents in Britain. A fear of German militarism replaced a previous admiration for German culture and literature. At the same time, journalists produced a stream of articles on the threat posed by Germany.<ref>R. B. Mowat, "Great Britain and Germany in the Early Twentieth Century," ''English Historical Review'' (1931) 46#183 pp. 423–441 {{jstor|552674}}</ref> In the [[Daily Telegraph Affair|''Daily Telegraph'' Affair]] of 1908–09, the Kaiser, in a badly misjudged attempt to show Germany's friendship towards England, said that he was among a minority of Germans friendly to Britain, that he had sent a military plan to [[Queen Victoria]] during the [[Boer War]] which the British Army had used successfully, and that Germany's fleet buildup was directed not against Britain but the "[[Yellow Peril|yellow peril]]" of the East.<ref>Thomas G. Otte, "'An altogether unfortunate affair': Great Britain and the Daily Telegraph affair." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 5#2 (1994): 296–333.</ref>

Articles in Harmsworth's ''Daily Mail'' regularly advocated anti-German sentiments throughout the twentieth century, telling their readers to refuse service at restaurants by Austrian or German waiters on the claim that they were spies and told them that if a German-sounding waiter claimed to be Swiss that they should demand to see the waiter's passport.<ref>Philipp Blom. ''The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900–1914''. Basic Books, 2010. Pp. 181.</ref> In 1903, [[Erskine Childers (author)|Erskine Childers]] published [[The Riddle of the Sands|''The Riddle of the Sands: A Record of Secret Service'']] a [[1903 in literature|novel]] in which two Englishmen uncover a plot by Germany to Invade England; it was later made into a 1979 film [[The Riddle of the Sands (film)|The Riddle of the Sands]].

At the same time, [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] which combined Germanophobia with [[antisemitism]] were concocted, they focused on the supposed foreign control of Britain, some of these conspiracy theories blamed Britain's entry into the [[Second Boer War]] on international financiers "chiefly German in origin and chiefly Jewish in race".<ref>Panayi, p. 91</ref> Most of these ideas about German-Jewish conspiracies originated from right-wing figures such as [[Arnold White]], [[Hilaire Belloc]], and [[Leo Maxse]], the latter using his publication the ''[[National Review (London)|National Review]]'' to spread them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===== Yellow Journalism =====
Anti-German hostility began to intensify in early 1896 when [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] sent the [[Kruger telegram]] to [[Paul Kruger|President Paul Kruger]] of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] congratulating him for repelling the British [[Jameson Raid]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Tipton |first=Frank B. |url={{Google books| 8MCXQlcZNL8C|page=249|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of Modern Germany Since 1815 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-24049-0 |location=Berkeley |page=249}}</ref> At that time, attacks on Germans in London were reported by the German press, but contrary to the reports, no attacks occurred. The ''[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|Saturday Review]]'' suggested: "be ready to fight Germany, as ''Germania delenda est''" ("Germany is to be destroyed"), an allusion to [[Cato the Elder]]'s [[Carthago delenda est|coda]] in the [[Second Punic War]]. The Kaiser's reputation was further degraded by his angry tirades and the 1908 [[Daily Telegraph Affair|''Daily Telegraph'' Affair]].<ref>Lothar Reinermann, "Fleet Street and the Kaiser: British Public Opinion and Wilhelm II." ''German History'' 26.4 (2008): 469–485.</ref>

==== World War I ====
{{see also|British entry into World War I}}
In Great Britain, anti-German feeling led to infrequent rioting, assaults on suspected Germans and the looting of businesses owned by people with German-sounding names, occasionally even taking on an [[Antisemitism in the United Kingdom|antisemitic]] tone.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Panayi |first=P. |year=1989 |title=Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War |journal=German History |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=184–203 |doi=10.1093/gh/7.2.184}}</ref>
Increasing anti-German hysteria even threw suspicion upon the [[British royal family]]. [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] was persuaded to change his German name of [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] to [[House of Windsor|Windsor]] and relinquish all German titles and styles on behalf of his relatives who were British subjects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldick |first1=Chris |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishlit00bald |title=The Oxford English Literary History: 1910–1940 |last2=Bate |first2=Jonathan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-818310-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishlit00bald/page/n321 303]–304 |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]] was not only forced to change his name to Mountbatten, he was forced to resign as First Sea Lord, the most senior position in the Royal Navy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geordie Greig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCMrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73 |title=The King Maker: The Man Who Saved George VI |publisher=Open Road Media |year=2014 |isbn=9781497629011 |page=73}}</ref>[[File:British Empire Union WWI poster.jpg|thumb|Propaganda poster, {{Circa|1919}}, from the British Empire Union calling for boycott of German goods and depicting German businesspeople selling their products in Britain as "the other face" of German soldiers who committed atrocities during World War I]]
The [[German Shepherd]] breed of dog was renamed to the euphemistic "[[Alsace-Lorraine|Alsatian]]"; the [[The Kennel Club|English Kennel Club]] only re-authorised the use of 'German Shepherd' as an official name in 1977.{{citation needed|date = October 2018}} The German biscuit was renamed the [[Empire biscuit]].

Several streets in London which had been named after places in Germany or notable Germans had their names changed. For instance, ''Berlin Road'' in [[Catford]] was renamed ''Canadian Avenue'', and ''Bismarck Road'' in [[Islington]] was renamed ''Waterlow Road''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Street name changes 1857–1929 |url=https://www.maps.thehunthouse.com/Streets/1857-1929.htm |access-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=The Hunthouse}}</ref>

Attitudes to Germany were not entirely negative among British troops fighting on the Western Front; the British writer [[Nicholas Shakespeare]] quotes this statement from a letter written by his grandfather during the First World War in which he says he would rather fight the French and describes German bravery:

{{blockquote|Personally, my opinion is that our fellows get on much best [sic] with the Germans, and would very much rather be fighting the French!&nbsp;... It was a fine sight to see the Germans coming on in solid formation, in front of our machine guns&nbsp;... they were generally led by one officer in front who came along to certain death as cool as a cucumber, with his sword held straight up in front of him at the salute.| Nicholas Shakespeare, ''The first casualty of war''.<ref name="Shakespeare">{{cite news|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/bookclub/story/0,,1656271,00.html|title=The first casualty of war|last=Shakespeare|first=Nicholas |newspaper=The Guardian |date=December 3, 2005|access-date=19 January 2011|location=London <!-- second of two date parameters; unable to check which is correct 2015-07-12 |date=2005-12-06 -->}}</ref>}}

[[Robert Graves]] who, like the King, also had German relatives, wrote shortly after the war during his time at [[Oxford University]] as an undergraduate that: 

{{blockquote|The eighteenth century owed its unpopularity largely to its Frenchness. Anti-French feeling among most ex-soldiers amounted almost to an obsession. Edmund, shaking with nerves, used to say at this time: "No more wars for me at any price! Except against the French. If ever there is a war against them, I'll go like a shot." Pro-German feeling had been increasing. With the war over and the German armies beaten, we could give the German soldier credit for being the most efficient fighting man in Europe&nbsp;... Some undergraduates even insisted that we had been fighting on the wrong side: our natural enemies were the French.|Robert Graves, ''[[Goodbye to All That]]''.<ref>{{Citation|first=Robert |last=Graves|author-link=Robert Graves |title=Goodbye to All That |series=Penguin twentieth-century classics |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Penguin |location=UK |year=2000 |isbn=9780141184593 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi66fGN3FdkC&pg=PT360 240]}}</ref>
}}

====World War II====
[[File:INF3-140 War Effort We beat 'em before. we'll beat 'em again.jpg|thumb|180px|WWII poster]]
In 1940, the [[Minister of Information|Ministry of Information]] launched an "Anger Campaign" to instill "personal anger&nbsp;... against the German people and Germany", because the British were "harbouring little sense of real personal animus against the average German". This was done to strengthen British resolve against the Germans. [[Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart|Sir Robert Vansittart]], the [[Foreign Office]]'s chief diplomatic advisor until 1941, gave a series of radio broadcasts in which he said that Germany was a nation raised on "envy, self-pity and cruelty" whose historical development had [[Sonderweg|"prepared the ground for Nazism"]] and that it was [[Nazism]] that had "finally given expression to the blackness of the German soul".<ref>{{cite book |last=Lawson |first=Tom |title=The Church of England and the Holocaust |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84383-219-5 |page=97}}</ref>

The British Institute of Public Opinion (BIPO) tracked the evolution of anti-German/anti-Nazi feeling in Britain, asking the public, via a series of opinion polls conducted from 1939 to 1943, whether "the chief enemy of Britain was the German people or the Nazi government". In 1939, only 6% of respondents held the German people responsible; however, following [[the Blitz]] and the "Anger Campaign" in 1940, this increased to 50%. This subsequently declined to 41% by 1943. It also was reported by Home Intelligence in 1942 that there was some criticism of the official attitude of hatred towards Germany on the grounds that such hatred might hinder the possibility of a reasonable settlement following the war.<ref name="fox">{{cite book |last=Fox |first=Jo |title=Film Propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany: World War II Cinema |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85973-896-2 |pages=139–140}}</ref>

This attitude was expanded upon by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. In 1944, he wrote in a letter to his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]]:
<blockquote>
[I]t is distressing to see the press grovelling in the gutter as low as [[Joseph Goebbels|Goebbels]] in his prime, shrieking that any German commander who holds out in a desperate situation (when, too, the military needs of his side clearly benefit) is a drunkard, and a besotted fanatic.&nbsp;... There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are [[rattlesnake]]s, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the [[Polish people|Poles]] and Jews exterminable vermin, [[Untermensch|subhuman]], as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien'', no. 81.</ref></blockquote>

In the same year [[Mass Observation]] asked its observers to analyse the British people's private opinions of the German people and it found that 54% of the British population was "pro-German", in that it expressed sympathy for the German people and stated that the war was "not their fault". This tolerance of the German people as opposed to the Nazi regime increased as the war progressed. In 1943, Mass Observation established the fact that up to 60% of the British people maintained a distinction between Germans and Nazis, with only 20% or so expressing any "hatred, vindictiveness, or need for retribution". The British film propaganda of the period similarly maintained the division between Nazi supporters and the German people.<ref name="fox" />

{{anchor|GBWW1}}
=== United States ===

==== Pre-independence Era ====
In the [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Colony]] during [[British America]], [[Anglo-Americans]] held much anti-German sentiment. The sentiments against the Palatine settlers, commonly referred to as the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] (or Pennsylvania Germans), were deeply rooted in cultural biases and economic competition. Anglo-Americans in the Pennsylvania Colony viewed the Palatines with suspicion and often derided their language, customs, and religious practices. The Palatines, predominantly German-speaking Protestants from the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] region of present-day Germany, arrived in Pennsylvania seeking religious freedom and economic opportunities in the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2013 |title=Fear of Immigrants Is as Old as America Itself |url=https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/fear-immigrants-america/story?id=19177944 |work=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work ''Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751)'': 
{{blockquote|Why should the '''Palatine boors''' be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their language and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of ''aliens'', who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of us Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion.}}

==== Post-independence Era ====
{{further|Fries's Rebellion}}
Pennsylvania was a major state and a former colony that saw an attraction and influence of German immigrants from the colonial era. A key event where German-Americans faced hardships was during the [[Fries's Rebellion]]. The participants in Fries's Rebellion were primarily German-speaking farmers, many of whom were recent immigrants or descendants of German immigrants. Their cultural and linguistic differences may have contributed to perceptions of them as outsiders or "other" by some in the broader American society. The rebellion was primarily a response to the federal government's enforcement of a new direct tax, commonly known as the Direct Tax of 1798 or the House Tax. President [[John Adams]] granted pardons to Fries and several others who had been convicted of treason. Adams was motivated by the more specific constitutional interpretation of treason. He later remarked that the rebels were "obscure, miserable Germans, as unfamiliar with our language as they were with our laws," and suggested that they were being manipulated by prominent figures in the opposing political party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chernow |first=Ron |title=Alexander Hamilton |publisher=Penguin |year=2004 |location=New York, NY |pages=578}}</ref>

[[File:Screen-Shot-2021-02-16-at-1.webp|thumb|"1850s political cartoon by John H. Goater: Irish and German caricatures 'stealing an election' with chaos at the 'Election Day Polls', fueling fears of immigrant political power."]]

In the 19th century, the mass influx of [[German Americans#19th century|German immigrants]] made them one of the largest European group of [[Americans]] by ancestry. This wave of migration triggered the formation of [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] and reactionary movements which were similar to those movements which exist in the contemporary [[Western world]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2019 |title=When German Immigrants Were America's Undesirables |url=https://www.history.com/news/anti-german-sentiment-wwi}}</ref> These would eventually culminate in 1844 with the establishment of the [[Know-Nothing Party|American Party]], which had an openly [[xenophobic]] stance. One of many incidents described in a 19th-century account included the blocking of a funeral procession in New York by a group who proceeded to hurl insults at the pallbearers. Incidents such as these led to more meetings of Germans who would eventually form fraternal groups such as the [[Sons of Hermann]] in 1840, which was founded as a means to "improve and foster German customs and the spread of benevolence among Germans in the United States".<ref>Albert Clark Stevens, ''The Cyclopædia of Fraternities'', 2nd ed., New York: Treat, 1907, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-K3AAAAIAAJ&dq=Philip+Merkel&pg=PA282 p. 283]</ref>

====World War I====
{{see also|American entry into World War I}}
[[File:Doings of the Duffs (December 8, 1917).jpg|thumb|alt=An old black and white comic strip. Two characters are talking about a clown that was bought for a birthday present. One character smashes the doll because it was made in Germany.|A 1917 [[comic strip]] in which the character smashes a clown doll present because it was made in Germany|244x244px]]
[[File:Mae Marsh, as a Belgian girl, and A. C. Gibbons as a German soldier, in Goldwyn's all-star Liberty Loan picture, "Stake - NARA - 516486.tif|thumb|A scene from Goldwyn's all-star Liberty Loan picture, "Stake Uncle Sam to Play Your Hand" (1918), with [[Mae Marsh]] as a Belgian girl, and A. C. Gibbons as a German soldier]]
[[File:WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg|thumb|1918 bond posters with germanophobic slogans|291x291px]]
<!--[[File:World War I US Army Air Service Recruiting Poster1.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[United States Army Air Service|USAAS]] recruiting poster, depicting a bald eagle confronting the Kaiser's ''[[Reichsadler]]'']]-->
[[File:Bremen Pershing Covington 2021.jpg|thumb|upright|A sign in [[Covington, Kentucky]], notes that a street name was changed from Bremen Street to [[John J. Pershing|Pershing]] Avenue due to "anti-German hysteria" during World War I.]]
[[File:Harry R. Hopps, Destroy this mad brute Enlist - U.S. Army, 03216u edit.jpg|thumb|''Destroy this mad brute''—[[Propaganda in the United States#World War I|U.S. WWI propaganda poster]] ([[Harry Ryle Hopps|Harry R. Hopps]]; 1917). This poster was released in 1917 by [[Harry Ryle Hopps]], portraying Germany as a gorilla invading the United States, having conquered continental Europe.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rziXfHf2L1gC&pg=PA68 |page=68 |title=Picture This: World War I Posters and Visual Culture |author= Pearl James |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |year=2009|isbn=978-0803226951}}</ref>]]

After the revelation of the [[Zimmermann Telegram]] partly sparked the American declaration of war against Imperial Germany in April 1917, German Americans were sometimes accused of being too sympathetic to Germany. Former president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] denounced "[[hyphenated American]]ism", while also insisting that dual loyalties were impossible.

A vocal source of criticism of Theodore Roosevelt and [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s "anti-hyphen" ideology and particularly to their demands for "100% Americanism" came, quite understandably, from America's enormous number of [[White ethnic]] immigrants and their descendants. Criticism from these circles occasionally argued that "100% Americanism" really meant [[Anglophilia]] and a [[Special Relationship]] with the [[British Empire]], as particularly demonstrated by demands for tolerating only the [[English language in the United States]]. In a letter published on 16 July 1916 in the ''[[Minneapolis Journal]]'', Edward Goldbeck, a member of [[Minnesota]]'s traditionally very large [[German-American]] community, sarcastically announced that his people would "abandon the hyphen", as soon as [[English-Americans]] did so. Meanwhile, he argued, "Let the exodus of [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants|Anglo-Americans]] start at once! Let all those people go who think that America is a new England!"<ref>Carl. H. Chrislock (1991), ''The Watchdog of Loyalty: The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety during World War I'', [[Minnesota Historical Society]] Press. pp. 21, 337.</ref>

A much smaller minority of [[German Americans]] came out openly for Germany. Similarly, Harvard psychology professor [[Hugo Münsterberg]] dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany, and threw his efforts behind the German war effort.<ref>[http://www.earlham.edu/%7Edominel/obituary.htm Hugo Münsterberg's obituary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228010415/http://www.earlham.edu/%7Edominel/obituary.htm |date=28 December 2010 }}.</ref>

The Justice Department attempted to prepare a list of all German aliens, counting approximately 480,000 of them.<ref name="Enemy Keeper">{{Cite conference |last=Yockelson |first=Mitchell |author-link=Mitchell Yockelson |date=April 1998 |title=The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I |url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/yockel.htm |conference=Society for Military History Annual Meeting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017120403/http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/yockel.htm |archive-date=2007-10-17 |via=Brigham Young University}}</ref> The Committee of Internment of Alien Enemies recommended sending them to internment camps, though the idea was opposed by the War Department and the Attorney General.<ref name="German in Wisconsin">{{Cite journal |last=Grady |first=Lee |date=2018 |title=America's "Alien Enemies": Registering as German in Wisconsin During World War I |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26541163 |journal=[[The Wisconsin Magazine of History]] |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=4–17 |jstor=26541163 |issn=0043-6534 }}</ref> More than 4,000 German aliens were imprisoned in 1917–1918. The allegations included spying for Germany and endorsing the German war effort.<ref name="Enemy Keeper" />

When the United States entered the war in 1917, some German Americans were looked upon with suspicion and attacked regarding their loyalty. Propaganda posters and newspaper commentary fed the growing fear. In Wisconsin, a Lutheran minister faced suspicion for hosting Germans in his home, while a language professor was [[tarred and feathered]] for having a German name and teaching the language.<ref name="German in Wisconsin" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 1, 1918 |title=Professor of Northland Tarred and Feathered |url=https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/tp/id/47208/ |access-date=February 8, 2024 |work=[[Ashland Daily Press]] |via=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]]}}</ref> The [[American Red Cross|Red Cross]] barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage. One person was killed by a mob; in [[Collinsville, Illinois]], German-born [[Robert Prager]] was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched.<ref name="Hickey">{{Cite journal |last=Hickey |first=Donald R. |date=Summer 1969 |title=The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40191045 |journal=[[Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=126–127 |jstor=40191045 }}</ref> Some aliens were convicted and imprisoned on charges of sedition for refusing to swear allegiance to the United States war effort.<ref>{{cite news |last=Robbins |first=Jim |date=3 May 2006 |title=Silence Broken, Pardons Granted 88 Years After Crimes of Sedition |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C17FC355B0C708CDDAC0894DE404482 |access-date=30 July 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/1/|title=Get the Rope! Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin|access-date=1 August 2008 |work=History Matters|publisher=George Mason University}}</ref>

In [[Chicago]], [[Frederick Stock]] was forced to step down as conductor of the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] until he finalized his naturalization papers. Orchestras replaced music by German composer [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] with French composer [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]]. After [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] ''[[Providence Journal]]'' editor [[John R. Rathom]] falsely accused [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] conductor [[Karl Muck]] of refusing to play ''[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]'' and triggered a [[trial by media]] in October 1917, Muck and 29 of the orchestra's musicians were arrested and [[German-American internment|interned]] in [[Fort Oglethorpe (prisoner-of-war camp)|Fort Oglethorpe]], Georgia, until well after the Armistice.

In [[Nashville, Tennessee]], [[Luke Lea (senator)|Luke Lea]], the publisher of ''[[The Tennessean]]'', together with "political associates", "conspired unsuccessfully to have the German-born [[Edward Bushrod Stahlman|Major Stahlman]] declared an "alien enemy" after [[World War I]] began."<ref name="tennencyclopediabanner">{{cite web|last1=Sumner|first1=David E.|title=Nashville Banner|url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=965|website=The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture|publisher=[[Tennessee Historical Society]] and the [[University of Tennessee Press]]|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Stahlman was the publisher of a competing newspaper, the ''[[Nashville Banner]]''.<ref name="tennencyclopediabanner"/>

The town, Berlin, Michigan, was renamed [[Marne, Michigan]] (in honor of those who fought in the [[First Battle of the Marne|Battle of the Marne]]). The town of Berlin, Shelby County, Ohio, changed its name to its original name of [[Fort Loramie, Ohio]]. The city of [[Germantown, Tennessee|Germantown]] in Shelby County, [[Tennessee]], temporarily changed its name to Neshoba during the war.

In [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], the offices of a pro-German socialist newspaper, the ''[[Philadelphia Tageblatt]]'', were visited by federal agents after war broke out to investigate the citizenship status of its staff<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynskey|first=Bill|date=January 2007|title=Reinventing the First Amendment in Wartime Philadelphia|url=https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/download/58981/58707|journal=Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography|volume=131|pages=57–58}}</ref> and would later be raided by federal agents under the powers of the [[Espionage Act of 1917]], and six members of its organization would eventually be arrested for violations of the Espionage Act among other charges after publishing a number of pieces of pro-German propaganda.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kazal|first=Russell|title=Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004|pages=188}}</ref>

German street names in many cities were changed. German and Berlin streets in Cincinnati became English and Woodward.<ref name="cincy">Kathleen Doane. [http://cincinnati.com/blogs/ourhistory/2012/06/06/anti-german-hysteria-swept-cincinnati-in-1917/ "Anti-German hysteria swept Cincinnati in 1917"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120043547/http://cincinnati.com/blogs/ourhistory/2012/06/06/anti-german-hysteria-swept-cincinnati-in-1917/ |date=20 January 2014 }}. ''The Cincinnati Enquirer'', 6 June 2012. Accessed 15 February 2013.</ref> In Chicago, Lubeck, Frankfort, and Hamburg Streets were renamed Dickens, Charleston, and Shakespeare Streets.<ref name="simpson">Jack Simpson. [http://www.newberry.org/german-street-name-changes-bucktown-part-i "German Street Name Changes in Bucktown, Part I"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722161750/http://www.newberry.org/german-street-name-changes-bucktown-part-i |date=22 July 2020 }}. Newberry Library.</ref><ref>Leslie V. Tischauser, ''The Burden of Ethnicity The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941'' (1990)</ref> In New Orleans, Berlin Street was renamed in honor of [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]], head of the American Expeditionary Force.<ref name=murrin>{{cite book | last = Murrin | first = John M. | title = Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People | publisher = Harcourt Brace College | year = 1998 | page = 784 | isbn = 978-0-15-508098-0 }}</ref> In Indianapolis, [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] Avenue and [[Germania]] Street were renamed Pershing Avenue and Belleview Street, respectively in 1917,<ref name=IUPUI>{{cite web|title=A Timeline of Faith and Community: Near Westside, 1830 to 1995|url=http://www.polis.iupui.edu/RUC/Neighborhoods/NearWestside/NWSTimeline.htm|website=T Polis Center|publisher=[[Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis]]|access-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061705/http://www.polis.iupui.edu/RUC/Neighborhoods/NearWestside/NWSTimeline.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brooklyn's Hamburg Avenue was renamed Wilson Avenue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide|last=Durante|first=Diane|publisher=NYU Press|year=2007|pages=156}}</ref>

Many businesses changed their names. In Chicago, German Hospital became Grant Hospital; likewise the German Dispensary and the German Hospital in New York City were renamed [[Lenox Hill Hospital]] and [[Wyckoff Heights Hospital]] respectively.<ref name="simpson"/> In New York, the giant Germania Life Insurance Company became [[The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America|Guardian]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190523075450/https://www.guardianlife.com/glife11pp/groups/camp_internet/@stellent_camp_website_glife_corpcomm_edits/documents/report/guardian2009annualreportfin.pdf Guardian 2009 Annual Report], p. 2; Anita Rapone, The Guardian Life Insurance Company, 1860–1920: A History of a German-American Enterprise (New York: New York University Press, 1987); Robert E. Wright and George David Smith, Mutually Beneficial: The Guardian and Life Insurance in America (New York: New York University Press, 2004).</ref> At the [[Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House|US Customs House in Lower Manhattan]], the word ''Germany'' on a shield held by one of the building's many figures was chiseled over.

Many schools stopped teaching German-language classes.<ref name="cincy"/> The City College of New York continued to teach German courses, but reduced the number of credits that students could receive for them.<ref>[http://digital-archives.ccny.cuny.edu/archival-collections/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Archival-Finding-Aid.pdf CCNY Archival Finding Aid], p. 81.</ref> Books published in German were removed from libraries or even burned.<ref name="cincy"/><ref>[http://saukcountyhistory.org/wwidisplay.html "World War One 1914 – 1918"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514195343/http://saukcountyhistory.org/wwidisplay.html |date=14 May 2014 }}. Sauk County Historical Society. {{full citation needed|date=July 2015}}</ref> In [[Cincinnati]], the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enquirer.com/century/loc_cincinnatis_century5.html |title=Cincinnati's Century of Change |publisher=Enquirer.com |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> In Iowa, in the 1918 [[Babel Proclamation]], [[governor of Iowa|Governor]] [[William L. Harding]] prohibited the use of all foreign languages in schools and public places.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2018|title=Babel Proclamation, May 1918|url=https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/immigration-regulation-response-and/babel-proclamation|access-date=5 October 2021|website=IDCA|language=en|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026183809/https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/immigration-regulation-response-and/babel-proclamation|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English, but the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled that the ban was illegal in 1923 (''[[Meyer v. Nebraska]]'').<ref>Meyer v. Nebraska, [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=262&page=390 262 U.S. 390] (1923). {{full citation needed|date=July 2015}}</ref>

Some words of German origin were changed, at least temporarily. [[Sauerkraut]] came to be called "liberty cabbage",<ref name="murrin"/> [[German measles]] became "liberty measles", [[hamburger]]s became "liberty sandwiches"<ref name=murrin/> and [[dachshund]]s became "liberty pups".<ref name=ford>{{cite book |last=Ford |first=Nancy Gentile |title=Issues of War and Peace |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-313-31196-3 }}</ref>

In parallel with these changes, many German Americans elected to [[anglicize]] their names (e.g. Schmidt to Smith, Müller to Miller). Many state governments also sought to coercively limit the use of the [[German language in the United States]] in public places and most especially inside churches.<ref>John A. Hawgood, ''The Tragedy of German-America: the Germans in the United States of America During the Nineteenth Century- and After'' (1940)</ref>

Ethnic German Medal of Honor winners were American [[United States Army Air Service|USAAS]] [[Flying ace|ace pilots]] [[Edward Rickenbacker]] and [[Frank Luke]]; German-ethnicity DSC winners who also served with the USAAS in Europe included [[Joseph Frank Wehner]] and [[Karl John Schoen]].

====World War II====
{{See also|Internment of German Americans}}
[[File:Restaurant operator Fred Horak of Somerville, 1939.jpg|thumb|320px|[[Prague]]-born restaurant owner Fred Horak of [[Somerville, MA]] putting up a sign barring<br />German customers from entering his property until<br />"[[Hitler]] the Gangster" returns the lands seized from [[Czechoslovakia]], 18 March 1939]]
Between 1931 and 1940, 114,000 Germans and thousands of Austrians moved to the United States, many of whom{{snd}}including, e.g., Nobel prize winner [[Albert Einstein]], [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], [[Bertold Brecht]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Hanns Eisler]] and [[Thomas Mann]]{{snd}}were either [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish Germans]] or [[anti-fascism|anti-Nazis]] who were fleeing Nazi oppression.<ref>[http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/GermAmChron.htm A German-American Chronology], adapted from: ''The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience'' by LaVern J. Rippley and Eberhard Reichmann.</ref> About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi [[German American Bund]] during the years before the war.<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005684 German American Bund], United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.</ref> The [[Smith Act|Alien Registration Act of 1940]] required 300,000 German-born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://judiciary.senate.gov/member_statement.cfm?id=964&wit_id=85|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829095922/http://judiciary.senate.gov/member_statement.cfm?id=964&wit_id=85|url-status=dead|title=Wayback Machine|archivedate=29 August 2008|website=judiciary.senate.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Committee on the Judiciary |date=30 June 2005 |title=H.R. 3198 [109th&#93;: Wartime Treatment Study Act |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h109-3198 |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Govtrack.us}}</ref> Under the still active [[Alien and Sedition Acts|Alien Enemy Act of 1798]], the United States government [[German American internment|interned nearly 11,000 German citizens]] between 1940 and 1948. An unknown number of "voluntary internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2001 |title=German Internment Camps in World War II |url=http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1153895 |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Everything2.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2004 |title=The lost voices of Crystal City |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3607871.stm |access-date=14 May 2014 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=German American Internees in the United States during WWII by Karen E. Ebel |url=http://www.traces.org/timeline.aftermath.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131015908/http://www.traces.org/timeline.aftermath.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Traces.org}}</ref> With the war ongoing in Europe but the U.S. neutral, a massive defense buildup took place, requiring many new hires. Private companies sometimes refused to hire any non-citizen, or American citizens of German or Italian ancestry. This threatened the morale of loyal Americans. President Franklin Roosevelt considered this "stupid" and "unjust". In June 1941, he issued [[Executive Order 8802]] and set up the [[Fair Employment Practice Committee]], which also protected Black Americans.<ref>{{cite book |author=John W. Jeffries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-NVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |title=Wartime America: The World War II Home Front |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2018 |isbn=9781442276505 |page=97}}</ref>

President Roosevelt sought out Americans of German ancestry for top war jobs, including General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]], and General [[Carl Andrew Spaatz]]. He appointed Republican [[Wendell Willkie]] as a personal representative. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2003 |title=US World War II Treatment of German Americans |url=http://www.traces.org/wartimepolicies.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022010133/http://www.traces.org/wartimepolicies.htm |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Traces.org}}</ref> The war evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country.<ref>Kathleen Conzen, "Germans", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'' (1980), p. 407</ref><ref>Leslie V. Tischauser, ''The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941'' (1990)</ref><ref>Don H. Tolzmann, ed., ''German Americans in the World Wars'' (2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, 1995).</ref>

The October 1939 seizure by the German [[pocket battleship]] ''[[DKM Deutschland|Deutschland]]'' of the US freighter [[SS City of Flint (1919)|SS ''City of Flint'']], as it had 4000 tons of oil for Britain on board, provoked much anti-German sentiment in the US.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pT8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=LIFE |date=4 March 1940 |publisher=Time Inc |page=78 |issn=0024-3019}}</ref>

Following [[German declaration of war against the United States#Background|its entry into the War against Nazi Germany]] on 11 December 1941, the US Government interned a number of German and Italian citizens as enemy aliens. The exact number of German and Italian internees is a subject of debate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sammons |first1=Jeffrey |title=Review: Were German-Americans Interned during World War II? A Question concerning Scholarly Standards and Integrity |url=http://www.gaic.info/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301123425/http://www.gaic.info/history.html |archive-date=1 March 2010 |work=German American Internee Coalition |publisher=Gaic.info}}</ref> In some cases their American-born family members volunteered to accompany them to internment camps in order to keep the family unit together.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWII Violations of German American Civil Liberties by the US Government |url=http://www.foitimes.com/internment/gasummary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206111439/http://www.foitimes.com/internment/gasummary.htm |archive-date=2006-12-06 |access-date=2006-10-30}}</ref> The last to be released remained in custody until 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title=German American Internee Coalition |url=http://www.gaic.info/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301123425/http://www.gaic.info/history.html |archive-date=1 March 2010 |access-date=30 July 2010 |publisher=Gaic.info}}</ref>

In 1944, Secretary of the Treasury [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] put forward the strongest proposal for punishing Germany to the [[Second Quebec Conference]]. It became known as the [[Morgenthau Plan]], and was intended to prevent Germany from having the industrial base to start another world war. However this plan was shelved quickly, the Western Allies did not seek reparations for war damage, and the United States implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] that was intended to and did help [[West Germany]]'s [[Wirtschaftswunder|post war recovery]] to its former position as a pre-eminent industrial nation.

===Post World War II===
{{Expulsion of Germans}}
In state-sponsored genocides, millions of people were murdered by Germans during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution|title=Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|language=en|access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref> That turned families and friends of the victims anti-German.
American General [[George S. Patton]] complained that the US policy of [[denazification]] following Germany's surrender harmed American interests and was motivated simply by hatred of the defeated German people.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Even the speed of [[West Germany|West German]] recovery following the war was seen as ominous by some, who suspected the Germans of planning for [[World War III]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hutter |first=Horst |title=Shaping the Future |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |pages=94–95 |isbn=978-0-7391-1359-2}}</ref> In reality, most Nazi criminals were unpunished, such as [[Heinz Reinefarth]], who was responsible for the [[Wola massacre]]. Many Nazis worked for the Americans as scientists ([[Wernher von Braun]]) or intelligence officers ([[Reinhard Gehlen]]).

==== Nakam ====
{{Main|Nakam}}
Nakam was a group of about fifty Holocaust survivors that in 1945 sought to kill Germans and Nazis in revenge for the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.

==== Flight and expulsion of Germans ====
{{Main|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|Persecution of Germans}}
After WWII ended, about 11 million to 12 million<ref name=Weber2>Jürgen Weber, Germany, 1945–1990: A Parallel History, Central European University Press, 2004, p. 2, {{ISBN|963-9241-70-9}}</ref><ref name=Kacowicz100/><ref name=Schuck156>Peter H. Schuck, Rainer Münz, Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany, Berghahn Books, 1997, p. 156, {{ISBN|1-57181-092-7}}</ref> Germans fled or they were expelled from Germany's former eastern provinces or they migrated from other countries to what remained of Germany, the largest [[population transfer|transfer]] of a single European population in [[Modern Era|modern history]].<ref name=Weber2/><ref name="Kacowicz100">Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study, Lexington Books, 2007, p. 100, {{ISBN|978-0739116074}}: "... largest movement of European people in modern history" [https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&pg=PA100]</ref> Estimates of the total number of dead range from 500,000 to 2,000,000, and the higher figures include "unsolved cases" of persons reported missing and presumed dead. Many German civilians were sent to internment and labor camps, where they died. [[Salomon Morel]] and [[Czesław Gęborski]] were the commanders of several camps for Germans, Poles and Ukrainians. The German-Czech Historians Commission, on the other hand, established a death toll for Czechoslovakia of 15,000–30,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Artikel_46038|title=Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns|website=www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de}}</ref> The events are usually classified as [[population transfer]],{{sfn|Frank|2008}}<ref>
''Europe and German unification'', Renata Fritsch-Bournazel p. 77, Berg Publishers 1992</ref> or [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M734r1ZXW2cC&q=expulsion%20cleansing%20germans&pg=PA657 |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements|first1=Edmund Jan |last1=Osmańczyk|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-93924-9|page=656}}
* {{Cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/firesofhatredeth00naim |url-access= registration |quote= expulsion cleansing germans. |title=Fires of hatred: ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe|first1=Norman M. |last1=Naimark|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00994-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/firesofhatredeth00naim/page/15 15], 112. 121, 136}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&q=expulsion%20cleansing%20germans&pg=PA53 |title=A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945–1960|first1=T. David | last1=Curp|publisher=University of Rochester Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-58046-238-9|page=200}}
* {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JFvq55U3wy8C&q=expulsion%20cleansing%20germans&pg=PA175 |title= Ethnicity and democratisation in the new Europe|first1=Karl|last1=Cordell|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-17312-4|page=175}}
* {{Cite book|title=Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte|first1=Dan|last1=Diner|first2=Raphael|last2=Gross|first3=Yfaat|last3=Weiss|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2006|isbn=978-3-525-36288-4|page=163}}
* {{Cite book|title=Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present, Volume 3|first=Matthew J.|last=Gibney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-796-2|page=196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. Harvard Cold War studies book series|editor1-first=Philipp|editor1-last=Ther|editor2-first=Ana|editor2-last=Siljak|first=Eagle|last=Glassheim|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4|page=197}}
* {{Cite book|title=What is genocide?|first=Martin|last=Shaw|author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist)|publisher=Polity|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7456-3182-0|page=56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of genocide, Volume 2|first1=Samuel|last1=Totten| first2 = Paul R | last2=Bartrop|first3=Steven L|last3=Jacobs|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-34644-6}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frank|2008|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What is genocide?|first=Martin|last=Shaw|author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist)|publisher=Polity|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7456-3182-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnl-HgG4QEC&dq=%22What%20is%20genocide%22&pg=PA54 pp.&nbsp;56,60,61]</ref>{{sfn|Rubinstein|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA260 260]}}

[[Felix Ermacora]] was one of a minority of legal scholars to equate ethnic cleansing with [[genocide]],<ref>[http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ European Court of Human Rights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509214458/http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ |date=9 May 2013 }} –
[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item=1&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=intent%20 |%20%27ethnic%20|%20cleansing%27&sessionid=24809174&skin=hudoc-en Jorgic v. Germany Judgment]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 12 July 2007. § 47</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH0qS_tQS0C&q=ethnic%20cleansing%20germans&pg=PA118|title=Encyclopedia of Public International Law|first=Hans-Heinrich|last=Jescheck|author-link=Hans-Heinrich Jescheck|year=1995|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-14280-0}}</ref> and stated that the expulsion of the [[Sudeten Germans]] was therefore genocide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ermacora-institut.at/wDeutsch/dokumente/pdf/gutachten_ermacora_1991.pdf |title=Gutachten Ermacora 1991 |first=Felix |last=Ermacora |author-link=Felix Ermacora |year=1991 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516024318/http://www.ermacora-institut.at/wDeutsch/dokumente/pdf/gutachten_ermacora_1991.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref>

==== Forced labor of Germans ====
{{Main|Forced labor of Germans after World War II}}
During the Allied occupation of Germany, Germans were used as forced laborers after 1945. Some of the laborers, depending on the country occupying, were prisoners of war or ethnic German civilians.<ref>Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p. 22</ref>

==Contemporary Europe==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"| Results of 2017 [[BBC World Service]] poll<br />Views of Germany's influence by country<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf |title=2017 BBC World Service poll|archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730112140/http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|publisher=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref><br>(sorted by net positive, Pos – Neg)
!Country polled !! <small>Pos.</small> !! <small>Neg.</small> !! <small>Neutral</small> !! <small>Pos – Neg</small>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Greece}} || {{Percentage bar|29|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|50|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|21|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:red;">-21</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}} || {{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|36|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">9</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} || {{Percentage bar|21|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|20|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|59|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">1</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Russia}} || {{Percentage bar|31|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|29|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|40|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">2</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Peru}} || {{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|28|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|27|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">17</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|India}} || {{Percentage bar|40|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|43|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">23</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} || {{Percentage bar|48|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|20|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|32|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">28</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Mexico}} || {{Percentage bar|54|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|25|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|21|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">29</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Spain}} || {{Percentage bar|56|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|26|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|18|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">30</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kenya}} || {{Percentage bar|64|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">45</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || {{Percentage bar|63|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|18|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">45</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|United States}} || {{Percentage bar|70|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">53</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} || {{Percentage bar|71|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|16|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">55</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Canada}} || {{Percentage bar|73|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|15|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|12|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">58</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|France}} || {{Percentage bar|79|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|17|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|4|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">62</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Australia}} || {{Percentage bar|79|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|10|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|11|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">69</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} || {{Percentage bar|84|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|14|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|2|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">70</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|China}} || {{Percentage bar|84|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|3|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">71</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"| Results of 2014 [[BBC World Service]] poll<br />Views of Germany's influence by country<ref name=poll2014>[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf "2014 Country Rating Poll Global Release Final May 30"]. BBC World Service (bbc.co.uk). 3 June 2014. Primarily pages 4, "Views of Different Countries' Influence", and 13, "Germany". Retrieved 2015-05-21. <br>&nbsp;The annual survey was inaugurated in 2005. For Germany's influence, the 2014 results (see table) cover only 22 countries, excluding Argentina. The report, including pages cited here, sometimes shifts focus to 21 or 20 countries that were covered as participants both in 2013 and 2014.</ref> <br>(sorted by net positive, Pos – Neg)
!Country surveyed !! <small>Pos.</small> !! <small>Neg.</small> !! <small>Neutral</small> !! <small>Pos – Neg</small>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Israel}} || {{Percentage bar|25|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|38|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|37|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:red;">-13</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Spain}} || {{Percentage bar|44|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|40|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|16|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">4</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|India}} || {{Percentage bar|32|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|26|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|42|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">6</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} || {{Percentage bar|35|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|27|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|38|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">8</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|China}} || {{Percentage bar|42|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|22|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|36|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">20</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Mexico}} || {{Percentage bar|45|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|24|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|31|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">21</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Peru}} || {{Percentage bar|44|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|22|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|34|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">22</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}} || {{Percentage bar|47|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|24|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|29|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">23</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} || {{Percentage bar|53|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|28|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">25</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Chile}} || {{Percentage bar|47|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|18|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|35|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">29</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} || {{Percentage bar|63|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|23|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|14|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">40</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Japan}} || {{Percentage bar|46|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|3|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|51|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">43</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kenya}} || {{Percentage bar|58|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|15|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|27|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">43</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Russia}} || {{Percentage bar|57|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|12|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|31|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">45</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || {{Percentage bar|66|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|21|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">45</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Germany}} || {{Percentage bar|68|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|19|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">49</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Ghana}} || {{Percentage bar|72|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|15|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">59</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|USA}} || {{Percentage bar|73|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|14|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">60</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Canada}} || {{Percentage bar|77|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|10|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|13|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">67</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|France}} || {{Percentage bar|83|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|11|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|6|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">72</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|UK}} || {{Percentage bar|86|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|9|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|5|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">77</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|South Korea}} || {{Percentage bar|84|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|6|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|10|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">78</span>
|-
| {{flagcountry|Australia}} || {{Percentage bar|86|c=#80FF80|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|7|c=#FF8080|width=50}} || {{Percentage bar|7|c=#D3D3D3|width=50}} || <span style="color:green;">79</span>
|-
|}</div>
After the separation into two countries after World War II, [[West Germany]] generally had good relationships with its western neighboring states (such as France and the Netherlands), and [[East Germany]] to some degree had similar relationships with its eastern neighbors (such as Poland). Many of the relationships continued after the end of the [[Cold War]] with the unified Germany. West Germany was a cofounder of the [[European Union]] and the reunified Germany continues as a leading member. During the process of European unification, Germany and France forged a strong relationship, ending the longstanding [[French–German enmity]], which had peaked during and after World War I.

Much of today's anti-German sentiment is particularly strong in East European countries occupied by Germany during the war and those that were at war with Germany and the other European [[Axis Powers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Haerpfer |first=Christian W. |title=Democracy and Enlargement in Post-Communist Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=94–95 |isbn=978-0-415-27422-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Mark |last = Landler | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/world/europe/30iht-poland.2644508.html?_r=1 | title = Poles riled by Berlin exhibition |newspaper=International Herald Tribune | date = 30 August 2006 | access-date = 30 July 2010}}</ref>

Although views fluctuate somewhat in response to geopolitical issues such as Berlin's refusal to support the [[invasion of Iraq]], Washington regards modern Germany as an ally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?PageID=825|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008020316/http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?PageID=825|url-status=dead|title=America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas: I. America's Image and U.S. Foreign Policy - Pew Global Attitudes Project|archivedate=8 October 2006|website=pewglobal.org}}</ref> Few Americans are strongly anti-German. Occasionally, Germans are stereotyped as being "[[economy of Germany|ruthlessly efficient]]" and having no [[German humour|sense of humour]] in some parts of American media, as well as in the UK and other countries. [[Richard Wagner]]'s music was not performed in [[Israel]] until 1995 (radio) and 2001 (concert) and was for many years unpopular in Poland. That can be explained at least partially by Wagner's [[anti-Semitism]] and the Nazi appropriation of Wagner's music based on Hitler's personal affection for his operas.<ref>Jane F. Fulcher, "A Political Barometer of Twentieth-Century France: Wagner as Jew or Anti-Semite." ''The Musical Quarterly'' 84.1 (2000): 41–57.</ref>

In a poll carried out in 2008 for the [[BBC World Service]] in which people in 34 countries were asked about the positive and negative influence of 13 countries,{{efn|name=influential}} Germany was the most popular, ahead of Japan, France and Britain; only 18 percent across all countries surveyed thought Germany had a mainly negative influence.<ref name="BBCpoll">{{cite web| url = http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr08/BBCEvals_Apr08_rpt.pdf| title = BBC World Service Poll: Global Views of USA Improve| access-date = 19 September 2009| date = April 2008| quote = Germany's global image is the most positive of all countries evaluated in this survey. In 20 of the 22 tracking countries the most common view was that Germany's influence in the world is "mainly positive", while people in two countries viewed its influence as mainly negative. On average across all countries, a majority (56%) had a positive view of Germany's influence in the world, while just 18 per cent had a negative view. The most widespread positive views of Germany could be found among its European neighbours, including very large majorities in Italy (82%), Spain (77%), Portugal (76%), and France (74%). Significant numbers in Great Britain (62%) and Russia (61%) also had favourable views of Germany.| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091009202949/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr08/BBCEvals_Apr08_rpt.pdf| archive-date = 9 October 2009}}</ref> Mainly negative views were most widespread in Turkey (47 percent) and Egypt (43 percent).<ref name="BBCpoll"/>

In 2014, the [[BBC World Service]] published the "Country Rating Poll", which included surveyed opinion from 24 participating countries concerning the influence of 16 countries{{efn|name=influential}} and the European Union; 12 of the influential countries participated.<ref>BBC 2014, pp. 1–4.</ref> Results were released at the end of May. The table shows the "Views of Germany's Influence" overall (line 1) and by country. "Germany has kept its position of the most favourably viewed nation in 2014."<ref>BBC 2014, pp. 1, 13.</ref> That is, Germany is the one whose influence is most commonly (60%) viewed positively; among the 17 Germany stands second to Canada as the ones least commonly (18%) viewed negatively.<ref>BBC 2014, p. 4.</ref> In the first ten polls, annual from 2005, Germany had been the country with world influence most commonly viewed positively at least in 2008<ref name=BBCpoll/> as well as 2013 and 2014.

An updated "Country Rating Poll" was published in 2017 by the BBC. Germany was the second-most positively-viewed country in the 2017 edition, with 59 per cent of respondents in the survey viewing Germany favourably. However, approximately 20 per cent of respondents had negative opinions about the country.

===United Kingdom===
{{see also|England–Germany football rivalry|Germany–United Kingdom relations}}

[[File:Ten German bombers by England fans in Kyiv.webm|thumb|"Ten German Bombers" continues to be sung by [[England national football team|England]] fans (recorded here in 2013, 68 years after the end of WWII).|233x233px]]

Anti-German sentiment is a common theme in [[Association football culture|football culture]] among supporters of the [[England national football team]]. In fan gatherings around football matches between England and Germany, England fans will often sing anti-German [[football chants]] which associate football rivalry between England and Germany with historic military conflicts between the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[German Reich]]; "[[Two World Wars and One World Cup]]" links the military defeats of Germany in 1918 and 1945 with the defeat of [[West Germany national football team|West Germany]] in the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]], while "[[Ten German Bombers]]" makes reference to World War II [[Luftwaffe]] operations during the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref name="Harris">{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=John |title=Sport, Tourism and National Identities |date=23 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93263-4 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuTOCwAAQBAJ&dq=ten+german+bombers&pg=PA19 |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> "Ten German Bombers" is now considered offensive and [[UEFA]] and the [[The Football Association|Football Association]] (FA) have banned England fans from singing the song.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rumsby |first1=Ben |title=England fans threatened with ban by FA if they chant 'Ten German Bombers' at last-16 match |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/euro-2021/2021/06/24/england-fans-heard-singing-10-german-bombers-song-ahead-euro/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/euro-2021/2021/06/24/england-fans-heard-singing-10-german-bombers-song-ahead-euro/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=24 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/em_2021/vor-wembley-stadion-trotz-verbots-england-fans-singen-fieses-schmaehlied-gegen-deutsche_id_13449380.html|title=Trotz Verbot! England-Fans singen Schmählied gegen Deutsche - Video|first=FOCUS|last=Online|website=FOCUS Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ran.de/fussball/europameisterschaft/news/em-2021-diskriminierende-gesaenge-gegen-deutsche-fa-droht-englischen-fans-mit-stadionverbot-125157|title=Europameisterschaft – EM 2021 – Diskriminierende Gesänge gegen Deutsche: FA droht englischen Fans mit Stadionverbot|website=www.ran.de|date=27 June 2021 }}</ref>

In recent times much of the anti-German sentiment in football is exclusively within the England fanbase, both the [[Wales national football team|Wales]] and [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] national teams' fans have rarely exhibited any negative behaviour or chants during their meetings with the German team.

[[Postwar Britain (1945–1979)|Postwar Era]] [[Conflict resolution|reconciliation]] was followed by the beginning of the [[Cold War]], which led to Great Britain and West Germany both joining the [[NATO]] [[military alliance]] against the [[Warsaw Pact]]. The BBC Television sitcom, ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'' episode "''[[The Germans]]''" broadcast in 1975 satirized British obsession with World War II through Basil Fawlty's infamous line, "Don't mention the war!". Basil's panicked and offensive behaviour highlighted outdated British attitudes, with series co-creator [[John Cleese]] aiming to mock those clinging to the past rather than criticize Germans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Colin |title=Traces of War: Interpreting Ethics and Trauma in Twentieth-century French Writing |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-78694-042-1 |pages=5–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIJZDwAAQBAJ&dq=don%27t+mention+the+war+fawlty&pg=PA5 |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Whatever you do, don't mention the war. Oops! |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/whatever-you-do-don-t-mention-the-war-oops-486582.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/whatever-you-do-don-t-mention-the-war-oops-486582.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=The Independent |date=14 January 2005 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Similarly to Basil Fawlty, the [[List of newspapers in the United Kingdom|modern British press]] sometimes{{Specify|date=March 2025}} still expresses anti-German sentiments and frequently resort to references to World War II and [[Stereotype|stereotypical]] associations equating the modern [[Federal Republic of Germany]] with [[Nazi Germany]]. These headlines, however, are frequently coupled with [[Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom|Eurosceptic]] views, express concerns about German domination over the rest of the [[European Union]], most particularly in publications which favour [[Brexit]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=London |first1=German Historical Institute in |title=Britain and Germany in Europe, 1949–1990 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-924841-4 |pages=182–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcfeQ8--ngAC&dq=anti-german+sentiment+british+newspapers&pg=PA19 |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Does the British press have it in for Germany? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-british-press-have-it-in-for-germany/a-18596668 |website=DW.COM |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brexit has made Britain anti-German again {{!}} Opinion |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-how-brexit-has-made-britain-anti-german-again-1.6912971 |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=Haaretz.com |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2008 poll, the British people have a rather positive image of Germany, with 62 percent believing that Germany has a mainly positive influence in the world and only 20 percent believing that Germany's influence is mainly negative, slightly better than Germans' views of Britain (60 percent and 27 percent, respectively).<ref name="BBCpoll"/>

===Poland===
{{Main|Germany–Poland relations}}
{{Conservatism in Poland}}
Many Poles perceive Germans as their long-time oppressors. This notion is based on a long history of conflict with ethnic Poles, first by the German-language and culture Prussians then by the united German state, starting with [[Partitions of Poland|three partitions of Poland]], [[Germanization]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, and culminating in the Nazi Germany's [[invasion of Poland]] in 1939 and the [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|brutal occupation that followed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kożuchowski |first=Adam |date=2019-04-04 |title=The Devil Wears White: Teutonic Knights and the Problem of Evil in Polish Historiography |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/eceu/46/1/article-p135_135.xml |journal=East Central Europe |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=135–155 |doi=10.1163/18763308-04601008 |s2cid=195563541 |issn=1876-3308|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Several issues have also strained recent Polish-German relations, although Poland and post-reunification Germany overall have had mostly [[German–Polish relations|positive relations]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Góralski |editor-first=Witold M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leFEN5cRJ0MC&dq=polish+german+relations&pg=PA7 |title=Polish-German relations and the effects of the Second World War |date=2006 |publisher=PISM |isbn=978-83-919743-8-4 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> The proposed Russo-German pipeline through the [[Baltic Sea]] is seen by Poles as aimed at cutting off Poland's natural gas supplies from [[Russia]] without damaging supply to Germany, and was even compared to the ignominious [[Molotov–Ribbentrop pact]] by [[Radosław Sikorski]], Polish foreign minister.<ref>Simon Taylor,
[http://www.europeanvoice.com/folder/energyquarterlypipelinesandsecurityofsupply/100.aspx?artid=63780 ''Why Russia's Nord Stream is winning the pipeline race'']</ref>

Polish elections have repeatedly featured anti-German campaigns by the [[Law and Justice]] party, which is considered to use anti-German rhetoric as an effective tactic for winning votes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wieliński |first1=Bartosz T. |title=Poland, Germany still friends despite PiS' anti-German campaign |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/freedom-of-thought/news/fri-poland-germany-still-friends-despite-pis-anti-german-campaign/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |work=www.euractiv.com |date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sieradzka |first1=Monika |title=Anti-German sentiment colors Polish president's election campaign |url=https://www.dw.com/en/anti-german-sentiment-colors-polish-presidents-election-campaign/a-54137270 |access-date=24 August 2020 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=11 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaborowski |first1=Marcin |title=What is the Future for German-Polish Relations |url=https://visegradinsight.eu/what-is-the-future-for-german-polish-relations/ |access-date=24 August 2020 |work=Visegrad Insight |date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
{{See also|Germany–Netherlands football rivalry|Germany–Netherlands relations}}
Anti-German sentiment was already prevalent in the [[Netherlands]] centuries before the [[unification of Germany]] and establishment of [[imperial Germany]], completed 1871. The Dutch are thought to have developed a low opinion of Germans during the first half of the 17th century, when the Republic saw a major spike in German immigrants including common laborers (so-called hannekemaaiers), [[religious persecution|persecuted]] [[Lutheran]]s and [[Jew]]s, and all sorts of [[war refugee]]s fleeing the violence of the [[Thirty Years' War]]. A [[cultural conflict|culture clash]] soon followed.<ref name=itsok>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/08/world/for-dutch-it-s-ok-to-despise-germans.html "For Dutch it's OK to despise Germans"], ''New York Times'', 8 February 1995.</ref> It was likely around this time that the earliest variations of the word [[List of terms used for Germans#Netherlands and Belgium|mof]] were first used to refer to German migrants. There are known [[Joke|joke books]] in which these Germans are featured prominently and stereotypically as arrogant and filthy.<ref>Lachen in de Gouden Eeuw, by R. Dekker ({{ISBN|9028417850}})</ref> During the [[Second Boer War]] anti-German sentiment waned, as both countries were known supporters of the [[Boer Republic|Boers]], and allowed their citizens to volunteer to fight alongside them. During [[First World War|WWI]] (in which the Netherlands was neutral), the so-called [[Wire of Death]], a lethal 2000 [[volts]] electric fence built along the southern Dutch border by the [[Belgium in World War I|Germans occupying Belgium]] caused a large number of fatalities among the Dutch people, renewing anti-German sentiment in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethesis.net/smokkel_land_van_waas/smokkel_lvw_hfst_6.htm |title=S. van Waesberghe, smuggling and the wire |publisher=Ethesis.net |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> This sentiment was reborn as hatred when, in 1940, [[Nazi Germany]] launched its [[Battle of the Netherlands|invasion of the Netherlands]] despite earlier promises from Germany to respect [[Netherlands in World War II#Neutrality|Dutch neutrality]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Best|title=Five Days That Shocked the World: Eyewitness Accounts from Europe at the End of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlLqTIomUZ8C&pg=PA162|year=2012|publisher=Macmillan|page=162|isbn=9780312614928}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Willem Frijhoff|author2=Marijke Spies|title=Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1950, prosperity and welfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfvCVndvXoC&pg=PA34|year=2004|publisher=Uitgeverij Van Gorcum|page=34|isbn=9789023239666}}</ref> More than 100,000 [[Dutch Jews]] were [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands#The Holocaust|deported to their deaths]] during the subsequent [[Nazi occupation of the Netherlands|Nazi occupation]], and starvation afflicted much of the country during the [[Hongerwinter|"Hunger Winter"]] of 1944–45. Most elderly Dutch people remember these events including the [[Rotterdam Blitz]] bitterly, and some still refuse to set foot on German soil.<ref name=itsok/>

A sociological study from 1998 showed that still two generations after it had ended, World War II remained influential, and "present-day parents and young people are negatively biased against Germany."<ref>Manuela du Bois-Reymond, "European identity in the young and Dutch students' images of Germany and the Germans." ''Comparative Education'' (1998) 34#1 pp. 27–40, quote p. 33 {{jstor|3099584}}.</ref> Aspeslagh and Dekker reported in 1998 that "more than half of the cohort born after 1950 answered 'sometimes' or
'often' when asked whether they harbored anti-German feelings".<ref>Robert Aspeslagh and Henk Dekker. "An equivocal relationship: Germany and the Netherlands". ''Break out, Break down or break in: Germany and the European Union after Amsterdam'' (1998) pp. 11–20. [http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/lf/2003/aicgs/publications/PDF/breakout.pdf#page=20 online]</ref> Reviewing three large-scale academic studies from the 1990s, they concluded:
:The emotional feelings regarding Germany and Germans revealed by these studies are defined by the Second World War. The annual commemorations of World War II, the way history lessons deal with Germany and the continual, casually negative remarks by adults reproduce the negative emotions about Germany and Germans, particularly among the young.<ref>Aspeslagh and Dekker, p. 18.</ref>

Newer studies also consistently show that Dutch anti-German sentiment has been falling steadily for years,<ref>(''Dutch''){{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/algemeen/1065441/nederlanders-positiever-over-duitsers.html |title=(''Dutch'') Nederlanders positiever over Duitsers |publisher=Nu.nl |date=16 March 2010 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> and that most Dutch people today show a positive view towards both Germany and the German people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duitslandweb.nl/naslagwerk/naslagwerk/Nederlands-Duitse_betrekkingen/Duitslandbeelden.html#Clingendael-onderzoek.xml |title=Nederlands-Duitse_betrekkingen German-Dutch relations. Dutch views on Germans |language=nl |publisher=Duitslandweb.nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://duitslandinstituut.nl/artikel/2979/hoe-duitsland-ons-grote-voorbeeld-werd|title=Hoe Duitsland ons grote voorbeeld werd|website=Duitsland Instituut}}</ref>

===Switzerland===
{{Main|Germany–Switzerland relations}}
Rapid increase of [[German immigration to Switzerland]] since 2000 has given rise to "Germanophobia" in [[German-speaking Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Marc |last=Helbling |year=2011 |title=Why Swiss-Germans dislike Germans. Opposition to culturally similar and highly skilled immigrants |journal=European Societies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=5–27 |doi=10.1080/14616696.2010.533784 |s2cid=142786025 |url=http://img2.tapuz.co.il/CommunaFiles/44893554.pdf |access-date=5 June 2011 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224081319/http://img2.tapuz.co.il/CommunaFiles/44893554.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===European debt crisis, Greece and Italy===
{{see also|Fourth Reich#Usage to indicate German influence in the European Union}}
During the [[European debt crisis]], many countries embarked on, or were arguably pushed into, austerity programs. Germany was blamed for the resulting economical, social and political consequences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/macroscope/2011/11/07/euro-zone-crisis-its-germanys-fault/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108024858/http://blogs.reuters.com/macroscope/2011/11/07/euro-zone-crisis-its-germanys-fault/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2011|title=Euro zone crisis: It's Germany's fault|website=Reuters|date=7 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/who-is-responsible-for-the-eurozone-crisis-the-simple-answer-germany-a6771536.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/who-is-responsible-for-the-eurozone-crisis-the-simple-answer-germany-a6771536.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Why Germany could be behind the eurozone crisis|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=13 December 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-09-12/is-germany-responsible-for-the-euro-crisis|title=Is Germany Responsible for the Euro Crisis?|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=12 September 2013|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

The [[Greek government-debt crisis]] and EU-driven austerity measures imposed on the country revived anti-German sentiments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ferris |first=Amie |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-germany-relations-idUSTRE79P3LN20111026 |title=Nazi jokes, wrath at Germans highlight Greek despair |agency=Reuters.com |date= 26 October 2011|access-date=14 May 2014|newspaper=Reuters }}</ref> The Greek media was making comments critical of the German policy, often mentioning, and drawing parallels with the [[Axis occupation of Greece]], with some commentators emphasizing a genetic heritage from "[[Goths]]" or "[[Huns#20th century use in reference to Germans|Huns]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ppol.gr/cm/index.php?Datain=7608&LID=1|script-title=el:Ο αντιγερμανισμός και οι μύθοι που τον τροφοδοτούν|author=Spyros Vletsas|language=el|access-date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030849/http://www.ppol.gr/cm/index.php?Datain=7608&LID=1|archive-date=16 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Ioannis Grigoriadis|url=http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_2_25/07/2012_490122|title=Αντιαμερικανισμός και αντιγερμανισμός|newspaper=[[Kathimerini]]|access-date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116220505/http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_columns_2_25/07/2012_490122|archive-date=16 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A poll in 2012 by VPRC noted the existence of an anti-German sentiment in Greece, and that the majority of the respondents connected Germany with negative notions such as "Hitler", "Nazism" and "3rd Reich".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tvxs.gr/news/ellada/problima-stis-sxeseis-elladas-germanias-anadeiknyei-dimoskopisi-sok-tis-vprc |title=Πρόβλημα στις σχέσεις Ελλάδας Γερμανίας αναδεικνύει δημοσκόπηση-σοκ της Vprc |language=el |date=23 February 2012 |publisher=VPRC |work=tvxs.gr| access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref>

A main argument has been that, despite its rhetoric, Germany made profits during the Greek debt crisis (due to falling borrowing rates – as Germany, along with other strong Western economies, was seen as a safe haven by investors during the crisis<ref name="Media Coverage">{{cite news |url=https://www.academia.edu/6655991|title= Media Coverage of the 2010 Greek Debt Crisis: Inaccuracies and Evidence of Manipulation |work= Academia.edu|date=January 2014 }}</ref> – investment influx, and exports boost due to the Euro's depreciation, with estimates reaching 100bn Euros,<ref>{{Cite news| title = Time for Flush Germany to Put Europe First| url = https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304803104576427971253989738 |work= The Wall Street Journal | date = 6 July 2011 |access-date= 1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = The EU's Dirty Secret: Germany Is The Biggest Welfare Recipient There Is | url = http://www.businessinsider.com/germany-benefits-from-the-eurozone-2011-4 |work= Business Insider | date = 22 April 2011|access-date= 1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = The Euro Payoff: Germany's Economic Advantages from a Large and Diverse Euro Area| url = http://www.greekcrisis.net/2011/03/euro-payoff-germanys-economic.html| work = GreekCrisis.net| date = 12 March 2011| access-date = 1 January 2014| archive-date = 20 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201020184516/http://www.greekcrisis.net/2011/03/euro-payoff-germanys-economic.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Greece's crisis, Germany's gain| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-mar-15-la-oe-meaney15-2010mar15-story.html |work= Los Angeles Times | date = 15 March 2010 |access-date= 1 January 2014 | first1=Thomas | last1=Meaney | first2=Harris | last2=Mylonas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = German Exporters' Debt to Greece | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/brussels/2011/06/13/german-exporters-debt-to-greece/ |work= The Wall Street Journal | date = 13 June 2011|access-date= 1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Germany Profiteering from Euro Crisis Through Low Interest Rates | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/germany-profiting-from-euro-crisis-through-low-interest-rates-a-917296.html |work= Spiegel | date = 19 August 2013 |access-date= 1 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Taxpayer bailouts">{{Cite news| title = Analysis: What taxpayer bailouts? Euro crisis saves Germany money | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eurozone-bailouts-idUSBRE9410CG20130502 |work= Reuters | date = 2 May 2013| access-date= 1 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Eurozone crisis saves Germany tens of billions | url = http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-07-22/eurozone-crisis-saves-germany-tens-of-billions | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120724045151/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-07-22/eurozone-crisis-saves-germany-tens-of-billions | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 July 2012 |work= Businessweek | date = 22 July 2012| access-date= 1 January 2014}}</ref> as well as other profits through loans).<ref name="Germany profit Handelsblatt">{{cite news |url= https://global.handelsblatt.com/finance/germany-profits-from-greek-debt-crisis-796637 |title= Germany Profits From Greek Debt Crisis |work= Handelsblatt |date= 12 July 2017 |access-date= 20 July 2018 |archive-date= 12 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170712134939/https://global.handelsblatt.com/finance/germany-profits-from-greek-debt-crisis-796637 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
Another key issue, has been the claim for still owed [[World War II reparations#Greece|War reparations, with estimates reaching 279b Euros]].

In August 2012, Italian Prime Minister [[Mario Monti]] warned that escalating arguments over how to resolve the Euro debt crisis are turning countries against each other and threatening to rip Europe apart. Resentment in Italy is growing against Germany, the European Union and chancellor Merkel, he said, adding that "the pressures already bear the traits of a psychological break-up of Europe".<ref name= Aldrick2012>{{cite news |last= Aldrick |first= Philip |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9454255/Debt-crisis-threatens-to-break-up-Europe.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9454255/Debt-crisis-threatens-to-break-up-Europe.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Debt crisis threatens to break up Europe |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date= 5 August 2012 |access-date=14 May 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

A survey took place in the summer of 2017 among ten members of the EU. Most expressed scepticism about German influence on European matters; the Greeks (89%) express most of the skepticism followed by the Italians (69%) and the Spanish (68%). Greeks also come with the most negative opinion (84%) about Angela Merkel, and with the least positive opinion about the German people (24%), among the questioned ten states.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nikolaidou|first=Myrna|url=https://www.frontpages.gr/d/20170617/26/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1|title=Greece, the champion of anti-germanism: Europeans are concerned over Berlin's influence|newspaper=[[Estia]]|date=16 June 2017}}</ref>

==See also==<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
{{Portal|Germany}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anti-Europeanism]]
* [[Anti-Austrian sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Germans (political current)]]
* [[Austrian nationalism]]
* [[German Americans]]
* [[German diaspora]]
* [[German nationalism]]
* [[Germanophilia]]
* [[History of Austria]]
* [[History of Germany]]
* [[Internment of German Americans]]
* [[List of terms used for Germans]]
* [[Ethnocentrism]]
* [[Nativism in United States politics]]
* [[Xenophobia in the United States]]
* [[Stereotypes of Germans]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist |notes=
{{efn|name=influential |For 2008, the fourth annual Country Ratings Poll surveyed opinion concerning the "influence" of the European Union and 13 countries: Brazil, Britain, China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, and the U.S.
<br>&nbsp;
For 2014, the tenth annual poll covered the influence of the E.U. and 16 countries, the same 13 plus Canada, South Africa, and South Korea. All of the influential countries except Iran, North Korea, and South Africa were among the 24 surveyed.
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=Ontario Book of Days |last=Elliot |first=Robbins |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |date=1988 |isbn=1550020331}}
* {{cite book |last1=Frank |first1=Matthew James |title=Expelling the Germans : British opinion and post-1945 population transfer in context |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923364-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Halsall|first=Guy|year=2007|title=Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568|place=Cambridge and New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52143-543-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7ULzYGIj8oC|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423121419/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7ULzYGIj8oC|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|title=Die Germanen|last=Pohl|first=Walter|year=2004a|series=Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte|volume=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZZHAAAAQBAJ|isbn=9783486701623|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423121922/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZZHAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rubinstein |first1=W. D. |title=Genocide: A History |date=2004 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-50601-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Todd|first=Malcolm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC|title=The Early Germans|year=1999|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3756-0|edition=2009|author-link=Malcolm Todd|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423122528/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5QdmV3zNpIC|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Bailey, Charles E. "The British Protestant Theologians in the First World War: Germanophobia Unleashed." ''Harvard Theological Review'' 77.2 (1984): 195–221.
* Caglioti, Daniela L. "Why and How Italy Invented an Enemy Aliens Problem in the First World War." ''War in History '' 21.2 (2014): 142–169. Re making the few enemy aliens born in Germany or Austria-Hungary into a big threat. [https://www.academia.edu/download/40307958/Caglioti_ItalysEnemyAliensWarinHistory17032013.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Dekker, Henk, and Lutsen B. Jansen. "Attitudes and stereotypes of young people in the Netherlands with respect to Germany." in ''The puzzle of Integration: European Yearbook on Youth Policy and Research'' 1 (1995): 49–61. [https://www.amazon.com/Puzzle-Integration-European-Yearbook-Research/dp/3110145650 excerpt]
* DeWitt, Petra. ''Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War I'' (Ohio University Press, 2012)., on USA
* Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", ''[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]]'' 17 (April 1994): 238–259.
* Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939." ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 25 (1975): 137–156. {{jstor|3679090}}
* Kennedy, Paul M. ''The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914'' (1980); 604pp, major scholarly study.
* Lipstadt, Deborah E. "America and the Memory of the Holocaust, 1950–1965." ''Modern Judaism'' (1996) 16#3 pp: 195–214. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/22008/summary online]
* Panayi, Panikos, ed. ''Germans as Minorities during the First World War: A Global Comparative Perspective'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Germans-Minorities-during-First-World/dp/1409455645 excerpt] covers Britain, Belgium, Italy, Russia, Greece, USA, Africa, New Zealand
* Panayi, Panikos. "Anti-German Riots in London during the First World War." ''German History'' 7.2 (1989): 184+.
* Rüger, Jan. "Revisiting the Anglo-German Antagonism." ''Journal of Modern History'' 83.3 (2011): 579–617.
* Scully, Richard. ''British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860–1914'' (2012)
* Stafford, David A.T. "Spies and Gentlemen: The Birth of the British Spy Novel, 1893–1914." ''Victorian Studies'' (1981): 489–509. {{jstor|3827226}}
* Stephen, Alexander. ''Americanization and anti-Americanism : the German encounter with American culture after 1945'' (2007) [https://archive.org/details/americanizationa0000unse online]
* Tischauser, Leslie V. ''The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941''. (1990).
* Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 I" ''Political Science Quarterly'' 54#4 (1939), pp.&nbsp;514–535; "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 II." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 55.1 (1940): 53–76 {{jstor|2143774}}
* Wingfield, Nancy M. "The Politics of Memory: Constructing National Identity in the Czech Lands, 1945 to 1948." ''East European Politics & Societies'' (2000) 14#2 pp: 246–267. Argues that anti-German attitudes were paramount
* Yndigegn, Carsten. "Reviving Unfamiliarity—The Case of Public Resistance to the Establishment of the Danish–German Euroregion." European Planning Studies 21.1 (2013): 58–74. [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09654313.2012.716239 Abstract]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anti-German propaganda}}
* [https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/2 "Nobody Would Eat Kraut": Lola Gamble Clyde on Anti-German Sentiment in Idaho During World War I (Oral history courtesy of Latah County Historical Society)]
* [https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/1 "Get the Rope!" Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin (from History Matters, a project of the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning)]
* [https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/3 "We Had to Be So Careful" A German Farmer's Recollections of Anti-German Sentiment in World War I (Oral history courtesy of Latah County Historical Society)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090111185356/https://thescotsman.scotsman.com/world/Why-do-we-still-laugh.2442846.jp Article from Allan Hall] in ''[[The Scotsman]]'' 11 July 2003: ''"Why do we still laugh at Germany?"''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170928/https://web.mala.bc.ca/davies/h324war/prager.lynching.1918.htm Newspaper articles from 1918, describing the lynching of Robert Prager in Collinsville, Illinois]
* [https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/bank-weathered-anti-german-hysteria-great-depression/article_7b4fa69c-7f97-11e3-8005-001a4bcf887a.html Bank weathered anti-German hysteria, Great Depression – Pantagraph] (Bloomington, Illinois, newspaper)
* [https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/german-language-paper-under-suspicion-during-ww-i/article_8df0159a-962d-52eb-9fdf-2995156051c8.html German-language paper under suspicion during WW I – Pantagraph] (Bloomington, Illinois, newspaper)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-German Sentiment}}
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[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|German]]
[[Category:Anti-European sentiment]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]