Editing Antipodes

{{Short description|Diametrically opposite points on Earth's surface}}
{{Other uses|Antipode (disambiguation){{!}}Antipode}}
{{Redirect|Antipodean}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Excessive examples|date=November 2022}}
{{Original research|date=November 2022}}
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{{Multiple image
| image1 = Antipodes LAEA.png
| image2 = Antipodes LAEA inverted.png
| direction = vertical
| caption1 = This map shows the antipode of each point on [[Earth]]'s surface—the points where the blue and yellow overlap are land antipodes; most land has its antipodes in the ocean. This map uses the [[Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection]]. The yellow areas are the reflections through Earth's center of land masses of the opposite [[Western Hemisphere]].
| caption2 = The same map, from the perspective of the Western Hemisphere. Here the blue areas are the reflections of the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]<!-- as they are also in the previous map-->.<!--The blue areas are the projections of the Eastern Hemisphere in the previous map.-->
}}

In [[geography]], the '''antipode''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|t|ɪ|ˌ|p|oʊ|d|,_|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɪ|p|ə|d|i}}) of any spot on [[Earth]] is the point on Earth's surface [[diameter|diametrically]] opposite to it. A pair of points ''antipodal'' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɪ|p|ə|d|əl}}) to each other are situated such that a [[line (geometry)|straight line]] connecting the two would pass through Earth's center. [[Antipodal point]]s are as far away from each other as possible.{{refn|group=note|In British English, "antipodes" can be either plural or singular.<ref name="Dictionary_antipodes">{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/antipodes? |title=antipodes |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref>}} The [[North Pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s are antipodes of each other.

In the [[Northern Hemisphere]], "the Antipodes" may refer to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], and '''Antipodeans''' to their inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/antipodes?view=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001025614/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/antipodes?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2005 |work=Compact Oxford English Dictionary |year=2008 |title=Antipodes |access-date=February 21, 2010}}</ref> Geographically, the antipodes of the British Isles are in the [[Pacific Ocean]], south of New Zealand. This gave rise to the name of the [[Antipodes Islands]] of New Zealand, which are close to the antipode of [[London]]. The antipodes of [[Australia]] are in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]], while parts of [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[France]] and [[Morocco]] are antipodal to New Zealand.

Approximately 15% of land territory is antipodal to other land, representing approximately 4.4% of Earth's surface.<ref name=Sawe2017>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-an-antipode-in-geography.html |title=What Is An Antipode In Geography? |last=Sawe |first=Benjamin Elisha |date=April 25, 2017 |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=March 16, 2019}}</ref> Another source estimates that about 3% of Earth's surface is antipodal land.<ref name=Spilhaus1991 /> The largest antipodal land masses are the [[Malay Archipelago]], antipodal to the [[Amazon basin]] and adjoining [[Andes|Andean]] ranges; east [[China]] and [[Mongolia]], and small sections of southeast [[Russia]], antipodal to [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]; and [[Greenland]] and the [[Arctic Archipelago|Canadian Arctic Archipelago]], antipodal to [[East Antarctica]]. There is a general paucity of antipodal land because the Southern Hemisphere has comparatively less land than the Northern Hemisphere and, of that, the antipodes of Australia are in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]], while the antipodes of southern [[Africa]] are in the [[Pacific Ocean|North Pacific Ocean]].

==Geography==
Since the antipode of any place on the Earth is the place that is diametrically opposite of it, a line drawn from one to the other will pass through the centre of Earth and form a true [[diameter]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Antipodes|volume=2|pages=133–134}}</ref> For example, the antipodes of New Zealand's lower North Island lie in Spain. Most of the Earth's land surfaces have ocean at their antipodes; this is a natural consequence of most of the Earth's surface being covered in water.

The antipode of any place on Earth is distant from it by 180° of [[longitude]] and as many degrees to the north of the [[Equator]] as the original is to the south (or vice versa); in other words, the [[latitude]]s are numerically equal, but one is north and the other south.<ref name="EB1911"/> The maps shown here are based on this relationship; they show a [[Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection]] of the Earth, in yellow, overlaid on which is another map, in blue, shifted horizontally by 180° of longitude and inverted about the Equator with respect to latitude.

[[Solar noon]] (i.e. the time at which the sun is highest) at one place is [[solar midnight]] at the other, the [[winter solstice]] at one place is the [[summer solstice]] at the other, and the [[Spring equinox (disambiguation)|spring equinox]] at one place is the [[Autumnal equinox (disambiguation)|fall equinox]] at the other. Sunrise and sunset do not quite oppose each other at antipodes due to refraction of sunlight.

===Mathematical description===

If the [[geographic coordinate]]s ([[latitude]] and [[longitude]]) of a point on the Earth's surface are (''φ'', ''θ''), then the coordinates of the antipodal point are (−''φ'', ''θ'' ± 180°). This relation holds true whether the Earth is approximated as a perfect [[sphere]] or as a [[reference ellipsoid]].

In terms of the usual way these geographic coordinates are given, this [[Transformation (function)|transformation]] can be expressed symbolically as

:''x''° N/S ''y''° E/W &nbsp;<big>↦</big>&nbsp; ''x''° S/N (180 − ''y'')° W/E,

that is, for the latitude (the north–south coordinate) the magnitude of the angle remains the same but N is changed to S and vice versa, and for the longitude (the East/West coordinate) the angle is replaced by its [[supplementary angle]] while E is exchanged for W. For example, the antipode of the point in China at {{nowrap|37° N 119° E}} (a few hundred kilometres from [[Beijing]]) is the point in Argentina at {{nowrap|37° S 61° W}} (a few hundred kilometres from [[Buenos Aires]]).

==Etymology==
The word ''antipodes'' comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek:]] ἀντίποδες (antípodes),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2310380 ἀντίποδες], Liddell and Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> plural of ἀντίπους (antipous), "with feet opposite (ours)",<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2Fpous ἀντίπους] Liddell and Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> from ἀντί (antí, “opposite”) + πούς ([[wikt:πούς|poús]], “foot”). The Greek word is attested in [[Plato]]'s dialogue ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'', already referring to a spherical Earth, explaining the relativity of the terms "above" and "below":
{{Blockquote|For if there were any solid body in equipoise at the centre of the universe, there would be nothing to draw it to this extreme rather than to that, for they are all perfectly similar; and if a person were to go round the world in a circle, he would often, when standing at the antipodes of his former position, speak of the same point as above and below; for, as I was saying just now, to speak of the whole which is in the form of a globe as having one part above and another below is not like a sensible man.|Plato<ref>Plato, ''Timaeus'' 63a, translated by Benjamin Jowett, (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1949).[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1572]</ref>}}

The term is taken up by [[Aristotle]] (''De caelo'' 308a.20), [[Strabo]] (''[[Geographica]]'' 1.1.13), [[Plutarch]] (''[[On the Malice of Herodotus]]'' 37) and [[Diogenes Laërtius]] (''[[Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers]]'' book 3), and was adopted into [[Latin]] as ''antipodes''. The Latin word changed its sense from the original "under the feet, opposite side" to "those with the feet opposite", i.e. a [[bahuvrihi]] referring to hypothetical people living on the opposite side of the Earth. Medieval illustrations imagine them in some way "inverted", with their feet growing out of their heads, pointing upward.

In this sense, ''Antipodes'' first entered [[English language|English]] in 1398 in a translation of the 13th century ''De Proprietatibus Rerum'' by [[Bartholomeus Anglicus]], translated by [[John of Trevisa]]:
{{Blockquote|Yonde in Ethiopia ben the Antipodes, men that haue theyr fete ayenst our fete.
}}(''In Modern English: Yonder in Ethiopia are the Antipodes, men that have their feet against our feet.'')

The modern English singular ''antipode'' arose in the 16th or 17th century as a [[back-formation]] from ''antipodes''; ''antipous'' or the Latinate ''antipus'' would have been closer to the original singular. Most dictionaries suggest a pronunciation of {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|t|ɪ|ˌ|p|oʊ|d}} for this form.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/antipode|title=Definition of Antipode|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/antipode|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411021628/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/antipode|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2020|title=Definition of Antipode|website=Lexico|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antipode|title=Definition of Antipode|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>

==Historical significance==
[[Pomponius Mela]], the first Roman geographer, asserted that the earth had two habitable zones, a North and South one, but that it would be impossible to get into contact with each other because of [[Torrid zone|the unbearable heat at the Equator]] (''De orbis situ'' 1.4).{{refn|group=note|Almost the same assertion had been previously made in [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', Book 1, lines 45–51. See the fifth paragraph in More's translation of "The Creation".<ref name = "More1922">{{cite web |url= https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D5| title= Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|last= More|first= B.|date= 1922|publisher= Cornhill Publishing Co.|access-date= 2019-04-07|location= Boston|oclc= 715284718}}</ref>}}
[[File:Crates Terrestrial Sphere.png|thumb|The Terrestrial Sphere of [[Crates of Mallus]] ({{circa|150}} BCE), showing the region of the antipodes in the southern half of the western hemisphere]]
Third-century AD Christian philosopher [[Augustine of Hippo]] was skeptical of the notion. Augustine asserted that "it is too absurd to say that some men might have set sail from this side and, traversing the immense expanse of ocean, have propagated there a race of human beings descended from that one first man."<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XVI.9.html ''De Civitate Dei'', Book XVI, Chapter 9 — ''Whether We are to Believe in the Antipodes''], translated by [[Marcus Dods (theologian)|Rev. Marcus Dods]], D.D.; from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College</ref>

In the [[Early Middle Ages]], [[Isidore of Seville]]'s widely read [[Etymologiae|encyclopedia]] presented the term "antipodes" or, as he said "antipodas" as referring to [[antichthones]] (people who lived on the opposite side of the Earth), as well as to a geographical place:
{{blockquote|Apart from these three parts of the world, there exists a fourth part beyond the interior Ocean; it is in the south and is unknown to us because of the burning heat of the Sun; within its borders the fabled Antipodeans are reputed to dwell.<ref>"Extra tres autem partes orbis quarta pars trans Oceanum interior est in meridie, quae solis ardore incognita nobis est; in cuius finibus antipodas fabulose inhabitare produntur”; Isidorus Hispalensis (Isidore of Seville), ''Etymologiae'', Venice, Peter Loslein, 1483, liber xiv, cap.v, "De Libya", p.71v.[https://books.google.com/books?id=B3DEX08B67wC&dq=Etymologiae+antipodas&pg=PA71-IA1  ]</ref>}}

In using the form ''antipodas'' rather than the more usual Latin ''antipodes'' Isidore simply transcribed the original Greek αντίποδας, the singular case of the name: the plural case is αντίποδες (antipodes), used in converting the name into Latin. These people came to play a role in medieval discussions about the [[Flat earth#Europe: Early Middle Ages|shape of the Earth]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Stevens | first = Wesley M. | title = The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's "De natura rerum" | journal = Isis | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | page = 274 | date = 1980 | jstor = 230175 | doi = 10.1086/352464 | s2cid = 133430429 }}; Robert J. King, “The Antipodes on Martin Waldseemüller’s 1507 World Map”, ''The Globe,'' no.91, 2022, pp. 43–60.</ref>

In 748, in reply to a letter from [[Saint Boniface|Boniface]], [[Pope Zachary]] declared the belief "that beneath the earth there was another world and other men, another sun and moon" to be heretical. In his letter, Boniface had apparently maintained that [[Vergilius of Salzburg]] held such a belief.<ref>{{citation
 | title= Antipodes in The Catholic Encyclopedia 
 | last= Loughlin
 | first= James
 | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01581a.htm
 | date=1907
 }}</ref><ref>¥{{citation
   | title=The Classical Tradition and the Americas
   | editor1-first=Wolfgang
   | editor1-last=Hasse
   | editor2-first=Meyer
   | editor2-last=Reinhold
   | location=Berlin
   | publisher=Walter de Gruyter
   | date=1993
   | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1LEmKPgJ8MC
   | isbn=3-11-011572-7
}}</ref><ref>{{citation
 | title= The Other World and the 'Antipodes'. The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance 
 | last= Moretti
 | first= Gabriella
 | postscript=. In [[#CITEREFHasseReinhold1993|Hasse & Reinhold]] (1993, pp.241–84).
 | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I1LEmKPgJ8MC&pg=265 265]
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1LEmKPgJ8MC&pg=241
 | year=1993
 | publisher= Walter de Gruyter
 | isbn=3-11-011572-7
 }}</ref><ref>''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]]'', Epistolae Selectae, 1, 80, pp. [http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000525.html?pageNo=178&sortIndex=040%3A040%3A0001%3A010%3A00%3A00 178–9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411211444/http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000525.html?pageNo=178&sortIndex=040%3A040%3A0001%3A010%3A00%3A00 |date=2014-04-11 }}; translation in M. L. W. Laistner, ''Thought and Letters in Western Europe'', pp. 184–5.; see also Jaffe, ''Biblioth. rerum germ.'', III, 191</ref>

The antipodes being an attribute of a [[spherical Earth]], some ancient authors used their perceived absurdity as an argument for a [[flat Earth]].<ref>
{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.ii.iii.xxiv.html |author=Lactantius |chapter= ''The Divine Institutes'', Book III, Chapter XXIV |title=THE ANTE-NICENE FATHERS |volume=VII |editor1-first=Rev. Alexander |editor1-last=Roberts, D.D. |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Donaldson, LL.D. |date=311 |publication-date=1979 |publisher= W. B. Eerdmans Publishing |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |pages=94–95 |access-date=July 20, 2013}}
</ref> However, knowledge of the spherical Earth was widespread during the Middle Ages, only occasionally disputed—the medieval dispute surrounding the antipodes mainly concerned the question whether people could live on the opposite side of the earth: since the torrid [[clime]] was considered impassable, it would have been impossible to [[evangelize]] them. This posed the problem that [[Christ]] told the apostles to evangelize all mankind; with regard to the unreachable antipodes, this would have been impossible. Christ would either have appeared a second time, in the antipodes, or left the damned irredeemable. Such an argument was forwarded by the Spanish theologian [[Alonso Tostado]] as late as the 15th century and "St. Augustine doubts" was a response to Columbus's proposal to sail westwards to the Indies.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus |author1-link=Ferdinand Columbus |first=Ferdinand |last=Columbus |orig-year=1543 |translator1-link=Benjamin Keen |translator-first=Benjamin |translator-last=Keen |location=London |publisher=The Folio Society |year=1960 |page=62}}</ref>

The author of the Norwegian book ''[[Konungs Skuggsjá]]'', from around 1250, discusses the existence of antipodes. He notes that (if they exist) they will see the sun in the north in the middle of the day and that they will have seasons opposite those of the Northern Hemisphere.

[[Herodotus]] recorded that Pharaoh [[Necho II]] of the 26th Dynasty (610–595 BC) commissioned an expedition of Phoenicians which in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile, and that "''as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya (Africa), they had the sun on their right''"— to northward of them, proving that they had been in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'' 4.42.</ref> The earliest surviving account by a European who had visited the Southern Hemisphere is that of [[Marco Polo]] (who, on his way home in 1292, sailed south of the [[Malay Peninsula]]). He noted that it was impossible to see the star [[Polaris]] from there.
[[File:La Terre est ronde, Image du Monde, Gossuin de Metz.png|thumb|In this illustration of a thought experiment, two men walk in opposite directions and meet at the antipodes. 14th-century {{lang|fro|Image du monde}}.|alt=Six men with spears walking around a circle. An Old French text says "hőme qui va en tour le monde".]]
The idea of dry land in the southern climes, the ''[[Terra Australis]]'', was introduced by [[Ptolemy]] and appears on European maps as an imaginary continent from the 15th century.  ''Antipodes'' was what [[Giovanni Matteo Contarini|Giovanni Contarini]], on his world map of 1506 called the land later named ''America'' by [[Martin Waldseemüller]].<ref>Giovanni Contarini, ''Orbem terrarum in planam et maria omnia mappam Europam Lybiam atque Asiam Antipodesque redegit'' (“The world and all its seas reduced on a plane map, Europe, Lybia [Africa], Asia, and the Antipodes"); Robert J. King, “The Antipodes on Martin Waldseemüller’s 1507 World Map”, ''The Globe,'' no.91, 2022, pp. 43–60.</ref> When the land discovered by [[Pedro Alvarez Cabral]] in April 1500, [[Brazil]], was formally named ''Santa Cruz'' by the assembled Portuguese court on 20 May 1503, it was also referred to in the  official record of the proceedings as the “Land of the Antipodes”: ''terra Antipodum''.<ref>Abel Fontoura da Costa, ''Cartas das ilhas de Cabo Verde de Valentim Fernandes,'' Lisbon, Divisao de Publicacoes e Biblioteca, Agencia Geral das Colonias, 1939, p.93;  Oscar Marcondes de Sousa, “O Ato Notarial de Valentim Fernandes de 20 de maio de 1503: Navegação dos Portugueses para além do Circulo Equinocial”, ''Revista de História,'' vol.16, no.34, 1958, pp.375, 378; Benjamin B. Olshin, ''A Sea Discovered: Pre-Columbian Conceptions and Depictions of the Atlantic Ocean,'' Toronto, University of Toronto, 1994,  p.141.</ref>

The land reached by Columbus in 1492 was identified as that of the Antipodes by the diplomatist Peter Martyr who, in a letter he wrote from Barcelona dated 14 May 1493, said: "A few days since, a certain Christopher Columbus, a Ligurian, returned from the Western Antipodes".<ref>“Poft paucos inde dies rediit ab antipodibus occiduis Chriftophorus quidam Colonus vir Ligur”; P. Martire ad Io. Borromeo, pridie id.Maii mccccxciii, in Pietro Martire d' Anghiera, ''Opus epistolarum Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis,'' Aedibus Michaelis de Eguia, 1530, lib.VI, f.xxxiv.</ref>  Perhaps influenced by this, Fernão Vaz Dourado in his Atlas of 1571 inscribed over the map of Mexico and adjacent parts of America, ''Tera Antipodum regis Castelle inventa a Xforo Columbo Januensi'' (Land of the Antipodes, discovered for the King of Castile by Christopher Columbus of Genoa).<ref>''Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado: reprodcão fidelissima do exemplar do Torre do Tombo, datado de Goa, 1571'', Porto, Livraria Civilizacao, 1948, fol.18.</ref>

In spite of having been discovered relatively late by European explorers, [[Australia]] was inhabited very early in human history; the ancestors of the [[Indigenous Australians]] reached it at least 50,000 years ago.

== True trip "around the world" ==
To make the longest distance trip around the planet, a traveler would have to pass through a set of antipodal points. ''All meridians'' can be crossed in one hemisphere—indeed, this is possible by walking in a circle around one of the poles—but such trips are shorter than a minimum circumnavigation. On the other hand, the greatest straight line distance that could in theory be covered is a trip exactly on the Equator, a distance of {{convert|40075|km|mi}}. The Earth's [[equatorial bulge]] makes this slightly longer than a north–south trip around the world along a set of meridian lines, which is a distance of {{convert|40008|km|mi}}. Any other closed [[great circle]] route starting on the equator and traveling at an angle between 0° (an equatorial route) and 90° (a polar route) would be between {{convert|40075| and |40008|km|mi}}. In all of these cases, after half of the world has been traversed, every subsequent point will be antipodal to one already visited.

== Air travel between antipodes ==
=== Non-stop antipodal flights by commercial aircraft (scheduled) ===
There are currently no commercial aircraft capable of traveling non-stop between antipodes with a standard full commercial passenger load.

The current world record-holder [[Airbus A350 XWB#A350-900ULR|Airbus A350-900ULR]] is capable of flying {{convert|18000|km|nmi mi}},<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-13|title=Airbus A350-900ULR comes with a 9700 NM flight range|url=http://www.airlinerpulse.com/blog/2017/05/airbus-a350-900ulr-comes-with-a-9700-nm-range-of-action.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513081650/http://www.airlinerpulse.com/blog/2017/05/airbus-a350-900ulr-comes-with-a-9700-nm-range-of-action.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-05-13|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> or roughly 90% of an average antipodal distance. [[Singapore Airlines]] currently holds the world record for the [[Longest flights|longest scheduled passenger flight]], and utilizes this model in their non-stop Singapore to New York-JFK route SQ23/24.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Singapore Airlines To Begin Non-Stop Services To New York's JFK International Airport"|url=https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/sg/media-centre/press-release/article/?q=en_UK/2020/October-December/ne1720-201020|website=Singapore Airlines}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Qantas]] completed separate non-stop flights taking 19–20 hours to encompass the 16,013&nbsp;km (9950 miles) from New York and 17,016&nbsp;km (10,573 miles) from London, both to Sydney, Australia with a limit of 49 passengers on the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]] and who underwent medical tests on the flight. The [[Kangaroo Route|London-Sydney]] direct routes are said to be the world's most profitable [[ultra long-haul|ultra-long haul]] flights annually.  Their plans for the same pair of experiments were quickly put on hold due to global travel restrictions throughout the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/d6545469f97842e8b1c908397812a39d|title=Qantas completes longest non-stop New York-Sydney flight|date=October 20, 2019|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/qantas-new-york-sydney-flight-record-scli-intl/index.html|title=Qantas test flight completes record 19-hour non-stop flight from New York to Sydney|first= Aimee|last= Lewis|website= CNN|date=20 October 2019 }}</ref>

=== Non-stop antipodal flights by commercial aircraft (chartered) ===
In March 2021, a [[Comlux]] [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|787-8]], registered P4-787, flew a non-scheduled (chartered), non-stop flight from [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul Incheon]] to [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport|Buenos Aires]], which are nearly antipodal points. This set a new record for the longest commercial non-stop flight with paying passengers, covering {{convert|19483|km|nmi mi}} in 20 hours 19 minutes.

The business jet variant of the [[Airbus A350]], the [[Airbus A350#ACJ350|ACJ350]], which entered into service in 2020, has a range of 20,550&nbsp;km (12,770 miles),<ref>{{Cite web|title=ACJ350 XWB|url=https://www.acj.airbus.com/en/exclusive-products/acj350xwb.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Airbus|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110190854/https://www.acj.airbus.com/en/exclusive-products/acj350xwb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> enabling it to operate between any two available antipodes. {{As of|2021|09|post=,}} there are three ACJ350s now in service globally. The owner of the first ACJ350, the German Government, has already taken it on a close to antipodal flight with a flight from [[Cologne, Germany]] to [[Canberra, Australia]] in November 2020.  The upcoming Boeing business jet variant, the [[Boeing 777X#BBJ 777X|BBJ 777-8]], will also have an antipodal reach with its published range of 21,570&nbsp;km (13,403 miles).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boeing Launches Longest-Range Business Jet Ever with BBJ 777X|url=https://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2018/Boeing-Launches-Longest-Range-Business-Jet-Ever-with-BBJ-777X/default.aspx|access-date=2021-05-31|website=investors.boeing.com|language=en-CA}}</ref> Both aforementioned variants from Airbus and Boeing are the first aircraft designed to handle flights exceeding the Earth's average antipodal distance of 20,000&nbsp;km (12,420 miles).

=== Direct flights ===
Among flights with fuel stop and crew-change stop but still same flight number, [[Air New Zealand]] previously had the world's longest active plane route—the [[Auckland]]–[[Los Angeles]]–[[London]] marathon, at {{convert|19240|km|mi|abbr=on}} over Los Angeles (directly {{convert|18360|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}})—until the airline cancelled this route late in 2019.  [[Longest flights#Direct flights with stops|The current record holder]] for such a flight is co-owned by Qantas and British Airways in their operating of the [[Kangaroo Route]]'s Sydney—Singapore—London flights covering a great circle distance of {{convert|17016|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA16 schedule. (British Airways flight: Sydney -> London via Singapore) |url=http://info.flightmapper.net/flight/British_Airways_BA_16 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=info.flightmapper.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QF1 schedule. (Qantas flight: Sydney -> London via Singapore) |url=http://info.flightmapper.net/flight/Qantas_QF_1 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=info.flightmapper.net}}</ref>

=== Future theoretical antipodal routes ===
A hypothetically almost perfect antipodal flight would be [[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport]], [[Morocco]] ([[IATA]]: TNG), to [[Whangarei Aerodrome]], [[New Zealand]] (IATA: WRE), whose designated locators are {{convert|10800|nmi|mi km|sigfig=5}}<!-- EACH TO 5-DIGIT PRECISION --> apart,<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=tng-wre%0D%0A&R=&PM_q=%2A&PM=%2A&MS=wls&MP=&MC=&PC=red&PW=&PT=&RC=navy&RW=&RS=&DU=nm&DM=&SG=&SU=kts&EV=&EU=kts Great Circle Mapper] Access date: 2017-09-24,</ref> almost the maximum possible distance. However, with only a length of {{Convert|3599|ft||abbr=on}}, Whangarei's runway is too short to accommodate any current ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}) commercial jet airliner, especially one with the required range. Traveling between them would currently need at least two plane changes.

Other near-antipodal major city pairs include:{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
* [[Hamilton, Bermuda]] and [[Perth]]: {{Convert|19,966|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Taipei]] and [[Asunción]]: {{Convert|19,912|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Santiago]] and [[Xi'an]]: {{Convert|19,897|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Madrid]] and [[Wellington]]: {{Convert|19,876|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Tangier]] and [[Auckland]]: {{Convert|19,859|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Jakarta]] and [[Bogotá]]: {{Convert|19,808|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Quito]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]]: {{convert|19,700|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Shanghai]]: {{Convert|19,630|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Hanoi]] and [[La Paz]]: {{Convert|19,210|km||abbr=on}} apart
* [[Johannesburg]] and [[Honolulu]]: {{Convert|19,188|km||abbr=on}} apart

The ambiguous airport designation [[HLA (disambiguation)|HLA]] could refer to either '''[[Lanseria International Airport]]''' ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''HLA''', [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''FALA''', 25°56′S 027°55′E) in South Africa or '''[[Huslia Airport]]''' ([[IATA airport code|IATA]]: '''HSL''', [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]: '''PAHL''', [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] [[Location identifier|LID]]: '''HLA,'''  65°42′N 156°21′W) in Alaska.  While these airports are not quite antipodal (only {{Convert|15,581|km|mi nmi||abbr=on}} apart), they are notable considering that they share the same designation. Automated systems that select the wrong airport from a database could lead to navigation errors or large outliers in data analysis.

==List of antipodes==
===Earth===
[[File:Antipodes equirectangular.svg|thumb|560px|Some cities and towns which are near-antipodes in [[equirectangular projection]]. '''<span style="color:#0000ff;background:#ffffff;">Blue</span>''' labels pertain to <span style="background:#00ccff;color:#000000;">cyan</span> and '''<span style="color:#660000;background:#ffffff;">brown</span>''' labels pertain to <span style="background:#ffcc00;color:#000000;">yellow</span> areas. Areas where <span style="background:#00ccff;color:#000000;">cyan</span> and <span style="background:#ffcc00;color:#000000;">yellow</span> overlap (coloured <span style="background:#00cc00;color:#000000;">green</span>) are land antipodes.|none]]

Around 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by [[ocean]]s, and seven-eighths of the Earth's land (when excluding Antarctica) is confined to the [[Land and water hemispheres|land hemisphere]], so the majority of locations on land do not have land-based antipodes. About 15% of the earth's land has an antipode on land.<ref name=Sawe2017 /> Rough calculation shows that, of the 29% of the earth that is covered by land, if 15% of that has antipodes on land, then about 4% (0.15&nbsp;×&nbsp;29% =&nbsp;4.35%) of the earth's surface has antipodes that are both land surfaces. [[Athelstan Spilhaus|Spilhaus]] estimates this at about 3%.<ref name=Spilhaus1991>{{cite book |first=Athelstan |last=Spilhaus |title=Atlas of the World with Geophysical Boundaries: Showing Oceans, Continents and Tectonic Plates in Their Entirety |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk7_XV0ZjVgC&pg=PA2 |year=1991 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=0-87169-196-5 |page=2 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |quote=Only about three percent of the surface of the earth is antipodal land.}}</ref>

The two largest human-inhabited antipodal areas are located in East Asia (mainly eastern China) and South America (mainly Argentina and Chile). The two largest monolithic antipodal land areas are most of Chile and Argentina along with eastern and central China and Mongolia, and most of Greenland along with a part of Antarctica. The Australian mainland is the largest landmass with its antipodes entirely in ocean, although some locations of mainland Australia and Tasmania are close to being antipodes of islands (Bermuda, Azores, Puerto Rico) in the North Atlantic Ocean. The largest landmass with antipodes entirely on land is the island of [[Borneo]], whose antipodes are in the Amazon rainforest.

====Cities====
Exact or almost exact antipodes:
* [[Christchurch]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[A Coruña]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Levin, New Zealand|Levin]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Ávila, Spain|Ávila]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Santa Vitória do Palmar]] ([[Brazil]]) – [[Jeju City|Jeju]] ([[South Korea]])
* [[Torres, Rio Grande do Sul|Torres]] ([[Brazil]]) – [[Toshima, Kagoshima]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Barra do Quaraí]] ([[Brazil]]) – [[Zhoushan]] ([[China]])
* [[Hong Kong]] – [[La Quiaca]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Lianyungang]] ([[China]]) – [[Junín, Buenos Aires|Junín]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Madrid]] ([[Spain]]) – [[Weber, New Zealand|Weber]] ([[New Zealand]])
* [[Mangawhai]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Rock of Gibraltar]] ([[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]])
* [[Masterton]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Segovia]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Mogadouro]] ([[Portugal]])
* [[Padang, Indonesia|Padang]] ([[Indonesia]]) – [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]] ([[Ecuador]])
* [[Palembang]] ([[Indonesia]]) – [[Neiva]] ([[Colombia]])
* [[Pekanbaru]] ([[Indonesia]]) – [[Machachi]] ([[Ecuador]])
* [[Tauranga, New Zealand|Tauranga]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]] ([[Spain]])
* [[Ulan Ude]] ([[Russia]]) – [[Puerto Natales]] ([[Chile]])
* [[Wellington]] (capital of [[New Zealand]]) – [[Alaejos]] ([[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid]], [[Spain]])
* [[Whangarei, New Zealand|Whangarei]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Tangier, Morocco|Tangier]] ([[Morocco]])
* [[Wuhai]] ([[China]]) – [[Valdivia, Chile|Valdivia]] ([[Chile]])
* [[Wuhu]] ([[China]]) – [[Rafaela]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Yueyang]] ([[China]]) – [[La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]] ([[Argentina]])
Ranking by the population of the smaller city, largest pairs of antipodes are Palembang (1.7m) and Neiva (360K), Christchurch (390K) and A Coruña (245K), 	Yueyang (1.3m) and La Rioja (210K).

To within {{Convert|100|km||abbr=on}}, with at least one major city (population of at least 1 million):
* [[Auckland]] ([[New Zealand]]) – [[Seville]] and [[Málaga]] ([[Andalusia]], [[Spain]])
* [[Beijing]] ([[China]]) – [[Bahía Blanca]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Nanjing]] ([[China]]) – [[Rosario]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Shanghai]] ([[China]]) – [[Salto, Uruguay|Salto]] ([[Uruguay]])
* [[Taipei]] ([[Taiwan]]) – [[Asunción]] ([[Paraguay]])
* [[Tianjin]] ([[China]]) – [[Bahía Blanca]] ([[Argentina]])
* [[Xi'an]] ([[China]]) – [[Santiago]], or more precisely [[Rancagua]] or [[San Bernardo, Chile|San Bernardo]] ([[Chile]])
[[Taiwan]] (formerly called Formosa) is partly antipodal to the province of [[Formosa Province|Formosa]] in [[Argentina]].

Capital cities within {{Convert|200|km||abbr=on}} of each other's antipodes:
* [[Taipei]] ([[Taiwan]]) – [[Asunción]] ([[Paraguay]]), ~{{Convert|80|km||-1|abbr=on}}
* [[Madrid]] ([[Spain]]) – [[Wellington]] ([[New Zealand]]), ~{{Convert|150|km||-1|abbr=on}}
* [[Bogotá]] ([[Colombia]]) – [[Jakarta]] ([[Indonesia]]), ~{{Convert|200|km||-1|abbr=on}}

Other major cities or capitals close to being antipodes:
* [[Rio de Janeiro]] ([[Brazil]]) – [[Tokyo]] ([[Japan]]); the host cities of successive Summer [[Olympic Games]] ([[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]] and [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]), ~{{Convert|1450|km||-1|abbr=on}}
* [[Beijing]] ([[China]]) – [[Buenos Aires]] ([[Argentina]]); both cities have populations in the millions, and have been [[town twinning|twinned]] since 1983, ~{{Convert|540|km||abbr=on}}
* [[Shanghai]] ([[China]]) – [[Buenos Aires]] ([[Argentina]]); Buenos Aires is actually closer (~{{Convert|380|km||abbr=on}}) to the antipode of Shanghai ([[Salto, Uruguay|Salto]], Uruguay) than to the antipode of Beijing ([[Bahía Blanca]])
* [[Tongchuan, Shaanxi|Tongchuan]] ([[China]]) – [[Licantén]] ([[Chile]])
* [[Guayaquil]] ([[Ecuador]]) – [[Medan]] ([[Indonesia]]), ~{{Convert|220|km||-1|abbr=on}}
* [[Phnom Penh]] ([[Cambodia]]) – [[Lima]] ([[Peru]]), ~{{Convert|220|km||-1|abbr=on}}
* [[Dili]] ([[Timor-Leste]]) – [[Paramaribo]] ([[Suriname]]), ~{{Convert|310|km||-1|abbr=on}}
* [[Irkutsk]] ([[Russia]]) – [[Punta Arenas]] ([[Chile]])
* [[Suva]] ([[Fiji]]) – [[Timbuktu]] ([[Mali]])
* [[Melbourne]] and [[Canberra]] ([[Australia]]) – [[Azores]], [[Atlantic Ocean]] ([[Portugal]])
* [[Cherbourg-en-Cotentin]] ([[France]]) – [[Antipodes Islands]] ([[New Zealand]])
* [[Pago Pago]] ([[American Samoa]]) – [[Zinder]] ([[Niger]])
* [[Barranquilla]] ([[Colombia]]) – [[Christmas Island]] ([[Australia]])
* [[Doha]] ([[Qatar]]) – [[Pitcairn Island]] ([[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]])
* [[Hué]] and [[Da Nang]] ([[Vietnam]]) – [[Arequipa]] ([[Peru]])
* [[Manila]] ([[Philippines]]) – [[Cuiabá]] ([[Brazil]])
* [[Kuala Lumpur]] ([[Malaysia]]) – [[Cuenca, Ecuador|Cuenca]] ([[Ecuador]])
* [[San Juan (PR)|San Juan]] ([[Puerto Rico]]) – [[Karratha]] ([[Australia]])
* [[Limerick]] ([[Ireland]]) – [[Campbell Islands]] ([[New Zealand]])
* [[Arrecife]], [[Lanzarote]] ([[Canary Islands]]) – [[Norfolk Island]]
* [[Sharm el Sheikh]] ([[Egypt]]) – [[Rapa Iti]] ([[French Polynesia]])
* [[Bangkok]] ([[Thailand]]) – [[Lima]] ([[Peru]])
* [[Quito]] ([[Ecuador]]) – [[Singapore]]
* [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] ([[Australia]]) – [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] ([[Bermuda]])
* [[Montevideo]] ([[Uruguay]]) – [[Gwangju]] ([[South Korea]])

====Cities and geographic features====
[[File:Antipodes, Alzon, Gard, France, Sept. 2008.jpg|thumb|The villages of [[Alzon]], [[France]] and [[Waitangi, Chatham Islands|Waitangi]], [[New Zealand]] are an example of antipodal settlements.]] 
[[Gibraltar]] is approximately antipodal to [[Te Arai]] - about {{Convert|85|km||abbr=on}} north of [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]. This illustrates the old yet correct saying that the [[The empire on which the sun never sets|sun never sets]] on the [[British Empire]]; the sun still does not set on the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

The northern part of [[New Caledonia]], an overseas territory of France, is antipodal to some thinly populated desert in [[Mauritania]], a part of the former [[French West Africa]]. Portions of [[Suriname]], a former Dutch colony, are antipodal to [[Sulawesi]], an [[Indonesia]]n island spelled ''Celebes'' when it was part of the [[Netherlands East Indies]]. [[Luzon]], the largest island of the [[Philippines]], is antipodal to eastern [[Bolivia]].

[[Santa Vitória do Palmar]], the most southerly town of more than 10,000 people in [[Brazil]], is antipodal to [[Jeju Island]], the southernmost territory of [[South Korea]].

[[Hawaii]] is antipodal to parts of [[Botswana]]. The [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]] of [[Hawaii]] is antipodal to the [[Okavango Delta]] in Botswana, with the island's largest city, [[Hilo]], antipodal to [[Nxai Pan National Park]].

Desolate [[Kerguelen Island]] is antipodal to an area of thinly inhabited plains on the border between [[Cypress County]], [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]] and the US state of [[Montana]]. The only permanent settlement on Kerguelen Island, the research station [[Port-aux-Français]], is antipodal to fields {{Convert|10|km||abbr=on}} northeast of [[Senate, Saskatchewan]]. Other Canadian towns with antipodes on Kerguelen Island include: [[Consul, Saskatchewan|Consul]], [[Nashlyn]] and [[Govenlock]] in the vicinity of Senate, and in Alberta [[Eagle Butte, Alberta|Eagle Butte]], [[Elkwater, Alberta|Elkwater]] and [[Manyberries]] as well as the [[Red Coat Trail]] between [[Orion, Alberta]] and [[Etzikom]]. The northern part of [[Liberty County, Montana]], especially the communities [[Goldstone, Montana|Goldstone]], Fox Crossing and [[Sage Creek Colony]], also have antipodes on Kerguelen Island.

[[Île Saint-Paul|St. Paul Island]] and [[Île Amsterdam|Amsterdam Island]] are antipodal to thinly populated parts of the eastern part of the US state of [[Colorado]]. They are situated ca. {{Convert|10.2|km||abbr=on}} south-south-east of [[Firstview, Colorado|Firstview]] and {{Convert|30.5|km||abbr=on}} south-south-west of [[Granada, Colorado]], respectively. Together with the northern part of Liberty County, Montana, they are the only three areas of the [[Contiguous United States]] with antipodes on land.

The north-eastern coast of [[Alaska]] from [[Utqiaġvik]] (former Barrow) over [[Prudhoe Bay]] to the Canadian border, and the coasts of the Canadian territories of [[Yukon]], [[Northwest Territories]], and [[Nunavut]], are antipodal to [[Antarctica]].

The [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]], an uninhabited Australian territory, is antipodal to an area in central [[Saskatchewan]], including the towns of [[Leask, Saskatchewan|Leask]] and [[Shellbrook, Saskatchewan|Shellbrook]].

[[Tigres Island]], the largest uninhabited island of [[Angola]], is approximately antipodal to [[Johnston atoll]], which is the third largest uninhabited island of the [[United States]].

[[Easter Island]] is antipodal to an area close to [[Desert National Park]], {{Convert|35|km||abbr=on}} from [[Jaisalmer]], [[India]]. The only town on Easter Island, [[Hanga Roa]], is antipodal to the village of Serawa {{convert|46|km||abbr=on}} northeast of Jaisalmer. Serawa is the only village in India to be antipodal to a human settlement. Its neighbouring villages Mokla and the northern part of Bhadasar also have antipodes on Easter Island. The small, rocky, uninhabited island of [[Isla Salas y Gomez|Sala y Gómez]], {{Convert|391|km||abbr=on}} east-northeast of Easter Island, is antipodal to an area in the city of [[Ajmer]], India, just east of [[Ana Sagar Lake]]. All the rest of India has its antipodes in the sea.

[[Kiritimati]], the largest island of [[Kiribati]] and the largest coral atoll in the world, is antipodal to [[Salonga National Park]], which is the largest national park of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and the largest tropical rainforest reserve in Africa.

[[Serra da Estrela Natural Park]], the largest natural park of [[Portugal]], is antipodal to [[Kahurangi National Park]], the second largest national park of [[New Zealand]].

[[South Georgia Island]] is antipodal to the northernmost part of [[Sakhalin Island]].

[[Lake Baikal]] is partially antipodal to the [[Straits of Magellan]].

The Russian Antarctic research base [[Bellingshausen Station]] is antipodal to a land location in [[Russia]]n Siberia.

[[Rottnest Island]], off the coast of [[Western Australia]], is approximately antipodal to [[Bermuda]].

[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, is almost antipodal to [[Nicaragua]]'s [[Corn Islands]].

[[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]], the westernmost island of the [[Azores]], is nearly antipodal to [[Flinders Island]] between [[Tasmania]] and the Australian mainland.

[[Point Nemo]], the point in the South Pacific Ocean most distant from any other land, is precisely opposite a desolate piece of desert in western Kazakhstan.

By definition, the [[North Pole]] and the [[South Pole]] are antipodes.

[[Null Island]], {{coord|0|N|0|E|display=inline}}, at the intersection of the [[prime meridian]] and the [[equator]], has its antipodes at {{coord|0|N|180|E|display=inline}}, at the intersection of the [[antimeridian]] and the [[equator]]. This point lies northeast of [[Nikunau]] in the [[Gilbert Islands]] and southwest of [[Baker Island]], a [[United States]] territory.

As can be seen on the purple/blue map, the [[Pacific Ocean]] is so large that it stretches halfway around the world; parts of the Pacific off the coast of [[Peru]] are antipodal to parts of the same ocean off the coast of Southeast Asia. For example, the island of [[Ko Chang]]—which is the second or third largest island in [[Thailand]]—is nearly antipodal to [[San Lorenzo Island, Peru|San Lorenzo Island]], which is the largest island of [[Peru]].

The antipodes of the [[Antipodes Islands]], considered by early European explorers to be antipodal to the United Kingdom, are the town of [[Barfleur]] on France's [[Cotentin Peninsula]].

The remote Pacific [[atoll]] of [[Tematagi]] is antipodal to the Islamic holy city of [[Mecca]], meaning the direction of Muslim prayer would vary widely from that of surrounding islands.

[[Angkor Wat]] is roughly antipodal to [[Machu Picchu]].

====Countries====
The following countries are opposite more than one other country. (Antarctica is considered separately from any territorial claims.)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! No. of antipodal countries
! class="unsortable" | Antipodal countries
|-
| [[New Zealand]] || align="center" | 12 || ''Mainland:'' [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Morocco]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] ([[Gibraltar]])<br />''[[Chatham Islands]]:'' [[France]]<br />''[[Kermadec Islands]]:'' [[Algeria]]<br />''[[Niue]]:'' [[Niger]]<br />''[[Tokelau]]:'' [[Nigeria]]<br />''[[Cook Islands]]:'' [[Chad]], (Penrhyn) [[Central African Republic]], (Mangaia) [[Libya]], (Pukapuka) [[Cameroon]], (Nassau) [[Nigeria]]
|-
| [[France]] || align="center" | 12 || ''Mainland:'' [[New Zealand]] ([[Chatham Islands]])<br />''[[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|Southern & Antarctic Lands]]:'' [[Canada]], [[United States]]<br />''[[French Guiana]]:'' [[Indonesia]]<br />''[[New Caledonia]]:'' [[Mauritania]], ''[[Western Sahara]]''<br />''[[Wallis and Futuna]]:'' [[Niger]]<br />''[[French Polynesia]]:'' [[Sudan]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]]
|-
| [[Brazil]] || align="center" | 9 || [[China]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]], [[Palau]], [[Federated States of Micronesia]]
|-
| [[Indonesia]] || align="center" | 8 || [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]], [[Guyana]], [[France]] (''[[French Guiana]]'')
|-
| [[Peru]] || align="center" | 7 || [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[China]]
|-
| [[United States]] || align="center" | 7 || ''Mainland:'' [[France]] ([[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|Southern & Antarctic Lands]])<br />''[[Hawaii]]:'' [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]]<br />''[[Alaska]]:'' ''[[Antarctica]]''<br />''[[Palmyra Atoll]] & [[Kingman Reef]]:'' [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]<br />''[[American Samoa]]:'' [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]]
|-
| [[United Kingdom]] || align="center" | 7 || ''[[Falkland Islands|Falklands]]:'' [[China]], [[Russia]]<br />''[[Gibraltar]]:'' [[New Zealand]]<br />''[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]:'' [[Russia]]<br />''[[Pitcairn Islands|Pitcairn]]:'' [[Saudi Arabia]], [[UAE]]<br />''[[Bermuda]]:'' [[Australia]]
|-
| [[China]] || align="center" | 6 || [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Uruguay]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] ([[Falkland Islands]])
|-
| [[Niger]] || align="center" | 5 || [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]], United States (American Samoa), France (Wallis and Futuna), New Zealand (Niue)
|-
| ''[[Antarctica]]'' || align="center" | 5 || [[Greenland]], [[Canada]], [[United States]], [[Russia]], [[Norway]]
|-
| [[Argentina]] || align="center" | 4 || [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]]
|-
| [[Malaysia]] || align="center" | 4 || [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]]
|-
| [[Chile]] || align="center" | 4 || [[China]], [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]]; ''[[Easter Island]]:'' [[India]] 
|-
| [[Kiribati]] || align="center" | 4 || Phoenix Islands (Orona): [[Nigeria]]; Line Islands: [[DR Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Sudan]]
|-
| [[Russia]] || align="center" | 4 || ''[[Antarctica]]'', [[Chile]], [[Argentina]], [[United Kingdom]] ([[Falklands]] and [[British Antarctic Territory]])
|-
| [[Australia]] || align="center" | 3 || ''Mainland:'' [[Bermuda]] (UK), Portugal ([[Azores]])<br />''[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]:'' Canada<br />''[[Christmas Island]]:'' [[Colombia]] 
|-
| [[Ecuador]] || align="center" | 3 || [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]]
|-
| [[Philippines]] || align="center" | 3 || [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]]
|-
| [[Vanuatu]] || align="center" | 3 || [[Mauritania]], [[Senegal]], (Mere Lava) [[Mali]]
|-
| [[Paraguay]] || align="center" | 3 || [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], [[Philippines]]
|-
| [[Mali]] || align="center" | 3 || [[Fiji]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Solomon Islands]]
|-
| [[Colombia]] || align="center" | 3 || [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Australia]] (Christmas Island)
|-
| [[Nigeria]] || align="center" | 3 || New Zealand (Tokelau, Cook Ils), United States (American Samoa), Kiribati
|-
| [[Canada]] || align="center" | 3 || ''[[Antarctica]]'', France ([[Kerguelen Islands|Kerguelen]]), Australia ([[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]])
|-
| [[Taiwan]] || align="center" | 2 || [[Paraguay]], [[Argentina]]
|-
| [[Tonga]] || align="center" | 2 || [[Algeria]], [[Niger]]
|-
| [[Mongolia]] || align="center" | 2 || [[Chile]], [[Argentina]]
|-
| [[Tuvalu]] || align="center" | 2 || [[Ghana]], (Nanumanga, Nanumea) [[Ivory Coast]]
|-
| [[Fiji]] || align="center" | 2 || [[Mali]]; (Rotuma) [[Burkina Faso]]
|-
| [[Solomon Islands]] (Temotu) || align="center" | 2 || [[Guinea]], (Tikopia) [[Mali]]
|-
| [[Uruguay]] || align="center" | 2 || [[China]], [[South Korea]]
|-
| [[Bolivia]] || align="center" | 2 || [[China]], [[Philippines]]
|-
| [[Sudan]] || align="center" | 2 || France (French Polynesia), Kiribati
|-
| [[Mauritania]] || align="center" | 2 || France (New Caledonia), Vanuatu
|-
| [[Algeria]] || align="center" | 2 || [[Tonga]], New Zealand (Kermadec)
|-
| [[Central African Republic]] || align="center" | 2 || Kiribati, New Zealand (Cook Ils)
|-
| [[Saudi Arabia]] || align="center" | 2 || France (French Polynesia), UK (Pitcairn)
|-
| [[DR Congo]] || align="center" | 2 || Kiribati, United States (Palmyra, Kingman Reef)
|-
|[[Japan]] || align="center" | 2 || (Ryukyu) Brazil, Paraguay
|-
| [[South Korea]] || align="center" | 2 || Uruguay, Brazil
|-
| [[Norway]] || align="center" | 2 || (Svalbard) [[Antarctica]], ([[Peter I Island]]) [[Russia]]
|-
| [[Portugal]] || align="center" | 2 || ''Mainland:'' [[New Zealand]]<br />''Azores:'' [[Australia]] ([[Melbourne]])
|}
Countries matching up with just one other country are Morocco, Spain, Chad, Libya, Cameroon (with the Cook Islands of New Zealand); Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia (with French Polynesia); Senegal (Vanuatu); the UAE (Pitcairn); Ghana, Ivory Coast (Tuvalu); Burkina Faso (Rotuma in Fiji); Guinea (Solomon Islands); India (Easter Island); Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand (all with Peru); Singapore (Ecuador); Brunei, Palau, Micronesia (all with Brazil); Venezuela and Suriname (Indonesia).

Of these, the larger countries which are entirely antipodal to land are the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], [[Taiwan]], [[Fiji]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Brunei]], and [[Samoa]]. [[Chile]] was as well prior to its expansion into the Atacama with the [[War of the Pacific]].

'''Antipodal Map of the United States'''
[[File:Us antipodal map.jpg|thumb|500px|alt=Map of US States/Territory antipodes, highlighting those that overlap another land mass.|Map of U.S. States and Territory antipodes, highlighting those that overlap with land in other countries (''see https://antipode-finder.com/antipode-of-usa'').|none]]

===Geological features antipodal to impact basins===
In a number of cases on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System, unusual geologic features (e.g., jumbled terrain or unique volcanic constructs) are located antipodal to major impact basins. It has been hypothesized that this results from focusing of some of the seismic waves ([[p-wave]]s and [[surface wave#Mechanical waves|surface waves]]) produced by an impact at its antipode.<ref name = "Schultz1975" />
* [[Caloris Basin]] – "Weird Terrain" ([[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]])<ref name = "Schultz1975">{{cite journal |last1= Schultz|first1=P. H.|last2= Gault|first2= D. E. |year=1975 |title=Seismic effects from major basin formations on the moon and Mercury |journal=The Moon |volume=12 |issue= 2|pages=159–177 |doi=10.1007/BF00577875 |bibcode=1975Moon...12..159S|s2cid=121225801 }}</ref>
* [[Mare Orientale]] – [[Mare Marginis]] (The [[Moon]])<ref name = "Schultz1975" />
* [[Mare Imbrium]] – [[Mare Ingenii]] (The [[Moon]])<ref name = "Schultz1975" />
* [[Hellas Planitia]] – [[Alba Mons]] ([[Mars]])<ref name = "Peterson1978" /><ref name = "Williams1991" /><ref name = "Williams1994" />
* [[Isidis Planitia]] – [[Noctis Labyrinthus]] ([[Mars]])<ref name = "Peterson1978">{{cite journal
 | last = Peterson | first = J. E. 
 | title = Antipodal Effects of Major Basin-Forming Impacts on Mars | journal = Lunar and Planetary Science
 | volume = IX | pages = 885–886
 | date = March 1978  | bibcode=1978LPI.....9..885P}}</ref><ref name = "Williams1991">{{cite journal
 | last1 = Williams | first1 = D. A. | last2 = Greeley | first2 = R.
 | title = The Formation of Antipodal-Impact Terrains on Mars
 | journal = Lunar and Planetary Science
 | volume = XXII | pages = 1505–1506 | date = 1991 
 | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc1991/pdf/1748.pdf
 | access-date = 2012-07-04}}</ref><ref name = "Williams1994">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1006/icar.1994.1116
 | last1 = Williams | first1 = D. A. | last2 = Greeley | first2 = R.
 | date=1994 |title=Assessment of antipodal-impact terrains on Mars |journal=Icarus
 | volume=110 | issue = 2 |pages=196–202 |bibcode=1994Icar..110..196W}}</ref>
* [[Kerwan (crater)|Kerwan]] – [[Ahuna Mons]] ([[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]])<ref name="Ruesch2016">{{cite journal|last1=Ruesch|first1= O.|last2=Platz|first2= T.|last3=Schenk|first3= P.|last4=McFadden|first4=L. A.|last5=Castillo-Rogez|first5=J. C.|last6=Quick|first6=L. C.|last7=Byrne|first7= S.|last8=Preusker|first8= F.|last9=OBrien|first9=D. P.|last10=Schmedemann|first10= N.|last11=Williams|first11=D. A.|last12=Li|first12=J.- Y.|last13=Bland|first13=M. T.|last14=Hiesinger|first14= H.|last15=Kneissl|first15=T.|last16=Neesemann|first16= A.|last17=Schaefer|first17= M.|last18=Pasckert|first18=J. H.|last19=Schmidt|first19=B. E.|last20=Buczkowski|first20=D. L.|last21=Sykes|first21=M. V.|last22=Nathues|first22= A.|last23=Roatsch|first23= T.|last24=Hoffmann|first24= M.|last25=Raymond|first25=C. A.|last26=Russell|first26=C. T.|title=Cryovolcanism on Ceres|journal= Science|volume= 353|issue= 6303|date= 2016-09-02|pages= aaf4286|doi= 10.1126/science.aaf4286|bibcode = 2016Sci...353.4286R |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231277|pmid=27701087|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In the [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] comedy ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', Benedick offers to travel from [[Messina]] to the Antipodes in an apparent attempt to avoid the company of [[Beatrice (Much Ado About Nothing)|Beatrice]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.litcharts.com/shakescleare/shakespeare-translations/much-ado-about-nothing/act-2-scene-1 |website= litcharts.com |title= Much Ado About Nothing Act 2, Scene 1 Translation |access-date= 2023-05-08}}</ref>
* On the TV show ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)|Angel]]'', the Deeper Well is a hole that goes through the world, with its entrance in the [[Cotswolds]] in England and its antipode in New Zealand.
* At the [[2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony#Warming up! Tokyo 2020|closing ceremonies of the Rio 2016 Olympics]], antipodes were used as a tool to invite viewers to the [[2020 Olympics|Tokyo 2020 Olympics]], including an image of the video game character [[Mario]] using his pipes to travel between Tokyo and Rio, arriving at the closing ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/tokyo-s-party-started-the-moment-rio-2016-said-goodbye|title=Tokyo's party started the moment Rio 2016 said goodbye|date=2017-08-22|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29|quote=Remarkably, it was all the brainchild of one of Abe’s predecessors. “The starting point of our performance was that Brazil is on the opposite side of the world from Japan, and so President Mori (Yoshiro Mori, Prime Minister of Japan 2000–2001 and now President of TOCOG) came up with the idea of showing a tunnel being bored between the famous ‘Scramble’ pedestrian crossing in Shibuya (Tokyo) all the way through the earth to the Olympic Stadium in Rio, and having Prime Minister Abe make an appearance,” Takaya explained.}}</ref>
* In the 2012 film ''[[Total Recall (2012 film)|Total Recall]]'', a [[gravity train]] called "The Fall" goes through the center of the Earth to allow people to commute between Western Europe and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wolframalpha.com/2012/08/13/the-science-of-total-recall/|title=The Science of Total Recall | first=Jason|last=Martinez|date=2012-08-13|work= Wolfram-Alpha Blog |access-date=March 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/08/06/spoiler-alert-the-8000-mile-hole-in-total-recall/|title=Spoiler Alert: The 8,000-Mile Hole in Total Recall|first=Lily|last=Rothman|date=August 6, 2012 | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date=March 30, 2018 }}</ref>
* In 2006, [[Ze Frank]] challenged viewers of his daily webcast ''[[the show with zefrank]]'' to create an "Earth sandwich" by simultaneously placing two pieces of [[bread]] at antipodal points on the Earth's surface. The challenge was successfully completed by viewers in [[Spain]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zefrank.com/sandwich/|title=If the earth were a sandwich|website=[[the show with zefrank]]|access-date=2007-08-23|archive-date=2020-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217060744/http://www.zefrank.com/sandwich/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The song “[[Ana Ng]]” by alternative rock band [[They Might Be Giants]] is about someone who believes that their soulmate lives antipodal to them. [[John Linnell]], the singer and songwriter, has since joked that because the name [[Ng (name)|Ng]] is Vietnamese and [[Peru]] is the antipode of [[Vietnam]], “…the song, presumably, is about somebody in Peru, writing about somebody in Vietnam. But I didn’t know that when I wrote it.”<ref>{{Citation |title=They Might Be Giants- MTV Interview about Ana Ng | date=4 April 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThrvH_scOCg |access-date=2023-11-11 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Antichthones]]
* [[Antipodal hotspot]]
* [[Antipodal point]]
* [[Antipodes Islands]]
* [[Clime]]
* [[Pole of inaccessibility]]
* [[Spherical Earth]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Antipodes maps}}
* [http://www.antipodesmap.com/ Antipodes Map] Interactive map which draws an imaginary tunnel to the other side of the Earth.
* [http://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/antipode-map findLatitudeAndLongitude], interactive tool to show antipodes
* [http://moebio.com/santiago/thetrueaboutantipodes 3D dual globe] schematic 3D representation of the earth and the anti-earth on the same place.
* [http://www.freemaptools.com/tunnel-to-other-side-of-the-earth.htm Map Tunneling Tool] Tunnel to the Other Side of the Earth
* [http://www.antipodr.com/ Calculate the other side of the world]
* [http://www.antipodes.uk.com/ Antipodes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516051008/http://antipodes.uk.com/ |date=2013-05-16 }} An online and photographic project which pairs webcam images from places on opposite sides of the globe.
* [http://www.maptunneller.com/ Map Tunneller] Find out what part of the earth is directly below you using the interactive maps
* [http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Antip_hot.pdf Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large-body impacts the cause?]
* [https://www.geodatos.net/en/antipodes Antipode Finder] Tool to find the opposite side of the world by city or country.
* [https://datalab24.com/earth_astronomy/antipodes_map Antipodes map] helps find the antipodes (the other side of the world) of any place on Earth.
* [https://antipode-finder.com Antipode Finder] Find the antipodal point of any location on the globe.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Physical geography]]