Editing Antipope Felix II

{{Short description|Antipope from 355 to 365}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Antipope
| honorific_prefix = Antipope
| name = Felix II
| enthroned = 355
| ended = 358
| predecessor = [[Antipope Novatian|Novatian]]
| successor = [[Antipope Ursicinus|Ursicinus]]
| opposed = [[Pope Liberius]]
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 22 November 365
| death_place = Porto, [[Rome]], Italy
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
}}
'''Antipope Felix II''', an [[Archdeacon#Archdeacon of Rome|Archdeacon of Rome]], was installed as Pope in 355 AD after the [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Constantius II]] banished the reigning Pope, [[Pope Liberius|Liberius]], for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against [[Athanasius|Saint Athanasius]].<ref name=Coulombe>[[Charles A. Coulombe]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4tbYF51StSQC Vicars of Christ]'' ({{ISBN|0-8065-2370-0}}), p. 73</ref>

==Biography==
In May 357 AD the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius, who was on a visit to Rome, should recall Liberius. The Emperor planned to have Felix and Liberius rule jointly, but when Liberius returned Felix was forced to retire to Porto, near Rome, where, after making an unsuccessful attempt to establish himself again in Rome, he died on 22 November 365 AD.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203964/Felix-II Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Felix (II)'']</ref><ref>[http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/avellana-1-english The Papal Schism between Liberius and Felix], 1–4</ref>

This Felix was later confused with a Roman martyr named Felix, with the result that he was included in lists of the Popes as Felix II and that the succeeding Popes of the same name ([[Pope Felix III]] and [[Pope Felix IV]]) were given wrong numerals, as was [[Antipope Felix V]].<ref>''Annuario Pontificio'' 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 {{ISBN|978-88-209-8722-0}}), p. 9*</ref>

The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] (1909) called this confusion a "distortion of the true facts" and suggested that it arose because the "Liber Pontificalis", which at this point may be registering a reliable tradition, says that this Felix built a church on the [[Via Aurelia]], which is where the Roman martyr of an earlier date was buried.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06030a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: ''Felix II'']</ref> However, a more recent source says that of the martyr Felix nothing is known except his name, that he was a martyr, and that he was buried in the cemetery on the [[Via Portuensis]] that bears his name.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 132</ref>

The Catholic Encyclopedia remarked that "the real story of the [[antipope]] was lost and he obtained in local Roman history the status of a saint and a confessor. As such he appears in the Roman Martyrology on 29 July." At that time (1909) the Roman Martyrology had the following text: {{quote|At Rome, on the Aurelian Way, St. Felix II, pope and martyr. Being expelled from his See by the Arian emperor Constantius for defending the Catholic faith, and being put to the sword privately at Cera in Tuscany, he died gloriously. His body was taken away from that place by clerics, and buried on the Aurelian Way. It was afterwards brought to the Church of the Saints Cosmas and Damian, where, under the Sovereign Pontiff [[Gregory XIII]], it was found beneath the altar with the relics of the holy martyrs [[Mark and Marcellian|Mark, Marcellian, and Tranquillinus]], and with the latter was put back in the same place on 31 July. In the same altar were also found the bodies of the holy martyrs Abundius, a priest, and Abundantius, a deacon, which were shortly after solemnly transferred to the church of the Society of Jesus, on the eve of their feast.}} This entry was based on what the Catholic Encyclopedia called later legends that confound the relative positions of Felix and Liberius. More recent editions of the Roman Martyrology<ref name=Martyrology>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Additiones et variationes 1960; then Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 {{ISBN|88-209-7210-7}})</ref> have instead: {{quote|At Rome, at the third milestone on the Via Portuensis, in the cemetery dedicated to his name, Saint Felix, martyr.}}

The [[feast day]] of the Roman martyr Felix is 29 July.<ref name=Martyrology/> The antipope Felix died, as stated above, on a 22 November, and his death was not a martyr's,<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Felix_II 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Felix II'']</ref> occurring when the [[Peace of the Church|Peace of Constantine]] had been in force for half a century.

As well as the Roman Martyrology, the [[Roman Missal]] identified the Saint Felix of 29 July with the antipope. This identification, still found in the 1920 typical edition,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/resources/missale-romanum-pdf.html |title=1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal, with feasts updated to the late 1920s |access-date=1 August 2008 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301085135/http://www.sanctamissa.org/EN/resources/missale-romanum-pdf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> does not appear in the 1962 typical edition.<ref>[http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf 1962 typical edition of the Roman Missal]</ref> To judge by the Marietti printing of 1952, which omits the numeral "II" and the word "Papae", the correction had already been made by then. One Catholic writer excuses this by saying that the antipope "himself did refuse to accept [[Arianism]], and so his feast has been kept in the past on [29 July]".<ref name=Coulombe/>

==See also==
* [[Papal selection before 1059]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/avellana-1-english The Papal Schism between Liberius and Felix] (a primary source)
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06030a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: ''Felix II'']
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203964/Felix-II Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Felix (II)'']
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Felix_II 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Felix II'']

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[[Category:4th-century births|Felix II]]
[[Category:365 deaths|Felix II]]
[[Category:4th-century antipopes]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian clergy]]
[[Category:4th-century Romans|Felix II]]
[[Category:Ancient Christians involved in controversies]]
[[Category:Antipopes|Felix II]]
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