Editing Apam Napat

{{Short description|Deity in the Indo-Iranian pantheon}}
{{Infobox deity
| type =  Zoroastrian
| deity_of = God of Water <br /> Son of the Waters
| other_names = Burz
| script_name = [[Avestan]]
| script = Apam Napat 𐬀𐬞𐬄𐬨 𐬥𐬀𐬞𐬁𐬙
| gender = Male
| symbol = Water
| affiliation = The Thirty-Three Deities, [[Classical elements|Four Elements]]
| mount = Swift Horse
| abode = [[Vourukasha]] Ocean
| festivals = [[Gahambars|Maidyoshahem]]
| equivalent1_type = Sumerian
| equivalent1 = [[Abzu]]
| equivalent2_type = Indian
| equivalent2 = [[Varuna]]
| greek_equivalent = [[Poseidon]]
| roman_equivalent = [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]]
}}
{{Zoroastrianism sidebar}}

'''Apam Napat''' is a deity in the [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion|Indo-Iranian]] [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] associated with water. His names in the [[Vedas]], '''''Apām Napāt''''', and in [[Zoroastrianism]], '''''Apąm Napāt''''', mean "child of the [[Ap (water)|waters]]" in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan language|Avestan]] respectively. ''[[wikt:नपात्|Napāt]]'' ("grandson", "progeny") is cognate with [[Latin]] ''nepos'' and English ''[[nephew]]''.{{efn|name=a|[[Georges Dumézil]] and others have suggested an alternative origin for the name, which ties it etymologically to other Indo-European deities such as Etruscan [[Nethuns]], Celtic [[Nechtan (mythology)|Nechtan]] and Roman [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] (see [[Neptune (mythology)#Etymology|etymology of Neptune]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Philibert |first=Myriam |year=1997 |title=Les Mythes préceltiques |place=Monaco |publisher=Éditions du Rocher |pages=244–247}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dumézil |first=Georges |author-link=Georges Dumézil |year=1995 |title=Mythe et Epopée |volume=III |publisher=Quarto Gallimard, pub. Éditions Gallimard |isbn=2-07-073656-3 |page=40}}</ref>}} In the [[Rig Veda]], he is described as the creator of all things.<ref name="RV2352" /> It is considered to originate from the [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|Proto-Indo-European]] [[Hepom Nepōts]].{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|page=410}}

In the [[Vedas]] it is often apparent that ''Apām Napāt'' is being used as a title, not a proper name. This is most commonly applied to [[Agni]], god of fire, and occasionally to [[Savitr]], god of the sun. A correspondence has also been posited by [[Mary Boyce|Boyce]]<ref name=Boyce-1989/> between both the Vedic and Avestic traditions of Apam Napat, and [[Varuna]], who is also addressed as "Child of the Waters", and is considered a god of the sea.<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |title= Apąm Napāt |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apam-napat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716182341/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apam-napat |archive-date=2024-07-16 |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref><ref name="Boyce-1989">{{cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |author-link=Mary Boyce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 |title=A History of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period |publisher=BRILL |year=1989 |isbn=90-04-08847-4 |pages=42–43, 45, 47–48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301015630/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2023-03-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47 47–48]}} In the Iranian tradition, he is also called ''Burz'' ("high one," {{langx|fa|[[wikt:برز#Persian|برز]]|}}) and is a [[Yazata|''yazad'']].<ref name=Boyce-1989/>{{rp|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 42–43]}}

==Role==
As a member of the Iranian [[Ahura|ahuric triad]], along with [[Ahura Mazda]] and [[Mithra]], Apąm Napāt – also named '''Ahura Berezaiti''' – is an exalted figure. 
In [[Yasht]]&nbsp;19 of the Zoroastrian [[Avesta]] ''Apąm Napāt'' appears as the creator of mankind. However, since in Zoroastrianism [[Ahura Mazdā]] is venerated as supreme creator, this function of Apąm Napāt has become reduced. This is one reason ''Apąm Napāt'' is no longer widely worshipped, though he is still honoured daily through the Zoroastrian liturgies. The creator-god status is also seen in a hymn in honour of the Vedic ''Apām Napāt''.<ref name="RV2352">{{cite book |title=Rig Veda |year=1896 |isbn=151711439X |edition=1896 |at=2.35.2 |translator=Griffith, Ralph T.H. |chapter=Son of Waters |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02035.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301015630/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv02035.htm |archive-date=2023-03-01 |url-status=live |via=sacred-texts.com|author1= Anonymous|publisher= CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform}}</ref>

Alongside Mithra, Apąm Napāt maintains order in society, as well as [[Khvarenah]], by which legitimate rule is maintained among the Iranian peoples. It is his duty to distribute water from the sea to all regions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sacred Books of the East |year=1898 |edition=American |translator=Darmesteter, James |chapter=Yasht&nbsp;8.34 |chapter-url=http://www.avesta.org/ka/yt8sbe.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326232813/http://avesta.org/ka/yt8sbe.htm |archive-date=2024-03-26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Iranica"/>

==Fire and water==
In one Vedic hymn ''Apām Napāt'' is described as emerging from the water, golden, and "clothed in lightning", which has been conjectured to be a reference to fire.<ref name="RV2352"/> His regular identification with Agni, who is described  a number of times as hiding or residing in water,<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Satapatha Brahmana]] |edition=1882 |translator=Eggeling, Julius |chapter=Part&nbsp;1 (SBE12) 1:2:3:1 |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1209.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301185312/https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1209.htm |archive-date=2024-03-01 |url-status=live |via=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith |title=The Rig Veda/Mandala 7/Hymn 49 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_7/Hymn_49 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512130530/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_7/Hymn_49 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |website=Wikisource}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |others=Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith |title=The Rig Veda/Mandala 3/Hymn 1 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The%20Rig%20Veda/Mandala%203/Hymn%201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509212713/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_3/Hymn_1 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |website=Wikisource}}</ref> and comparison with other Indo-European texts, have led some to speculate about the existence of a [[Proto-Indo-European mythology#Fire in water|Proto-Indo-European myth]] featuring a fire deity born from water.<ref name="West-2007">{{cite book |author=West, M.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA270 |title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth |date=24 May 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-928075-9 |edition=Reprint |pages=270–272 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802055946/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA270P#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-08-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other such mentions include the ninth-century [[Skaldic poetry|Skaldic poem]] [[Ynglingatal]], which uses the [[kenning]] ''sævar niðr'' 'kinsman of the sea' to refer to fire,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marold |first=Edith |date=2012 |title=Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal 4 |url=http://skaldic.org/m.php?p=verse&i=4399 |journal=Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages |language=en |volume=1 |pages=14}}</ref> and an old Armenian poem in which a reed in the middle of the sea spontaneously catches fire, from which springs the hero [[Vahagn]], with fiery hair and eyes that blaze like sun.

===Conjectured original fireless myth===
Whether fire was an original part of Apam Napat's nature remains a matter of debate, especially since this connection is absent from the Iranian version. [[Hermann Oldenberg]] believed Apam Napat was originally an independent water deity who later came to be associated with Agni, in part because of an ancient Indian belief that water contained fire within itself,<ref name="Iranica"/> fire appearing to "enter into" water when quenched by it.<ref name="Oldenberg">{{Cite book |last=Oldenberg |first=Hermann |url=https://archive.org/details/diereligiondesv00oldegoog |title=Die Religion des Veda |year=1894 |location=Berlin, Germany |pages=100–119 |language=de |trans-title=The Religion of the Veda}}</ref><ref name=Boyce-1989/>{{rp|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F3gfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45 45]}}

Associations with Savitr could be understood as similarly deriving from an image of the setting sun sinking into the ocean. Another theory explains the connection between fire and water through lightning, "the flash of fire born from the rainbearing clouds".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |year=1979 |title=The 'Child of the Waters': A Revaluation of Vedic Apāṃ Napāt |journal=Numen |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=164–184 |doi=10.2307/3269717 |jstor=3269717 }}</ref>

==='Swamp gas' conjecture===
Based on the idea that this fire-from-water image was inspired by flaming seepage natural gas,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyrrell |first1=Maliheh S. |date=2000 |title=Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period, 1920-1990 |page=34 |publisher=Lexington Books}}</ref> attempts have been made to connect the name "Apam Napat" to the word "[[wikt:naphtha|naphtha]]", which passed into Greek – and thence English – from an Iranian language.

However, there is only a modest amount of evidence for a link between the sacred fires of Iranian religion and petroleum or natural gas – although the account of the blowing of the 3&nbsp;sacred fires out to sea from the back of the ox Srishok where, unquenched, they continue to burn on the water<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Bundahishn]] |chapter=chapter&nbsp;18 verses&nbsp;8–9 |chapter-url=}}</ref> is suggestive – particularly in relation to [[hydrocarbon]] deposits in the Southwestern part of the [[Caspian Sea]], exploited currently by the [[Absheron gas field]] near [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]].

The etymology of the word "naphtha" has been claimed likely to relate to the Akkadian ''napṭu'', "petroleum".<ref name="Forbes1966">{{cite book |author=Forbes |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Studies in Ancient Technology |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1966 |page=13 |id=GGKEY:YDBU5XT36QD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202094805/https://books.google.com/books?id=nc4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2020-02-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ateshgah of Baku]]
* [[Atropatene]]
* [[Baba Gurgur]]
* [[Eternal flame]]
* [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]]
* [[The Land of Fire]]
* [[Yanar Dag]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=James P. |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2 |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q.}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Af Edholm |first=Kristoffer |year=2017 |title=Royal splendour in the waters: Vedic Śri-̄́ and Avestan Xvarənah- |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=17–73 |doi=10.1163/15728536-06001002 |jstor=26546262 |access-date=9 May 2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26546262|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Magoun |first=Herbert W. |year=1898 |title=Apāṁ Napāt in the ''Rig-Veda'' |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=19 |pages=137–144 |doi=10.2307/592476|jstor=592476 }}

==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Apąm Napāt |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apam-napat}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/4277610 |title=Apāṁ Napāt, Dīrghatamas, and construction of the brick altar. Analysis of RV&nbsp;1.143 |first=Laszlo |last=Forizs|work=Vedic Investigations, orig. eds. Asko Parpola, Masato Fujii and Stanley Insler. Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference: 97–126 (Helsinki, Finland, 13–18 July, 2003), eds. Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2016 }} ({{cite web |title=Laszlo Forizs personal site|url=https://tkbf.academia.edu/LaszloForizs}})

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[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
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