Editing Apocrita

{{Short description|Suborder of insects containing wasps, bees, and ants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Apocrita
| oldest_fossil = Early Jurassic
| image = Seleucus cuneiformis f.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Seleucus cuneiformis]]'' ([[Ichneumonidae]])
| image2 = Vespula germanica Horizontalview Richard Bartz.jpg
| image2_caption = ''[[Vespula germanica]]'' ([[Vespidae]])
| taxon = Apocrita
| authority = [[Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker|Gerstaecker]], 1867<ref name="Gerstaecker_1867">{{cite journal |last=Gerstaecker |first=C.E.A. |title=Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. und die bei Berlin vorkommenden Arten derselben |journal=Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften |date=1867 |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=1–144 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/102864#page/17/mode/1up |language=de}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = *[[Stephanoidea]]
*[[Ceraphronoidea]]
*[[Evanioidea]]
*[[Ichneumonoidea]]
*[[Proctotrupomorpha]]
**[[Cynipoidea]]
**[[Chalcidoidea]]
**[[Diaprioidea]]
**[[Proctotrupoidea]]
**[[Platygastroidea]]
**[[Mymarommatoidea]]
*[[Trigonaloidea]]
*[[Megalyroidea]]
*[[Aculeata]]
}}

'''Apocrita''' is a [[suborder (biology)|suborder]] of [[insect]]s in the order [[Hymenoptera]]. It includes [[wasp]]s, [[bee]]s, and [[ant]]s, and consists of many families. It contains the most advanced hymenopterans and is distinguished from [[Sawfly|Symphyta]] by the narrow "waist" ([[petiole (insect)|petiole]]) formed between the first two segments of the actual [[abdomen]]; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the [[propodeum]]. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the [[mesosoma]] and [[metasoma]] (or [[Gaster (insect anatomy)|gaster]]) rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen", respectively. The evolution of a constricted waist was an important adaption for the [[parasitoid]] lifestyle of the ancestral apocritan, allowing more maneuverability of the female's [[ovipositor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimaldi |first1=David |author1-link=David Grimaldi (entomologist) |last2=Engel |first2=Michael S. |author2-link=Michael S. Engel |title=Evolution of the Insects |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82149-0 |page=414}}</ref> The [[ovipositor]] either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisioned by their mothers.

Apocrita has historically been split into two groups, [[Parasitica]] and [[Aculeata]]. Aculeata is a [[clade]] whose name is in standard use. "Parasitica" is not a clade, as it is [[paraphyletic]]: the clade would contain the Aculeata. "Parasitica" is therefore a rankless grouping in many present classifications, if it appears at all.

<!--Parasitica-->
Parasitica comprises the majority of hymenopteran insects, its members living as [[parasitoids]].<ref name=Peters/><ref name=Heraty>{{Cite journal |last1=Heraty |first1=John |last2=Ronquist |first2=Fredrik |last3=Carpenter |first3=James M. |last4=Hawks |first4=David |last5=Schulmeister |first5=Susanne |last6=Dowling |first6=Ashley P. |last7=Murray |first7=Debra |last8=Munro |first8=James |last9=Wheeler |first9=Ward C. |title=Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=73–88 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003 |pmid=21540117 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011MolPE..60...73H |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2f33z9mz }}</ref> Most species are small, with the ovipositor adapted for piercing. In some hosts, the parasitoids induce [[Metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphosis]] prematurely, and in others it is prolonged. There are even species that are [[hyperparasite]]s, or parasitoids on other parasitoids.<ref name="Sullivan 2009 pp. 486–488">{{cite book | last=Sullivan | first=Daniel J. | title=Encyclopedia of Insects | chapter=Hyperparasitism | publisher=Elsevier | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-12-374144-8 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00138-7 | pages=486–488}}</ref> The Parasitica lay their [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s inside or on another insect (egg, larva or pupa) and their larvae grow and develop within or on that host. The host is nearly always killed. Many [[parasitic wasp|parasitic hymenopterans]] are used as [[biological control]] agents to control pests, such as [[caterpillar]]s, [[Hemiptera|true bugs and hoppers]], [[fly|flies]], and [[weevil]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera) |url=https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/insects/parasitoid-wasps-hymenoptera |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827072031/https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/insects/parasitoid-wasps-hymenoptera |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<!--Aculeata-->
Aculeata is a [[monophyletic]] group that includes those species in which the female's [[ovipositor]] is modified into a [[stinger (organ)|stinger]] to inject [[venom]]. Groups within Aculeata include the familiar ants, bees, and various types of parasitic and predatory wasps; it also includes all of the [[eusocial|social]] hymenopterans.<ref name="BranstetterDanforth2017"/>
Among the nonparasitic and nonsocial Aculeata, larvae are fed with captured prey (typically alive and paralyzed) or may be fed pollen and nectar. The [[Eusociality|social]] Aculeata feed their young prey ([[paper wasp]]s and [[hornet]]s), or [[pollen]] and [[nectar]] (bees), or perhaps seeds, [[fungi]], or nonviable eggs (ants).

== Extant families and superfamilies ==

The Apocrita contains a large number of families. Some traditional taxa such as the [[Parasitica]] (containing many families of [[parasitoid wasp]]s) have been found on molecular analysis to be [[paraphyletic]]. [[Parasitoid]]ism evolved once, and it is found today across most Apocritan families, though it has been secondarily lost several times. The [[phylogenetic tree]] gives a condensed overview of the phylogeny, illustrated with major groups. The sawflies are paraphyletic as the Apocrita evolved inside that group. The tree is not fully resolved.<ref name="BranstetterDanforth2017">{{cite journal |last1=Branstetter |first1=Michael G. |last2=Danforth |first2=Bryan N. |last3=Pitts |first3=James P. |last4=Faircloth |first4=Brant C. |last5=Ward |first5=Philip S. |last6=Buffington |first6=Matthew L. |last7=Gates |first7=Michael W. |last8=Kula |first8=Robert R. |last9=Brady |first9=Seán G.|title=Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |year=2017 |pages=1019–1025 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027|pmid=28376325 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017CBio...27.1019B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schulmeister, S. |date=2003 |title=Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=245–275 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schulmeister |first1=S. |title=Symphyta |url=http://susanne.schulmeister.com/Symphyta.html |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621021510/http://susanne.schulmeister.com/Symphyta.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Peters>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Krogmann |first2=Lars |last3=Mayer |first3=Christoph |last4=Donath |first4=Alexander |last5=Gunkel |first5=Simon |last6=Meusemann |first6=Karen |last7=Kozlov |first7=Alexey |last8=Podsiadlowski |first8=Lars |last9=Petersen |first9=Malte |title=Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1013–1018 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027|pmid=28343967 |year=2017 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017CBio...27.1013P |hdl=2434/801122 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Cladogram of Apocrita after Peters et al.(2017)<ref name="Peters" />{{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=Apocrita
            |1={{Clade
               |label1=[[Parasitoida]]
               |1={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=[[Ceraphronoidea]]
                     |2=[[Ichneumonoidea]]
                     }}
                  |label2=[[Proctotrupomorpha]]
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[[Cynipoidea]]
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=[[Platygastroidea]]
                        |2={{Clade
                           |1=[[Chalcidoidea]]
                           |2={{Clade
                              |1=[[Diaprioidea]]
                              |2=[[Proctotrupoidea]]
                  }} }} }} }} }}
               |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=[[Evanioidea]]
                     |2=[[Stephanoidea]]
                     }}
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[[Trigonaloidea]]
                     |label2=[[Aculeata]]
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=[[Chrysidoidea]]
                        |label2=[[Euaculeata]]
                        |2={{Clade
                           |1=[[Vespoidea]] (potter, honey and social wasps)
                           |2={{Clade
                              |1={{Clade
                                 |1=[[Pompiloidea]] (velvet ants, spider wasps and relatives)
                                 |2={{Clade
                                    |1=[[Thynnoidea]]
                                    |2=[[Tiphioidea]]
                                 }} }}
                              |2={{Clade
                                 |1=[[Scolioidea]]
                                 |2={{Clade
                                    |1=[[Formicoidea]] (ants)
                                    |label2=[[Apoidea]]
                                    |2={{Clade
                                       |1=[[Ampulicidae]]
                                       |2={{Clade
                                          |1=[[Sphecidae]]
                                          |2="[[Crabronidae]]" (digger wasps)|state2=double
                                          |3=[[Bee|Anthophila]] (bees)
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

*Suborder Apocrita
**Infraorder [[Aculeata]]
***Superfamily [[Apoidea]] ([[bee]]s and sphecoid wasps)
****Family [[Ammoplanidae]]
****Family [[Ampulicidae]] ([[cockroach wasp]]s)
****Family [[Astatidae]]
****Family [[Bembicinae|Bembicidae]] (sand wasps)
****Family [[Crabronidae]]
****Family [[Mellinidae]]
****Family [[Pemphredonidae]]
****Family [[Philanthidae]] (bee wolves)
****Family [[Psenidae]]
****Family [[Sphecidae]] ([[Sphecidae|digger wasps]])
****Family †[[Angarosphecidae]]
****Family †[[Paleomelittidae]]
****Family †[[Temnogynidae]]
****Clade [[Bee|Anthophila]] 
*****Family [[Andrenidae]] (mining bees)
*****Family [[Apidae]] ([[carpenter bee]]s, [[digger bee]]s, [[cuckoo bee]]s, [[bumble bee]]s, [[orchid bee]]s, [[stingless bee]]s, and [[honeybee]]s)
*****Family [[Colletidae]] ([[yellow-faced bee]]s and [[plasterer bee]]s)
*****Family [[Halictidae]] ("sweat bees")
*****Family [[Megachilidae]] ([[leafcutting bee|leaf-cutting bee]]s)
*****Family [[Melittidae]]
*****Family [[Stenotritidae]]
***Superfamily [[Chrysidoidea]]
****Family [[Bethylidae]]
****Family [[Chrysididae]] ([[cuckoo wasp]]s)
****Family [[Dryinidae]]
****Family [[Embolemidae]]
****Family [[Plumariidae]]
****Family [[Sclerogibbidae]]
****Family [[Scolebythidae]]
***Superfamily [[Formicoidea]]
****Family [[Ant|Formicidae]] ([[ant]]s)
***Superfamily [[Pompiloidea]]
****Family [[Mutillidae]] ([[velvet ant]]s)
****Family [[Myrmosidae]]
****Family [[Pompilidae]] ([[spider wasp]]s)
****Family [[Sapygidae]]
***Superfamily [[Scoliidae|Scolioidea]]
****Family [[Scoliidae]]
***Superfamily [[Tiphioidea]]
****Family [[Bradynobaenidae]]
****Family [[Sierolomorphidae]]
****Family [[Tiphiidae]]
***Superfamily [[Thynnoidea|Thynoidea]]
****Family [[Chyphotidae]]
****Family [[Thynnidae]]
***Superfamily [[Vespoidea]]
****Family [[Rhopalosomatidae]]
****Family [[Vespidae]] ([[paper wasp]]s, [[potter wasp]]s, [[hornet]]s, [[pollen wasp]]s, [[yellowjacket]]s)
**[[Proctotrupomorpha]]
***Superfamily [[Chalcidoidea]]
****Family [[Agaonidae]] ([[fig wasp]]s)
****Family [[Aphelinidae]]
****Family [[Chalcididae]] ([[chalcid wasp]]s)
****Family [[Encyrtidae]]
****Family [[Eucharitidae]]
****Family [[Eulophidae]]
****Family [[Eupelmidae]]
****Family [[Eurytomidae]] ([[seed chalcid]]s)
****Family [[Leucospidae]]
****Family [[Mymaridae]] ([[fairyfly|fairyflies]]) – the smallest of all insects
****Family [[Ormyridae]]
****Family [[Perilampidae]]
****Family [[Pteromalidae]]
****Family [[Rotoitidae]]
****Family [[Signiphoridae]]
****Family [[Tanaostigmatidae]]
****Family [[Tetracampidae]]
****Family [[Torymidae]]
****Family [[Trichogrammatidae]]
***Superfamily [[Cynipoidea]]
****Family [[Austrocynipidae]]
****Family [[Cynipidae]] ([[gall wasp]]s)
****Family [[Figitidae]]
****Family [[Ibaliidae]]
****Family [[Liopteridae]]
***Superfamily [[Diaprioidea]]
****Family [[Austroniidae]]
****Family [[Diapriidae]]
****Family [[Maamingidae]]
****Family [[Monomachidae]]
***Superfamily [[Mymarommatoidea]]
****Family [[Mymarommatidae]]
***Superfamily [[Platygastroidea]]
**** Family [[Geoscelionidae]]
**** Family [[Janzenellidae]]
**** Family [[Neuroscelionidae]]
**** Family [[Nixoniidae]]
**** Family [[Platygastridae]]
**** Family †[[Proterosceliopsidae]]
**** Family [[Scelionidae]]
**** Family [[Sparasionidae]]
***Superfamily [[Proctotrupoidea]]
****Family [[Heloridae]]
****Family [[Pelecinidae]]
****Family [[Peradeniidae]]
****Family [[Proctorenyxidae]]
****Family [[Proctotrupidae]]
****Family [[Roproniidae]]
****Family [[Vanhorniidae]]
**Superfamily [[Stephanoidea]]
***Family [[Stephanidae]]
**Superfamily [[Trigonaloidea]]
***Family †[[Maimetshidae]]
***Family [[Trigonalidae]]
**Superfamily [[Ceraphronoidea]]
***Family [[Ceraphronidae]]
***Family [[Megaspilidae]]
**Superfamily [[Evanioidea]]
***Family [[Aulacidae]]
***Family [[Evaniidae]] ([[ensign wasp]]s)
***Family [[Gasteruptiidae]]
**Superfamily [[Ichneumonoidea]]
***Family [[Braconidae]]
***Family [[Ichneumonidae]] ([[ichneumon wasp]]s)
**Superfamily [[Megalyroidea]]
***Family [[Megalyridae]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Apocrita}}
{{Wikispecies|Apocrita}}
* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/12325 Suborder Apocrita – Ants, Bees and Wasps – BugGuide.Net] — images and other information
* [http://tolweb.org/Apocrita/11162 Tree of Life]
* [http://balades.naturalistes.free.fr/Balades_entomologiques.php Balades Entomologiques] — "entomological walks" with images {{in lang|fr}}

{{Hymenoptera|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q22864}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Apocrita| ]]
[[Category:Insect suborders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker]]