Editing Appanage

{{Short description|Grant to a younger child of a monarch}}

{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}

{{English feudalism}}
An '''appanage''', or '''apanage''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|p|ə|n|ɪ|dʒ|}}; {{langx|fr|apanage}} {{IPA|fr|apanaʒ||LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-apanage.wav}}), is the grant of an estate, title, office or other thing of value to a younger child of a [[monarch]], who would otherwise have no [[inheritance]] under the system of [[primogeniture]] (where only the eldest inherits). It was common in much of [[Europe]].

The system of appanage greatly influenced the territorial construction of [[France]] and the [[States of Germany|German states]] and explains why many of the former [[provinces of France]] had [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] which were [[cadency|modified]] versions of the king's arms.

==Etymology==
[[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|*appanaticum}}, from {{lang|la|appanare}} or {{lang|la|adpanare}} 'to give bread' ({{lang|la|panis}}), a {{lang|la|[[pars pro toto]]}} for food and other necessities, hence for a "subsistence" income, notably in kind, as from assigned land.

==Original appanage: in France==

===History of the French appanage ===
An appanage was a concession of a [[fief]] by the sovereign to his younger sons, while the eldest son became king on the death of his father. Appanages were considered as part of the inheritance transmitted to the {{lang|fr|puisné}} (younger sons).{{NoteTag|French puis, "later", + né, "born [masc.]"}} The word {{lang|fr|Juveigneur}}{{NoteTag|from the Latin comparative iuvenior, 'younger [masc.]'; in Brittany's customary law only the youngest brother}} was specifically used for the royal princes holding an ''appanage''. These lands returned to the [[Royal domain of France|royal domain]] (the territory directly controlled by the king) on the extinction of the princely line, and could not be sold (neither hypothetically nor as a [[dowry]]). Daughters were initially able to inherit the appanages under the [[Capetian Kings]]. However, under the [[House of Valois]], [[Salic law]] was applied which prohibited women from inheriting.

The system of appanage has played a particularly important role in [[Kingdom of France|France]]. It developed there with the extension of royal authority from the 13th century, then disappeared from the [[late Middle Ages]] with the affirmation of the exclusive authority of the royal state. It strongly influenced the territorial construction, explaining the arms of several provinces. The [[prerogative]] of [[Burgundy]] is also the origin of the [[Belgium|Belgian]], [[Luxembourg|Luxembourgeois]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] states, through the action of its [[Duke|dukes]] favored by their position in the court of the [[kings of France]].

[[Primogeniture]] avoids territorial splintering, which the earlier Frankish tradition of [[partible inheritance]] (equal division) suffered from (e.g. under the [[Merovingians]] and subsequent [[Carolingian Dynasty|Carolingians]]). But primogeniture creates resentment in younger sons who inherit nothing. Appanages thus were used to sweeten the bitter pill of [[primogeniture]] and deter revolt of younger sons by diverting their aspirations of claiming their eldest brother's throne. 

==== House of Capet ====
Unlike their predecessors (the Carolingians), the [[Capetian dynasty]]'s hold on the crown was initially tenuous. They could not afford to divide the kingdom among all their sons, and the royal domain was very small, initially consisting solely of the [[Île-de-France]]. So the Capetians broke away from the Frankish custom of partible inheritance, to instead have the eldest son alone become King and receive the royal domain (except for any appanages). Most Capetians endeavored to add to the royal domain through incorporation of additional fiefs, large or small, and thus gradually obtained direct lordship over almost all of France.  

Their first king [[Hugh Capet]] (elected [[List of French monarchs#House of Capet (987–1792)|King of the Franks]] on the death of [[Louis V of France|Louis V]] in 987) only had one son, [[Robert II of France|Robert II]]. But Robert had multiple sons. One of them, [[Henry I of France]], became the first king to create an appanage in 1032, when he gave the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] to his younger brother [[Robert I of Burgundy]] (whose descendants retained the duchy until 1361 with the extinction of the first Capetian [[House of Burgundy]] by the death of [[Philip de Rouvre]]). 

[[Louis VIII]] and [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] also created appanages.

==== House of Valois ====
The king who created the most powerful appanages for his sons was [[John II of France]]. His youngest son, [[Philip the Bold]], founded the second Capetian House of Burgundy in 1363. By marrying the heiress of Flanders, Philip also became ruler of the Low Countries.

King [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] tried to abolish the appanage system, but in vain. Provinces conceded in appanage tended to become ''de facto'' independent and the authority of the king was recognized there reluctantly. In particular the line of [[House of Valois|Valois]] [[Dukes of Burgundy]] caused considerable trouble to the French crown, with which they were often at war, often in open alliance with the English. Theoretically appanages could be reincorporated into the royal domain but only if the last lord had no male heirs. Kings tried as much as possible to rid themselves of the most powerful appanages. [[Louis XI]] retook the Duchy of Burgundy at the death of its last duke, [[Charles the Bold]]. [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] confiscated the [[Duke of Bourbon|Bourbonnais]], after the treason in 1523 of his commander in chief, [[Charles III, Duke of Bourbon]], the 'constable of Bourbon' (died 1527 in the service of [[Emperor Charles V]]).

The first article of the [[Edict of Moulins]] (1566) declared that the royal domain (defined in the second article as all the land controlled by the crown for more than ten years) could not be alienated, except in two cases: by interlocking, in the case of financial emergency, with a perpetual option to repurchase the land; and to form an appanage, which must return to the crown in its original state on the extinction of the male line.{{cn|date=December 2022}} The {{lang|fr|apanagist}} (incumbent) therefore could not separate himself from his appanage in any way.

After [[Charles V of France]], a clear distinction had to be made between titles given as names to children in France, and true appanages. At their birth the French princes received a title independent of an appanage. Thus, the [[Duke of Anjou]], grandson of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], never possessed Anjou and never received any revenue from this province. The king waited until the prince had reached adulthood and was about to marry before endowing him with an appanage. The goal of the appanage was to provide him with a sufficient income to maintain his noble rank.

The fief given in appanage could be the same as the title given to the prince, but this was not necessarily the case.

Only seven appanages were given from 1515 to 1789.

==== Post-Revolution ====
Appanages were abolished in 1792 before the proclamation of the [[French First Republic|Republic]]. The youngest princes from then on were to receive a grant of money but no territory.

Appanages were reestablished under the first French empire by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] and confirmed by the Bourbon restoration-king [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]]. The last of the appanages, the [[Duke of Orléans|Orléanais]], was reincorporated to the French crown when the Duke of Orléans, [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis-Philippe]], became king of the French in 1830.

The word {{lang|fr|apanage}} is still used in French figuratively, in a non-historic sense: "to have appanage over something" is used, often in an ironic and negative sense, to claim exclusive possession over something. For example, "cows have appanage over prions".{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== List of major French appanages ===

==== Direct Capetians ====
*[[Henry I of France|Henry I]] gave the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] to his brother [[Robert I, Duke of Burgundy|Robert]].
*[[Louis VI of France|Louis VI]] gave the [[County of Dreux]] to his son [[Robert I of Dreux|Robert]]. The lineage of the counts became extinct in 1355, but a cadet line, descended from [[Peter I, Duke of Brittany|Pierre Mauclerc]], became Dukes of Brittany.
*[[Philip II of France|Philip II]] gave his son [[Philippe Hurepel]] the county of Clermont, then the counties of [[County of Domfront|Domfront]] and [[County of Mortain|Mortain]].
*[[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]], by his 1225 will, granted
**the [[Count of Artois|County of Artois]] to his second son [[Robert I of Artois|Robert]]. Artois was lost by Robert's male heirs, passing through a female line, and eventually was inherited by the Dukes of Burgundy. [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]] seized it upon the death of [[Charles the Bold]] in 1477, but his son returned it to Charles's heirs in preparation for his invasion of Italy in 1493.
**the Counties of [[County of Poitiers|Poitou]] and [[County of Auvergne|Auvergne]] to his fourth son [[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers|Alphonse]]. These returned to the crown when Alphonse died without heirs in 1271.
**the Counties of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[County of Maine|Maine]] to his third son [[John, Count of Anjou|John]]. They returned to the crown when John died without heirs in 1232.
*[[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] endowed
**the Counties of [[County of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[County of Maine|Maine]] (1246) to his youngest brother, [[Charles I of Sicily|Charles]]. They passed to Charles's granddaughter, who married Charles, Count of Valois, the younger son of [[Philip III of France|Philip III]], and thence to their son, [[Philip VI of France|Philip]]. When Philip inherited the throne as Philip VI, the lands reverted to the crown.
**the [[Duke of Orléans|County of Orléans]] to his eldest son, Philip. It returned to the crown when he succeeded his father in 1270 as [[Philip III of France|Philip III]].
**the [[County of Valois]] (c. 1268) to his second son, [[Jean Tristan of France|Jean Tristan]]. This title became extinct upon Jean Tristan's death in 1270.
**the Counties of [[County of Alençon|Alençon]] and [[County of Perche|Perche]] (1268) to his third son, [[Pierre I, Count of Alençon|Pierre]]. This title became extinct on Pierre's death in 1284.
**the [[Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis|County of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis]] (1269) to his fourth son, [[Robert, Count of Clermont|Robert]]. Robert's son, [[Louis I, Duke of Bourbon|Louis]], was later given the [[Duke of Bourbon|Duchy of Bourbon]], which was treated as an appanage, although it was not technically one. Louis later traded Clermont for [[County of La Marche|La Marche]] with his cousin [[Charles IV of France|Charles, Count of Angoulême]], younger brother of King Philip V. These appanages remained in the Bourbon family until they were confiscated due to the treason of [[Charles III, Duke of Bourbon]] in 1527.
*Philip III granted
**the [[County of Valois]] to his second son [[Charles of Valois|Charles]]. Charles was later given the Counties of [[County of Alençon|Alençon]], [[County of Perche|Perche]], and [[County of Chartres|Chartres]] by his brother, [[Philip IV of France]]. Valois passed to Charles's eldest son Philip upon his death in 1325, and returned to the crown when Philip became King Philip VI in 1328. Alençon and Perche passed to Charles's younger son, [[Charles II, Count of Alençon|Charles]]. A descendant was raised to the dignity of Duke of Alençon. These titles returned to the crown upon the extinction of the Alençon line in 1525.
**the [[Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise|County of Beaumont-sur-Oise]] to his third son [[Louis d'Évreux|Louis]]. Louis was later given the [[County of Évreux]] by his brother Philip IV. These titles returned to the throne upon the death of Queen [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche of Navarre]] in 1441.
*Philip IV endowed
**the [[County of Poitou]] for his second son, [[Philip V of France|Philip]]. This title returned to the throne when Philip became king in 1316.
**the Counties of [[County of La Marche|La Marche]] and [[County of Angoulême|Angoulême]] for his third son, [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]]. Charles later traded La Marche for the [[County of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis]] with the [[Duke of Bourbon]]. His titles returned to the throne when Charles became king in 1322.

==== House of Valois ====
*Philip VI granted
**the [[Duchy of Normandy]] to his elder son [[John II of France|John]]. This title returned to the throne when John succeeded his father in 1350.
**the [[Duchy of Orléans]] to his younger son [[Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans|Philip]]. This title returned to the throne when Philip died without issue in 1375.
*John II 'the Good', on his departure to England in 1360, granted
**the Duchies of [[Duke of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[Counts and Dukes of Maine|of Maine]] to his second son [[Louis I, Duke of Anjou|Louis]]. This title returned to the throne upon the death of duke [[Charles IV, Duke of Anjou|Charles IV]], Louis I's great-grandson, in 1481.
**the Duchies of [[Duchy of Berry|Berry]] and [[Rulers of Auvergne|Auvergne]] to his third son [[John, Duke of Berry|John]]. These titles returned to the throne upon John's death without male issue in 1416.
**In 1363, John II granted the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] to his fourth son [[Philip II, Duke of Burgundy|Philip]]. Upon the death of Philip's great-grandson [[Charles the Bold]] in 1477, King Louis XI claimed the reversion of Burgundy and seized the territory. It continued to be claimed, however, by Charles's daughter [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]] and her heirs. When Mary's grandson [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]] defeated and captured [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] at the [[Battle of Pavia]] in 1525, he forced Francis to sign a treaty recognizing him as Duke of Burgundy, but Francis disavowed the treaty when he was released, and the cession was revoked by the [[Treaty of Cambrai]] four years later. Charles and his heirs reserved their claims, however, and this reservation was repeated as late as the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] in 1659, when [[Philip IV of Spain]] continued to reserve his rights to the Duchy.{{cn|date=December 2022}}
*[[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] granted the [[Duchy of Orléans]] and the [[County of Angoulême]] to his brother [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans|Louis]] in 1392. The Duchy of Orléans returned to the crown when Louis I's grandson became [[Louis XII of France]] in 1498. The County of Angoulême returned to the crown when Louis I's great-grandson became [[Francis I of France]] in 1515.
*Louis XI granted the Duchies of [[Duchy of Berry|Berry]], [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]], and [[Duchy of Guyenne|Guyenne]] to his younger brother [[Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry|Charles]]. These titles returned to the crown when Charles died in 1472.
*[[Francis I of France|Francis I]] granted the Duchies of [[Duchy of Orléans|Orléans]], [[Duchy of Angoulême|Angoulême]], and [[Duchy of Châtellerault|Châtellerault]] and the Counties of [[County of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis|Clermont-en-Beauvaisis]] and [[County of La Marche|La Marche]] to his second surviving son, [[Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans|Charles]] in 1540. To this was added the [[Duke of Bourbon|Duchy of Bourbon]] in 1544. These titles returned to the crown when Charles died without issue in 1545.
*[[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] granted
**the Duchies of [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]] and [[Duchy of Bourbonnais|Bourbonnais]] and the [[County of Forez]] to the older of his two brothers, [[Henry III of France|Henry]], in 1566. He added the [[Duke of Auvergne|Duchy of Auvergne]] to these holdings in 1569. The titles returned to the crown when Henry succeeded his brother in 1574.
**the Duchies of [[Duchy of Alençon|Alençon]] and [[Duchy of Château-Thierry|Château-Thierry]] and the Counties of [[County of Perche|Perche]], [[County of Mantes|Mantes]], and [[County of Meulan|Meulan]] to his youngest brother, [[François, Duc d'Anjou|Francis]] in 1566. To this he later added the [[Duchy of Évreux]] and the [[County of Dreux]] in 1569. Francis's other brother, Henry III, increased his holdings still further in 1576, granting him the Duchies of [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]], [[Duchy of Touraine|Touraine]], and [[Duchy of Berry|Berry]] and the [[County of Maine]]. All these titles returned to the crown upon Francis's death without issue in 1584.

==== House of Bourbon ====
*[[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] granted the Duchies of [[Duchy of Orléans|Orléans]] and [[Duchy of Chartres|Chartres]] and the [[County of Blois]] to his younger brother [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans|Gaston]] in 1626. To this was added the [[Duchy of Valois]] in 1630. These titles returned to the crown on Gaston's death without male issue in 1660.
*[[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] granted
**the Duchies of [[Duchy of Orléans|Orléans]], [[Duchy of Chartres|Chartres]], and [[Duchy of Valois|Valois]] to his brother, [[Philippe I, duc d'Orléans|Philippe]] in 1661. To this was added the [[Duchy of Nemours]] in 1672. These titles passed to his descendants and were abolished during the Revolution in 1790. They were restored to the heir at the time of the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]] in 1814. At the accession of [[Louis Philippe of France|Louis Philippe]], these titles merged into the crown.
**the Duchies of [[Duchy of Alençon|Alençon]] and [[Duchy of Angoulême|Angoulême]] and the [[County of Ponthieu]] to his third grandson, [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)|Charles, duc de Berry]] in 1710. These titles returned to the crown upon his death without surviving issue in 1714.
*[[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] granted
**the [[Duchy of Anjou]] and the Counties of [[County of Maine|Maine]], [[County of Perche|Perche]], and [[County of Senonches|Senonches]] to his second surviving grandson, [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis Stanislas, comte de Provence]] in 1771. Louis was further given the [[Duchy of Alençon]] by his brother [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] in 1774. These titles were abolished during the Revolution in 1790. When the monarchy and appanages were restored in 1814, Louis had inherited the throne as Louis XVIII, and his titles merged into the crown.
**the Duchies of [[Duchy of Auvergne|Auvergne]], [[Duchy of Angoulême|Angoulême]] and [[Duchy of Mercœur|Mercœur]] and the [[Viscounty of Limoges]] to his youngest grandson [[Charles X of France|Charles, comte d'Artois]] in 1773. To this was added in 1774 by his brother, Louis XVI the [[Marquisate of Pompadour]] and the [[Viscounty of Turenne]]. In 1776, Louis XVI deprived Charles of Limoges, Pompadour, and Turenne, and gave him in exchange the Duchies of [[Duchy of Berry|Berry]] and [[Duchy of Châteauroux|Châteauroux]], the Counties of [[County of Argenton|Argenton]] and [[County of Ponthieu|Ponthieu]], and the [[Seigneur de Henrichemont|Lordship of Henrichemont]]. In 1778, the appanage was further reshaped, with Auvergne and Mercœur removed and replaced with the [[County of Poitou]], leaving Charles with a final appanage consisting of the Duchies of Angoulême, Berry, and Châteauroux, the Counties of Argenton, Ponthieu, and Poitou, and the Lordship of Henrichemont. These titles were abolished during the Revolution in 1790, but were restored at the time of the Restoration in 1814. They merged into the crown when Charles became king in 1824.

Although Napoleon restored the idea of appanage in 1810 for his sons, none were ever granted, nor were any new appanages created by the restoration monarchs.

==Western feudal appanages outside France==

===Appanages within Britain===

English and British monarchs frequently granted appanages to younger sons of the monarch. Most famously, the Houses of [[House of York|York]] and [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]], whose feuding over the succession to the [[List of English monarchs|English throne]] after the end of the main line of the [[House of Plantagenet]] caused the [[Wars of the Roses]], were both established when the [[Duke of York|Duchies of York]] and [[Duke of Lancaster|Lancaster]] were given as appanages for [[Edmund of Langley]] and [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]] respectively, two of the four younger sons of King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].

In modern times, the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] is the permanent statutory<ref><!--{{cite legislation UK}} unfortunately does not support citing Acts of Parliament before the union of 1801-->By [[Royal charter|charter]] issued by King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] in 1337: {{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3/11/0|title=A Charter of 1337|website=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> appanage of the monarch's eldest son, intended to support him until such time as he inherits the Crown.<ref name=companion>{{cite book |title=The Companion to British History |last=Arnold-Baker |first=Charles |year=2001 |isbn=978-0415185837 |page=43 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D71aIFaur3EC&q=%22duchy+of+Cornwall%22+appanage&pg=PA43 |access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> Other titles have continued to be granted to junior members of the royal family, but without associated grants of land directly connected with those titles, any territorial rights over the places named in the titles, or any income directly derived from those lands or places by virtue of those titles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

====Scotland====
The defunct [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] was granted as an appanage to the future [[David I of Scotland]] by his brother Edgar, King of Scots. Remnants of this can be found within the patrimony of the [[Prince of Scotland]], currently [[William, Prince of Wales|Prince William, Duke of Rothesay]].

===Kingdom of Jerusalem===
In the only [[crusader state]] of equal rank in protocol to the states of Western Europe, the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], the [[County of Jaffa and Ascalon]] was often granted as an appanage.

===Brigantine Portugal===
With the installation of the [[House of Braganza]] on the Portuguese throne in 1640, an official appanage was created for the second eldest son of the monarch, the [[House of the Infantado]]. The Infantado included several land grants and palaces, along with a heightened royal pension.

==Equivalents outside Western Europe==
===Russia===
The principalities of [[European Russia]] had a similar practice; an appanage given to a younger male of the princely family was called ''udel principalities'' (''[[District duchy|appanage principalities]]'', {{langx|ru|удельное княжество}}, see ''[[:ru:Удельное княжество]]''). The frequency and importance of the custom was particularly important between the mid-13th and the mid-15th centuries; some historians refer to this era as the ''Appanage Period'' or ''Appanage Russia''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riasanovsky |first1=Nicholas V. |title=Russian Identities: A Historical Survey |date=29 September 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534814-9 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Qb2vqUa9YC |language=en}}</ref> The last appange Russian prince was [[Vladimir of Staritsa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}</ref>

In the late Russian Empire, appanages for members of the imperial family were created by [[Paul I of Russia|Emperor Paul I]] in 1797. By decree of the emperor, the members of the imperial family who were in the line of succession of the throne received [[civil list]] payments from state revenues; those not in the line of succession were given appanages from revenues of special estates called an ''udel estate'' (''appanage estate'', {{langx|ru|удельное имение}}, see ''[[:ru:Удельное имение]]''). Revenues of appanage estates were created by tribute of state (unlike private owned) peasants who lived on the territory of appanage estates and owned by the imperial family (see ''[[:ru:Удельные крестьяне]]''). Appanage estates were managed by the [[:ru:Удельное ведомство|Department of Appanage Estates]].

===Serbia===
In [[medieval Serbia]], an appanage was predominantly given to a younger brother of the supreme ruler, called a {{lang|sr-Latn|[[Župa]]}}. Its use began in the 9th century and continued into the 14th century, with the fall of the [[Serbian Empire]].

===Indian subcontinent===
In the [[Indian subcontinent]], the {{lang|fa-Latn|[[jagir]]}} (a type of fief) was often thus assigned to individual junior relatives of the ruling house of a [[princely state]], but not as a customary right of birth, though in practice usually hereditarily held, and not only to them but also to commoners, normally as an essentially meritocratic grant of land and taxation rights (guaranteeing a "fitting" income, in itself bringing social sway, in the primary way in a mainly agricultural society), or even as part of a deal.

The seniormost woman in the [[Travancore royal family]] held the estate of [[Attingal]], also known as the Sreepadam Estate, in appanage for life. All the income derived from this {{convert|15000|acre|km2}} estate was the private property of the senior maharani, alternatively known as the Senior Rani of Attingal ({{lang|ml-Latn|Attingal Mootha Thampuran}}).

===Indonesia===
The Javanese kingdom of {{lang|jv-Latn|[[Majapahit]]|italics=no}}, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into {{lang|jv-Latn|nagara}} (provinces). The administration of these {{lang|jv-Latn|nagara}} was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of {{lang|jv-Latn|Bhre}} i.e. {{lang|jv-Latn|Bhra i}}, "lord of" (the word {{lang|jv-Latn|bhra}} being akin to the [[Thai language|Thai]] {{lang|th-Latn|[[Thai nobility|Phra]]}}), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example a sister of King [[Hayam Wuruk]] (r. 1350–1389) was {{lang|jv-Latn|"Bhre Lasem"|italics=no}}, "lady of [[Lasem]]".

===Mongol Empire===
The royal family of the [[Mongol Empire]] owned the largest appanages in the world because of their enormous empire. In 1206, [[Genghis Khan]] awarded large tracts of land to his family members and loyal companions, most of whom were of common origin. Shares of booty were distributed much more widely. Empresses, princesses, and meritorious servants, as well as children of concubines, all received full shares including war prisoners.<ref name="ReferenceA">Weatherford, Jack. ''Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world'', pp.&nbsp;220&ndash;227.</ref> For example, Kublai summoned two siege engineers from the [[Ilkhanate]], and after their success rewarded them with lands. After the Mongol conquest in 1238, the port cities in [[Crimea]] paid [[List of khans of the Golden Horde|the Jochids]] customs duties and the revenues were divided among all Chingisid princes in Mongol Empire in accordance with the appanage system.<ref>Jackson, Peter. ''Dissolution of Mongol Empire'', pp.&nbsp;186&ndash;243.</ref> As loyal allies, the Kublaids in East Asia and the Ilkhanids in [[Persia]] sent clerics, doctors, artisans, scholars, engineers and administrators to and received revenues from the appanages in each other's khanates.

The [[Great Khan]] [[Möngke Khan|Möngke]] divided up shares or appanages in [[Persia]] and made redistribution in Central Asia in 1251–1256.<ref>René Grousset, ''The Empire of Steppes'', p.&nbsp;286.</ref> Although the [[Chagatai Khanate]] was the smallest in size, the Chagatai Khans held the cities of [[Kath, Uzbekistan|Kat]] and [[Khiva]] in [[Khorazm]], and some cities and villages in [[Shanxi]] and [[Iran]], as well as their nomadic grounds in Central Asia.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The first [[Ilkhan]], [[Hulagu]], owned 25,000 households of silk-workers in China, valleys in [[Tibet]], and lands in Mongolia.<ref name="ReferenceA" />  In 1298, his descendant [[Ghazan]] of Persia sent envoys with precious gifts to the Great Khan [[Temür Khan|Temür]], and asked for the share of lands and revenues held by his great-grandfather in the territories ruled by the [[Yuan dynasty]] (in modern-day China and Mongolia). It is claimed{{by whom|date=February 2023}} that Ghazan received revenues that were not sent since the time of Möngke Khan.<ref name="ReferenceB">Jackson, Peter. "From Ulus to Khanate: the making of Mongol States, c. 1220–1290", in ''The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy'', pp.&nbsp;12&ndash;38.</ref>

The appanage holders demanded excessive revenues and freed themselves from taxes. Ögedei decreed that nobles could appoint [[darughachi]] and judges in the appanages instead of direct distribution without the permission of the Great Khan, due to [[Khitan people|Khitan]] minister [[Yelü Chucai]]. Both [[Güyük Khan|Güyük]] and Möngke restricted the autonomy of the appanages, but Kublai Khan continued Ögedei's regulations. Ghazan also prohibited any misfeasance of appanage holders in the Ilkhanate, and Yuan councillor Temuder restricted Mongol nobles' excessive powers in appanages in China and Mongolia.<ref>''Cambridge History of China''</ref>{{fcn|date=February 2023}} Kublai's successor Temür abolished imperial son-in-law King [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo]]'s 358 departments which caused financial pressures to Korean people, though the Mongols gave them some autonomy.<ref>''The history of Gaoli'' Chongson</ref>{{fcn|date=February 2023}}

The appanage system was severely affected beginning with the civil strife in the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1304.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>Atwood, Christopher P. ''Encyclopedia of the Mongol Empire and Mongolia'', p.&nbsp;32.</ref> Nevertheless, this system survived. For example, [[Abagha]] of the Ilkhanate allowed [[Mengu-Timur|Möngke Temür]] of the [[Golden Horde]] to collect revenues from [[silk]] workshops in northern Persia in 1270, and [[Baraq (Chagatai Khan)|Baraq]] of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] sent his Muslim [[vizier]] to the Ilkhanate in 1269, ostensibly to investigate his appanages there. (The vizier's real mission was to spy on the Ilkhanids.)<ref>''A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World'' (The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, vol. XXVII) {{ISBN|0-19-727627-X}}</ref><ref>Reuven Amitai-Preiss (1995), ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281'', pp. 179-225. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-46226-6}}.</ref> After a peace treaty declared among Mongol khans Temür, [[Duwa]], Chapar, [[Tokhta]] and [[Oljeitu]] in 1304, the system began to see a recovery. During the reign of [[Tugh Temür]], the Yuan court received a third of revenues of the cities of Transoxiana ([[Mawarannahr]]) under Chagatai Khans while Chagatai elites such as [[Eljigidey]], [[Duwa Temür]], [[Tarmashirin]] were given lavish presents and sharing in the Yuan Dynasty's patronage of [[Buddhist temple]]s.<ref>W. Barthold, "Chagatay Khanate", in ''Encyclopedia of Islam'' (2nd ed.), 3&ndash;4; Kazuhide Kato Kebek and Yasawr: the establishment of Chagatai Khanate 97–118</ref> Tugh Temür was also given some Russian captives by Chagatai prince [[Changshi]] as well as Kublai's future khatun [[Chabi]] had servant [[Ahmad Fanakati]] from [[Fergana Valley]] before her marriage.<ref>Agustí Alemany, Denis Sinor, Bertold Spuler, Hartwig Altenmüller, ''Handbuch Der Orientalistik'', pp.&nbsp;391&ndash;408</ref><ref>"Ahmad Fanakati", ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire''</ref>{{fcn|date=February 2023}} In 1326, the Golden Horde started sending tributes to Great Khans of the Yuan Dynasty again. By 1339, [[Ozbeg]] and his successors had received annually 24 thousand [[ding (currency)|ding]] in [[paper currency]] from their Chinese appanages in Shanxi, [[Jinghong|Cheli]] and [[Hunan]].<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]], ''Sharing out the Empire'', pp. 172&ndash;190</ref> H. H. Howorth noted that Ozbeg's envoy required his master's shares from the Yuan court, the headquarters of the Mongol world, for the establishment of new post stations in 1336.<ref>H. H. Howorth, '' History of the Mongols'', Vol II, p.&nbsp;172.</ref> This communication ceased only with the breakup, succession struggles and rebellions of Mongol Khanates.{{NoteTag|The Ilkhanate broke up in 1335; the succession struggles of the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] started in 1359 and 1340 respectively; the Yuan army fought against the [[Red Turban Rebellion]] since the 1350s.}}

After the fall of the Mongol Empire in 1368, the Mongols continued the tradition of appanage system. They were divided into districts ruled by hereditary noblemen. The units in such systems were called {{lang|mn-Latn|Tumen}} and {{lang|mn-Latn|Otog}} during [[Northern Yuan Dynasty]] in Mongolia. However, the {{lang|mn-Latn|[[Oirats]]|italics=no}} called their appanage unit {{lang|mn-Latn|ulus}} or {{lang|mn-Latn|anggi}}. Appanages were called [[Eight Banners|banners]] ({{lang|mn-Latn|Khoshuu}}) under the [[Qing dynasty]].

== See also ==
* [[Cadet branch]]
* [[Crown lands of France]]
* [[Secundogeniture]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/apanage.htm "Apanages in the French monarchy"], on François Velde's ''Heraldica'' site.
* {{lang|fr|Nouveau Larousse illustré}}, undated (early 20th century; in French)
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Appanage|volume=2|pages=208–209|first=Jean Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel Adhémar|last=Esmein|author-link=Adhémar Esmein}}
{{refend}}

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