Editing Apple Advanced Typography

{{More footnotes|date=November 2009}}
{{short description|Computer technology by Apple}}
{{Infobox file format
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| mime                   = 
| type code              = 0100, "ttcf"
| uniform type           =
| magic                  =
| owner                  = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| released               = 
| latest release version = 
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| genre                  = [[typeface|Font file]]
| container for          =
| contained by           =
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'''Apple Advanced Typography''' ('''AAT''') is [[Apple Inc]].'s computer technology for advanced [[font]] rendering, supporting [[internationalization]] and complex features for [[typographer]]s, a successor to Apple's little-used [[QuickDraw GX]] font technology of the mid-1990s.

It is a set of extensions to the [[TrueType]] outline font standard, with smartfont features similar to the [[OpenType]] font format that was developed by Adobe and Microsoft, and to [[Graphite (SIL)|Graphite]]. It incorporates concepts from Adobe's "[[multiple master fonts|multiple master]]" font format, allowing for axes of traits to be defined and morphing of a glyph independently along each of these axes. AAT font features do not alter the underlying typed text; they only affect the characters' representation during glyph conversion.

== Features ==
[[Image:Zapfino.svg|thumb|right|312px|Example of the extra glyphs and ligatures available in the ''[[Zapfino]]'' typeface]]

Significant features of AAT include:

* Several degrees of [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] control
* [[Kashida]] justification and joiners
* Cross-stream [[kerning]] (required for [[Nasta'liq]] [[Urdu]], for example)
* Indic vowel rearrangement
* Independently controllable substitution of:
** [[Text figures|Old style figures]]
** [[Small caps]] and [[Initial|drop caps]]
** [[swash (typography)|Swash]] variants
** Alternative glyphs:
*** Individual alternatives on a per-glyph basis
*** Wholesale alternatives, such as engraved text
** Anything else the font designer wants to add
* Glyph variation axes

AAT font features are supported on [[Mac OS 8.5]] and above and all versions of macOS. The cross-platform [[International Components for Unicode|ICU]] library provided basic AAT support for left-to-right scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://userguide.icu-project.org/layoutengine#TOC-Overview|title=Layout Engine - ICU User Guide|publisher=}}</ref> [[HarfBuzz]] version 2 has added AAT shaping support, an open-source implementation of the technology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=HarfBuzz-2.0-Released|title = HarfBuzz 2.0 Released for Advancing Open-Source Text Shaping |website=Phoronix |date=19 October 2018}}</ref> which [[Google Chrome|Chrome]]/[[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] as version 72 and [[LibreOffice]] as version 6.3 uses it instead of CoreText for rendering macOS AAT fonts in cross-platform way.

As of [[OS X Yosemite]] and [[iOS 8]], AAT supports language-specific shaping—that is, changing how glyphs are processed depending on the human language they are being used to represent. This support is available through the use of language tags in [[Core Text]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6ltag.html|title=Language Tag Table|author=|publisher=Apple Inc.}}</ref> Provision was added at the same time for the relative positioning of two glyphs via anchor points via the 'kerx' and 'ankr' tables.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6ankr.html|title=Anchor Point Table|author=|publisher=Apple Inc.}}</ref>

== AAT and OpenType in macOS ==
As of [[Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]], partial support for [[OpenType]] is available. As of 2011, support is limited to Western and Arabic scripts. If a font has AAT tables, they will be used for typography. If the font does not have AAT tables but does have OpenType tables, they will be used to the extent that the system supports them.

This means that many OpenType fonts for Western or Middle Eastern scripts can be used without modification on Mac OS X 10.5, but South Asian scripts such as [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] and [[Devanagari]] cannot. These require AAT tables for proper layout.

== AAT Layout ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2009}}

AAT requires the text to be turned entirely into glyphs before text layout occurs. Operations on the text take place entirely within the glyph layer.

The core table used in the AAT layout process is the "morx" table. This table is divided into a series of chains, each further divided into subtables. The chains and subtables are processed in order. When each subtable is encountered, the layout engine compares flags in the subtable against control flags, generally derived from user settings. This determines whether or not the subtable is processed.

The set of available features in the font is made accessible to the user via the "feat" table. This table provides pointers to the localizable strings that can be used to describe a feature to the end user and the appropriate flags to send to the text engine if the feature is selected. Features can be made invisible to the user by the simple expedient of not including entries in the "feat" table for them. Apple uses this approach, for example, to support required ligatures.<ref>Apple Developer. (n.d.). ''TrueType Reference Manual - Chapter 6: Introduction to AAT''. Retrieved May 2, 2025, from [https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6AATIntro.html](https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6AATIntro.html)</ref>

Subtables may perform non-contextual glyph substitutions, contextual glyph substitutions, glyph rearrangements, glyph insertions, and ligature formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6AATIntro.html|title=About Apple Advanced Typography Fonts|author=|publisher=Apple Inc.}}</ref> Contextual actions are sensitive to the surrounding text. They can be used, for example, to automatically turn an ''s'' into a [[long s|medial s]] anywhere in a word ''except'' at its end.

The "morx" subtables for non-contextual glyph substitutions are simple mapping tables between the glyph substituted and its substitute. The others all involve the use of [[finite-state machine]]s.

For the purposes of processing the finite-state machine, glyphs are organized into classes. A class may be small, containing only a single glyph (for something like ligature formation), or it may include dozens glyphs or even more. A special class is automatically defined for any glyph not included in any of the explicit classes. Special classes are also available for the end of the glyph stream and glyphs deleted from the glyph stream.

Beginning with a start-of-text state, the layout engine parses the text, glyph by glyph. Depending on its current state and the class of the glyph it encounters, it will switch to a new state and possibly perform an appropriate action. The process continues until the glyph stream is exhausted.

The use of finite-state machines allows "morx" tables to be relatively small and to be processed relatively quickly. They also provide considerable flexibility. Inasmuch, however, as Apple's font tools require the generation of "morx" tables via raw state table information, they can be difficult to produce and debug. The font designer is also responsible for making sure that "morx" subtables are ordered correctly for the desired effect.

AAT operates entirely with glyphs and never with characters, so all the layout information necessary for producing the proper display resides within the font itself. This allows fonts to be added for new scripts without requiring any specific support from the OS. Third parties can produce fonts for scripts not officially supported by Apple, and they will work with macOS. On the other hand, this also means that every font for a given script requires its own copy of the script's shaping information in its own "morx" tables.

Other AAT tables (or AAT-specific extensions to standard TrueType tables) allow for context-sensitive kerning, justification, and ligature splitting.  AAT also supports variation fonts,<ref name=Chap6fvar>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/fonts/ttrefman/rm06/Chap6fvar.html|title=TrueType Reference Manual - The 'fvar' table|author=|publisher=Apple Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604144911/https://developer.apple.com/fonts/ttrefman/rm06/Chap6fvar.html |archive-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> in which a font's shape can vary depending on a scaled value supplied by the user. Variation fonts are similar to Adobe's defunct [[Multiple master fonts]], where the endpoints are defined and any medial value is valid. With this, the user can then drag sliders in the user interface to make glyphs taller or shorter, to make them fatter or thinner, to increase or decrease the size of the serifs, and the like, all independently of one another. Glyphs may even have their fundamental shapes radically altered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/fonts/ttrefman/rm06/Chap6gvar.html|title=TrueType Reference Manual - The 'gvar' table|author=|publisher=Apple Inc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604144912/https://developer.apple.com/fonts/ttrefman/rm06/Chap6gvar.html |archive-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Before OpenType introduced Font Variation in September 2016, there is nothing like this in OpenType.

Other AAT tables can also have point-size dependent effects;<ref name=Chap6fvar /> for example, at 12&nbsp;points, the horizontal and vertical strokes can be of similar width, but at 300&nbsp;points, the stroke width variation could be quite great.

In practice, few AAT fonts use any features of the technology other than those available through the "morx" table. [[Zapfino]], [[Hoefler Text]], and [[Skia (typeface)|Skia]] are fonts that ship with macOS that illustrate a variety of AAT's capabilities.

== AAT for Indic scripts ==
For [[Languages of India|Indic scripts]], the only features that are necessary are glyph reordering and substitution; AAT supports both of these. As noted above, OpenType fonts for Indic scripts require AAT tables to be added before they will function properly on macOS. However, this applies only to software dependent on the system support of OpenType. Programs that provide their own implementation of OpenType will render Indic properly with OpenType fonts. (They may, however, not render Indic fonts with AAT tables correctly.)

Mac OS X 10.5 shipped with fonts for [[Devanagari]], [[Gurmukhi]], [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]], [[Thai alphabet|Thai]], [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]], and [[Tamil script|Tamil]]. Fonts for other Indic scripts were included in later versions of macOS and iOS, as well as being available from third parties.

== See also ==
* [[Apple typography]]
* [[Graphite (SIL)]] technology on MS Windows and Linux
* [[List of typographic features]]
* [[XeTeX]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6AATIntro.html About Apple Advanced Typography Fonts], Apple's developer documentation
* {{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/textfonts/Fonttools/Index.html |title=Font tools |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114183023/https://developer.apple.com/textfonts/Fonttools/Index.html | archive-date=14 January 2010}} - a set of command-line tools to work with fonts
* {{cite web|url=http://images.apple.com/pro/pdf/L303878B_Font_TT_v4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051004103859/http://images.apple.com/pro/pdf/L303878B_Font_TT_v4.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2005|title=Advanced Typography with Mac OS X}} (in [[PDF]] format)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060513061239/http://web.nickshanks.com/typography/kannada/kedage.mif An example of an AAT table]
* [http://fontforge.sourceforge.net/gposgsub.html Fontforge documentation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130627040203/http://persian.nmelrc.org/texts/AATOpenTypeFonts.html  Discussion on AAT used in Persian fonts] 
{{OS X}}

[[Category:Text rendering libraries]]
[[Category:Font formats]]
[[Category:MacOS APIs]]