Editing Apple IIe Card

{{Short description|Compatibility card}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Computer
|name = Apple IIe Card<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tDwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Apple+IIe+card&pg=PA81 Advert:The Macintosh LC.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310070900/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=tDwEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA81&dq=Apple%20IIe%20card&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q=Apple%20IIe%20card&f=false |date=March 10, 2023 }}, InfoWorld, 12 Nov 1990, Page 81, ''...And, with an optional Apple(tm)IIe Card, it runs thousands more Apple II applications as well...''</ref>
|developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]]
|type = [[compatibility card]]
|photo = Apple IIe Card.jpg
|caption = The PDS-based Apple IIe Card, featuring a 65C02 CPU, Gemini (Mega II spinoff), IWM and 256 KB of RAM
|first_release_date = {{Start date and age|1991|03}}
|discontinuation_date = {{End date|1995|05}}
| price        =  {{USD|250|1991|round=-1}}
}}

The '''Apple IIe Card''' is a [[compatibility card]], which through hardware and  [[Emulation (computing)|software emulation]], allows certain [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] computers to run [[software]] designed for the [[Apple II]] (excluding the 16-bit [[Apple IIGS|II<small>GS</small>]]). Released in March 1991 for use with the [[Macintosh LC|LC]] family, Apple targeted the card at its widely dominated educational market to ease the transition from Apple II-based classrooms, with thousands of entrenched educational software titles, to Macintosh-based classrooms.

== Overview == 
Well into the 1990s, most schools still had a substantial investment in Apple II computers and software in their classrooms and labs. However, by that period Apple was looking to phase out the Apple II line, and so introduced the Apple IIe Card as a means to transition Apple II educators (and to a smaller degree, home and small business users) by migrating them over to the Macintosh. By adding the card to certain [[68K]]-based Macintosh computers, it provides [[backwards compatibility]] with the vast Apple II software library of over 10,000 titles. Software can be run directly from an Apple II [[floppy diskette]], the same way as with an Apple IIe (made possible via the card's cable-adapter that connects a standard [[Disk II|Apple 5.25 Drive]]). A similar "Apple IIGS Card" was planned for running 16-bit [[Apple IIGS]] software, but was canceled after being deemed too costly, therefore leaving no migration path for that segment of the Apple II line.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apple2history.org/history/ah11/#11 |title=11-The Apple IIGS, cont. |website=Apple ][ History |date=June 26, 2010 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162713/https://apple2history.org/history/ah11/#11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apple asked the media to call the peripheral the "Apple IIe option board", as earlier "emulator" cards were not successful.{{r|spencer199012}} The Apple IIe Card works in the [[Macintosh LC]] series (I, II, III, III+, 475, 520, 550, 575), as well as the LC-slot compatible [[Macintosh Color Classic|Color Classic]] (I and II).<ref name=knight20180208>{{cite web |url=https://lowendmac.com/2018/apple-iie-card-a-tool-for-getting-macs-into-schools |title=Apple IIe Card: A Tool for Getting Macs into Schools |website=LowEndMac |date=8 February 2018 |first=Daniel |last=Knight |access-date=March 30, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010259/https://lowendmac.com/2018/apple-iie-card-a-tool-for-getting-macs-into-schools/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When running in Apple II emulation mode, the card uses Macintosh peripherals as Apple II devices. The mouse, keyboard, internal speaker, clock, serial ports (printer, modem, networking), extra RAM (up to 1024 KB), internal 3.5 floppy drive, and hard disk all function as Apple II devices. With the included Y-cable, Apple II specific peripherals can be used as well: The Apple 5.25, [[Macintosh_External_Disk_Drive#Apple_UniDisk_3.5|Apple UniDisk 3.5]], and an Apple II joystick or [[paddle (game controller)|paddles]]. The host Macintosh requires special emulation software (a boot disk) launched from System 6.0.8 to 7.5.5 in order to activate the IIe Card. Apple II mode runs only in full-screen (a windowed mode is not possible) and all Macintosh operations are suspended while running, as the IIe card takes over the host computer.

== Technical aspects ==
Like the [[Apple IIe]] itself, the Apple IIe Card uses an onboard [[WDC 65C02|65C02]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]].{{r|spencer199012}} The CPU is software-configurable to run at the Apple IIe's native 1.0 [[hertz|MHz]] speed or at an accelerated 1.9&nbsp;MHz. Video emulation (text and graphics) is handled through software using native Macintosh [[QuickDraw]] routines, which often results in operations being slower than a real Apple IIe except on higher-end machines. Any Macintosh that supports the card can be switched into 560×384 resolution for better compatibility with the IIe's 280×192 color [[Apple II graphics#High-Resolution (Hi-Res) graphics|High-Resolution graphics]] (essentially doubled in both directions on the Macintosh) and 560x192 monochrome Double-High-Res (doubled vertically), using the card's onboard 17.2349&nbsp;MHz [[crystal oscillator|oscillator]] in place of the usual video clock thanks to the local bus nature of the PDS slot. This was particularly applicable to the Color Classic which is otherwise fixed at 512×384 resolution; the monitor scan rate remains the same, but horizontal pixel density (and total pixel clocks per [[scanline]]) is increased by 10% to fit the greater resolution in the same width.

The IIe card has 256K [[Random-access memory|RAM]]; half is used to emulate the Apple IIe's standard 128K memory (reproducing its 64K main RAM plus the 64K bank-switched [[Apple 80-Column Text Card|Extended 80-Column Text Card]]), and a small portition of the other half stores the IIe's 16K ROM. ''Macworld'' reported that because [[Apple IIGS]] engineers helped design the IIe Card, all [[copy protection|copy-protected]] and other software except for "a few very esoteric games" are compatible.<ref name="spencer199012">{{Cite magazine |last=Spencer |first=Cheryl |date=December 1990 |title=Mac LC |url=https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_9012_December_1990#page/n193/mode/2up |magazine=[[Macworld]] |pages=180–187 |volume=7 |issue=12}}</ref> The host Macintosh emulates or provides native access to many of the [[expansion card]]s and [[peripheral]]s one might install in a bare Apple IIe. These services provided to the IIe card makes the simultaneous running of the host's [[System 7]] impossible. Hardware services include a 1.44 MB 3.5" [[SuperDrive]], [[computer mouse|mouse]], 1 MB RAM, 80-column text and graphical [[monochrome]] or color [[computer monitor|display]], clock, [[numeric keypad]], two hardware [[serial port]]s (in addition to the emulated serial port necessary for the IIe mouse), [[SCSI]] [[hard disk drive|hard drive]], and [[AppleShare]] [[file server]]. An included "[[Y-cable]]" enables the attachment of up to two external 140 KB [[floppy disk]] [[Disk II|5.25" Drives]], an 800 KB "intelligent" 3.5" [[Macintosh External Disk Drive#Apple UniDisk 3.5|UniDisk drive]], and an Apple II [[joystick]] or [[paddle (game controller)|paddle]] control for use in Apple IIe emulation mode. [[Macintosh External Disk Drive#Apple 3.5" Drive|800 KB 3.5" Drive]] and 1.44 MB SuperDrives are not supported nor function if attached directly via the Y-cable due to the [[Integrated Woz Machine|Disk Controller]] on the IIe card lacking compatibility. (chip labeled U1A located in zone A1 of card – lower left as pictured above)

The product included the PDS card, Y-cable, owner's manual and two 3.5" floppy disks: the 'Apple IIe installer disk' and the 'Apple IIe card startup disk'. Version 2.2.2d1 is the final revision of the startup disk. Version 2.2.1 and a patch to reach 2.2.2d1 was originally available at Apple Support Area (which has now since been removed, as is the case with the [https://archive.org/details/Apple_IIe_Card_Owners_Guide  original manual]).

==Reception==
Apple stated that the LC helped the company regain educational market share lost to inexpensive [[IBM PC compatible|PC clones]]. {{asof|1992|05}}, about half of the LCs sold to schools used the IIe Card.<ref name="heid199205">{{Cite magazine |last=Heid |first=Jim |date=May 1992 |title=More for Less: An Updated LC and LaserWriter Duo |url=https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_9205_May_1992#page/n139/mode/2up |magazine=Macworld |page=136 |volume=9 |issue=5}}</ref>

== Technical specifications ==
* [[LSI Corporation|LSI Logic]] Gemini chip (similar to [[Mega II]]); a nearly [[System on a chip|complete Apple IIe on a single microcircuit]] – minus RAM, firmware, CPU and video generation
* IWM ([[Integrated Woz Machine]]) for floppy control functions
* 256 KB RAM built-in (128 KB for Apple II memory, 128 KB reserved for Macintosh)
* 65C02 processor running at either 1.023&nbsp;MHz or 1.9&nbsp;MHz
* High-density 26-pin connector with "Y-cable" supports joystick/paddles and two Apple 5.25" or UniDisk 3.5" floppy disk drives
* Ability to access up to 1 MB of native Macintosh RAM
* All Apple IIe text and video modes supported, via QuickDraw software emulation

'''Notes''': When emulating the Apple IIe, only a full-screen mode is available and all native Macintosh functions are suspended while running (a proprietary graphical control panel, running outside Mac OS, is available for configuring the virtual Apple II slots and peripherals; however, both native and emulated computer function are suspended during this activity). Macintosh functions and control resume only once emulation is completely shut down and exited.

== Host system compatibility ==
The card plugs into the [[Processor Direct Slot|PDS]] slot in many of the LC-series Macintoshes, but not all models and system software combinations are supported. Apple's [https://web.archive.org/web/20050507052233/http://www.mug.jhmi.edu/mirrors/infoalley/1196/15/apple.html Tech Info Library article #8458] lists the following models as Apple IIe Card-compatible: Color Classic, Colour Classic II, LC, LC II, III & III+; LC 475, 520, 550, 575; [[Quadra 605]] and Performa 4XX, 52X, 55X, 56X, and 57X. However, other [[Motorola 68000 series|68K]] models that have an LC-compatible PDS slot ''and'' support 24-bit [[memory addressing]] are generally compatible with the Apple IIe Card but are not officially supported. The host Macintosh requires Apple's emulation software (a boot disk) launched from System 6.0.8 to 7.5.5 in order to activate the IIe Card. [[System 7|Systems 7.0 through 7.5.5]] support both 24- and 32-bit addressing on suitable Macintosh models (from System 7.6 onwards, Macintosh system software does not support the required 24-bit addressing). 24-bit addressing can be enabled on supported systems with the Macintosh Memory control panel. The Apple IIe Card will not work with 32-bit addressing enabled or Macintosh System Software or machines locked to this mode.

Contrary to some sources,{{r|knight20180208}} the LC 630 and Quadra 630 are not compatible with the Apple IIe card because those computers do not support 24-bit mode.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://68kmla.org/bb/index.php?threads%2Fquadra-630-does-not-support-24-bit-memory-addressing-mode.40751%2F#post-455466 |title=Quadra 630 does not support 24-bit memory addressing mode |website=68kmla.org |date=15 April 2022 |first=David |last=Cook |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215173943/https://68kmla.org/bb/index.php?threads%2Fquadra-630-does-not-support-24-bit-memory-addressing-mode.40751%2F#post-455466 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/SP229 |title=Macintosh Quadra 630: Technical Specifications |website=Apple.com |access-date=November 2, 2022 |archive-date=September 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902082847/http://support.apple.com/kb/SP229 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Timelines ==
{{Timeline of Apple II Family}}
{{Timeline of Macintosh LC models}}

==See also==
*[[Apple II peripheral cards]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140902134121/http://www.vintagemacworld.com/lc_card_faq.html Apple IIe Card FAQ]
* [http://www.vectronicsappleworld.com/archives/vintage/0002.php Using an Apple IIe Card in Your Macintosh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050507052233/http://www.mug.jhmi.edu/mirrors/infoalley/1196/15/apple.html Macintosh Compatibility Table]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050507044502/http://www.mug.jhmi.edu/mirrors/infoalley/0996/17/apple.html Comm Slot Compatibility]
* [http://macgui.com/downloads/?file_id=14052 Apple IIe Card software]

{{Apple hardware before 1998}}
{{Apple hardware}}

[[Category:Apple II family|IIe card]]
[[Category:Compatibility cards]]
[[Category:Macintosh peripherals|IIe card]]
[[Category:Macintosh internals]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991]]
[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 1995]]