Editing Apple SOS

{{short description|Apple III operating system}}
{{distinguish|text=Apple [[Emergency call|Emergency SOS]]}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox OS
|name=Apple SOS
|logo=
|screenshot=[[Image:SOSBootOnMess.png]]
|caption=Boot screen
|website=
|developer=[[Apple Computer]]
|family=SOS
|source_model=[[Closed source]]
|released={{start date and age|1980|01}}
|latest_release_version =1.3
|latest_release_date={{start date and age|1980|01|01}}
|marketing_target=
|language=
|kernel_type=[[Monolithic kernel]]
|ui=Full screen [[text mode]]
|license=Apple Software License Agreement
|working_state=Discontinued
|supported_platforms=[[Apple III]]
|updatemodel=Manual
|package_manager=
}}
The '''Sophisticated Operating System''',<ref>
{{cite web|first=Steven|last=Weyhrich|url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah15.html#SOS|title=DOS 3.3, ProDOS & Beyond|date=7 July 2001|at=SOS/PRODOS|work=Apple II History|access-date=2008-09-26|quote=The operating system designed for the Apple III computer was called "SOS". This title arose from the Apple III's code name, "Sara", which itself came from the name of the daughter of engineer Wendell Sanders.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917065143/http://apple2history.org/history/ah15.html#SOS|archive-date=17 September 2008|url-status=dead}}
</ref> or '''SOS''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɔː|s}}),<ref name="refmanual">{{cite book|url=http://www.1000bit.it/support/manuali/download.asp?id=662|title=Apple III SOS Reference Manual|volume=1|first=Reed|last= Don|publisher=[[Apple Computer]]|format=PDF|year=1982|access-date=2009-10-28|quote=This manual describes SOS (pronounced "sauce") the Sophisticated Operating System of the Apple III.}}</ref> is the primary [[operating system]] of the [[Apple III]] computer. SOS was developed by [[Apple Computer]] and released in October 1980.

In 1985, [[Steve Wozniak]], while critical of the Apple III's hardware flaws, called SOS "the finest operating system on any [[microcomputer]] ever".<ref name="byte198501">{{cite journal |title=The Apple Story / Part 2: More History and the Apple III |journal=BYTE |publisher=UBM Technology Group|location=United States|volume=10|number=1|issn=0360-5280|oclc=637876171|date=January 1985 |author-last1=Williams |author-first1=Gregg |author-last2=Moore |author-first2=Rob |page=167 |type=interview |url=https://archive.org/details/BYTE_Vol_10-01_1985-01_Through_The_Hourglass/page/167/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Technical details==
SOS is a single-tasking single-user operating system. It makes the resources of the Apple III available in the form of a [[menu (computing)|menu]]-driven utility program as well as a programming [[API|application programming interface]] (API). A single program is loaded at boot time, called the interpreter. Once loaded, the interpreter can then use the SOS API to make requests of the system. The SOS API is divided into four main areas:

#File Calls: Create, destroy, rename, open, close, read, write files; set, get prefix (current working directory); set, get file information; get volume information; set, set mark, [[end-of-file|EOF]], and level of files
#Device Calls: Get status, device number, information of a device; send device control data
#Memory Calls: Request, find, change, release [[memory segmentation|memory segment]]; get segment information; set segment number
#Utility Calls: Get, set fence (event threshold); get, set time; get analog ([[joystick]]) data; terminate.

The Apple III System Utilities program shipped with each Apple III computer. It provides the user interface of the operating system itself, for system configuration and [[file manager|file management]]. The System Utilities program is menu-driven and performs tasks in three categories:

#Device-handling commands: copy, rename, [[Disk formatting|format]], verify volumes (drives); list devices; set time and date
#File-handling commands: list, copy, delete, rename files; create [[Directory (computing)|subdirectories]]; set file [[write protection]]; set prefix (current working directory)
#System Configuration Program (SCP): configure device drivers.<ref name="owners">{{cite web|url= http://www.1000bit.it/support/manuali/apple/a3/Apple%20III%20Owner%27s%20Guide.PDF|title=Apple III Owner's Guide|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]]|year=1982|access-date=2008-09-28}}</ref>

SOS has two types of devices it communicates with via [[device driver]]s: [[character device]]s and [[block device]]s. Examples of SOS character devices are keyboards and [[serial port]]s. Disk drives are typical block devices. Block devices can read or write one or more 512-[[byte]] blocks at a time; character devices can read or write single characters at a time.<ref name="refmanual"/>

===Boot sequence===
[[File:Sos.svg|thumb|right|Structure]]
When powered on, the Apple III runs through system diagnostics, then reads block number zero from the built-in [[floppy disk|diskette]] drive into memory and executes it. SOS-formatted diskettes place a [[bootloader|loader]] program in block zero. That loader program searches for, loads, and executes a file named SOS.KERNEL, which is the [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] and [[API]] of the operating system. The kernel, in turn, searches for and loads a file named SOS.INTERP (the interpreter, or program, to run) and SOS.DRIVER, the set of [[device driver]]s to use. Once all files are loaded, control is passed to the SOS.INTERP program.<ref name="jeppson">{{cite journal| title=John Jeppson's Guided Tour of Highway III|url=https://archive.org/details/softalkv3n09may1983/page/100|first=John|last=Jeppson|journal=Softalk|volume=3|issue=9|date=May 1983|pages=100–112|publisher=Softalk Publishing|issn=0274-9629|oclc=6729571}}</ref>

[[Apple ProDOS]] uses the same [[file system]] as SOS. On a disk formatted by ProDOS, the ProDOS loader and SOS loader are written to blocks zero and one, respectively. The ProDOS loader includes code that can execute on an Apple III, and which will [[chain loading|chainload]] the SOS loader from block one, so SOS and ProDOS can co-exist on the same volume. Some software, such as [[ADTPro]], makes use of this to store Apple II and Apple III versions of a program on the same disk, which is then bootable on both systems.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wap.org/a3/ Washington Apple Pi&nbsp;– Apple /// Resources]
*[https://www.wap.org/a3/a3library/a3faq.html The Apple /// FAQ File V5.1]&nbsp;– discusses Apple III and SOS history as well as basic information about the system
*[https://apple3.org apple3.org - Apple /// Articles, Public Domain Software]
{{Apple Inc. operating systems}}
{{Disk operating systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sos}}
[[Category:Apple Inc. operating systems]]
[[Category:Disk operating systems]]
[[Category:Discontinued operating systems]]
[[Category:1980 software]]