Editing Apries

{{Short description|Egyptian pharaoh}}
{{Redirect-distinguish2|Wahibre|[[Wahibre Ibiau]] and [[Psamtik I|Wahibre Psamtik I]]}}
{{distinguish|text=the Welsh name [[ap Rhys]]}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
|Name= Apries
|Alt = Wahibre
|Image=Apries.jpg
|Caption=head of Apries, Louvre
|Reign=589&ndash;570 BC
|Dynasty=[[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt|26th dynasty]]
|Predecessor=[[Psamtik II]]
|Successor=[[Amasis II]]
|NomenHiero=<hiero>ra-wAH-ib</hiero>
|Nomen=Wahibre<br/>''Waḫ jb r՚''<br/>''Constant is the Heart of Re''<ref name="Clayton 195-97"/>
|PrenomenHiero=<hiero>ra-H-a:a-ib</hiero>
|Prenomen=Haaibre<br/>''Ḥˁˁ jb r՚''<br/>''Jubilant is the Heart of Re Forever''<ref name="Clayton 195-97">{{cite book |last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Thames & Hudson |edition=Paperback |pages=195–197 |year=2006 |isbn=0-500-28628-0 }}</ref>
|Golden=
|Nebty=
|HorusHiero= <hiero>wAH-ib</hiero>
|Horus=Wahib<br/>''Waḫ jb''<br/>''He whose heart is constant''
|Mother = [[Takhuit]]
|Spouse=
|Children= Khedebneithirbinet II
|Died=567 BC
|Father=[[Psamtik II]]}}

'''Apries''' ({{langx|grc|Ἁπρίης}}) is the name by which [[Herodotus]] (ii. 161) and [[Diodorus]] (i. 68) designate '''Wahibre Haaibre''', a pharaoh of [[Egypt]]  (589 BC{{snd}}570 BC), the fourth king (counting from Psamtik I) of the [[Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Apries|volume=2|page=230}}</ref> He was equated with the '''Waphres''' of [[Manetho]], who correctly records that he reigned for 19 years. Apries is also called '''Hophra''' in [[Jeremiah 44:30]] ({{hebrew Name|חָפְרַע|Ḥofra'|H̱op̄ra'}}; {{langx|el|Ουαφρη[ς]|Ouafri[s]}}).<ref>Cf. {{cite journal |first=Christoffer |last=Theis |title=Sollte Re sich schämen? Eine subliminale Bedeutung von עפרח in Jeremia 44,30 |journal=Ugarit-Forschungen |volume=42 |year=2011 |pages=677–691 |issn=0342-2356 |language=de |postscript=none }} for the writing of this particular name.</ref>

== Biography ==
Apries inherited the throne from his father, pharaoh [[Psamtik II]], in February 589 BC.<ref name="Clayton 195-97"/> Apries was an active builder who constructed "additions to the temples at [[Athribis]] (Tell Atrib), [[Bahariya Oasis]], [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] and [[Sais, Egypt|Sais]]."<ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.37">{{cite book |first1=Ian |last1=Shaw |author-link=Ian Shaw (Egyptologist) |first2=Paul |last2=Nicholson |title=The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |year=1995 |pages=36–37 |isbn=0-8109-3225-3 }}</ref> In Year 4 of his reign, Apries' sister [[Ankhnesneferibre]] was adopted as the new God's Wife of [[Amun]] at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]].<ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.37" /> However, Apries' reign was also fraught with internal problems. In 588 BC, Apries dispatched a force to [[Jerusalem]] to protect it from Babylonian forces sent by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] (Jer. 37:5; 34:21). His forces quickly withdrew, however, apparently avoiding a major confrontation with the Babylonians.<ref name="Miller and Hayes, p. 414" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Stela of King Apries from El-Qantara Gharb: A Royal Journey to the Eastern Borders |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |last=Nour |first=Mostafa Hassan |volume=52 |pages=221–239 |last2=Iskander |first2=John M. |year=2023 |issn=0340-2215 |last3=Hashem |first3=Sameh}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-hz3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 Link] for page 238.</ref> Jerusalem, following an [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|18-month-long siege, was destroyed]] by the Babylonians in either 587 BC or 586 BC. Apries's unsuccessful attempt to intervene in the politics of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] was followed by a mutiny of soldiers from the strategically important [[Aswan]] garrison.<ref name="Clayton 195-97"/><ref name="Miller and Hayes, p. 414">{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=J. Maxwell |author-link1=J. Maxwell Miller (biblical scholar)|last2=Hayes |first2=John H. |title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah |publisher=Westminster Press |edition=Hardback |page=414 |year=1986 |isbn=0-664-21262-X }}</ref>

According to classical historians, Apries campaigned in the Levant, took [[Sidon]] and so terrified the other cities of Phoenicia that he secured their submission.<ref>Herodotus, (II, 161)</ref><ref> Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica'', (Book I, Chapter 68)</ref> However, this supposed submission was likely short lived.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The History of Phoenicia |last= Elayi |first= Josette |publisher= Lockwood Press |year= 2018 |pages=195–196}}</ref> A recently uncovered stela from [[Tahpanhes]] records that Nebuchadnezzar II attempted to invade Egypt in 582 BC, but Apries' forces were capable to repel the invasion.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Une stèle de l'an 7 d'Apriès découverte sur le site de Tell Défenneh |journal=Revue d'Égyptologie  |last1=Abd El-Maksoud |first1=Mohamed |volume=64 |pages=1–13 |last2=Valbelle |first2=Dominique |doi=10.2143/RE.64.0.3011326 |year=2013 |language=fr}}</ref>

In [[Cyrenaica]] to the west, [[Battus II of Cyrene]] had encouraged further Greek settlement in his city, especially from the [[Peloponnese]] and [[Crete]]. This sparked conflict with the indigenous Libyans, whose king [[Adicran]] appealed to Apries for help around 570 BC. Apries launched a military expedition against Cyrene, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Irasa.{{sfn|Kenrick|2013|p=2}}{{sfn|Rosamilia|2023|p=19}}<ref name="Clayton 195-97"/> 

When the defeated army returned home, a civil war broke out in the Egyptian army between the indigenous troops and the foreign mercenaries. The Egyptians threw their support to [[Amasis II]], a general who had led Egyptian forces in a highly successful invasion of [[Nubia]] in 592 BC under Pharaoh [[Psamtik II]], Apries' father.<ref name="Clayton 195-97"/> Amasis quickly declared himself pharaoh in 570 BC, and Apries fled Egypt and sought refuge in a foreign country. When Apries marched back to Egypt in 567 BC with the aid of a [[Babylonia#Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)|Babylonian]] army to reclaim the throne of Egypt, he was likely killed in battle with Amasis' forces.<ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/wahibre.html Wahibre]</ref><ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.37" /><ref>Shaw & Nicholson write that Apries "probably died in battle in 567 BC"</ref> Alternatively, Herodotus ([[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] 2.169) holds that Apries survived the battle, and was captured and treated well by the victorious Amasis, until the Egyptian people demanded justice against him, whereby he was placed into their hands and strangled to death.<ref>Herodotus, Histories, Book II, Chapter 169</ref> Amasis thus secured his kingship over Egypt and was then its unchallenged ruler.

Amasis, however, reportedly treated Apries' mortal remains with respect and observed the proper funerary rituals by having Apries' body carried to [[Sais, Egypt|Sais]] and buried there with "full military honours."<ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.37" /> Amasis, the former general who had declared himself pharaoh, also married Apries' daughter, Khedebneithirbinet II, to legitimise his accession to power. While Herodotus claimed that the wife of Apries was called '''Nitetis''' (Νιτῆτις) (in [[Greek language|Greek]]), "there are no contemporary references naming her" in Egyptian records.<ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.37" /> 

[[Eusebius]] placed the [[eclipse of Thales]] in 585 BC, in the eighth or twelfth year of Apries' reign.

==Monuments==
An [[obelisk]] which Apries erected at Sais was moved by the 3rd century AD Roman Emperor [[Diocletian]] and originally placed at the [[Temple of Isis and Serapis|Temple of Isis]] in Rome. It is today located in front of the [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]] basilica church in Rome.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:Sphinx of Apries-N 515-IMG 0583-gradient.jpg|Sphinx of Pharaoh Apries, from the collection of [[Count Caylus]], now in the [[Louvre Museum]]
File:Pulcino della Minerva (Leverich).jpg|Apries' obelisk in Rome is known as the ''[[Pulcino della Minerva]]''
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Apries}}
*[[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree]]
*[[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kenrick |first1=Philip |title=Cyrenaica |date=2013 |series=Libya Archaeological Guides |volume=2 |publisher=Silphium Press |isbn=978-1-900971-14-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC_qngEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rosamilia |first1=Emilio |title=La città del silfio. Istituzioni, culti ed economia di Cirene classica ed ellenistica attraverso le fonti epigrafiche |date=2023 |publisher=Scuola Normale Superiore |location=Pisa |isbn=978-88-7642-736-7 |language=it}}
{{refend}}

{{Pharaohs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apries}}
[[Category:570s BC deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Pharaohs in the Bible]]