Editing Arab Legion

{{Short description|British-led police and military unit in Jordan (1920–1956)}}
{{Further|Royal Jordanian Army}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = Arab Legion
| native_name                   = {{lang|ar|الفيلق العربي}}
| image                         = ArabLegn.gif
| image_size                    = 300
| caption                       = Arab Legion insignia
| dates                         = 22 October 1920 – 25 March 1956
| country                       = {{flag|Jordan}}
| allegiance                    = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Transjordan.svg}} [[Emirate of Transjordan]]<br>(1920–1946)<br>{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]]<br>(1946–1956)
| branch                        = [[Army]]
| type                          = Infantry
| size                          = 150 (1920)<br> 12,000 (1949) <br> 22,000 (1956)
| command_structure             = 
| garrison                      = [[Zarqa]]
| garrison_label                = 
| nickname                      = 
| patron                        = Monarch
| motto                         = 
| colors                        = 
| colors_label                  = 
| march                         = 
| mascot                        = 
| equipment                     = 
| equipment_label               = 
| battles                       = *[[World War II]]<br>([[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre]])
** [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]
** [[Syria–Lebanon Campaign|Syrian Campaign]]
* [[First Arab-Israeli War]]
** [[Battles of Latrun|Battle of Latrun]]
** [[Battle for Jerusalem|Battle of Jerusalem]]
* [[Reprisal operations]]
| anniversaries                 = 10 June 1917: [[Arab Revolt]] <br> 22 October 1920: Establishment of the Arab Legion <br> 25 May 1956: [[Arabization of the Jordanian Army command|Dismissal of British officers]]
| decorations                   = 
| battle_honours                = <!-- Commanders -->
| commander1                    = Captain [[Frederick Gerard Peake]]
| commander1_label              = Commander (1920–1939)
| commander2                    = [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[John Bagot Glubb]]
| commander2_label              = Commander (1939–1956)
| commander3                    = 
| commander3_label              = 
| notable_commanders            = [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[John Hackett (British Army officer)|JW Hackett, Jr]]<br>[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Norman Lash]]
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol         = 
| identification_symbol_label   = <!-- Aircraft -->
| aircraft_attack               = 
| aircraft_bomber               = 
| aircraft_fighter              = 
}}

The '''Arab Legion''' ({{Langx|ar|الفيلق العربي}}) was the police force, then regular army, of the [[Emirate of Transjordan]], a [[British protectorate]], in the early part of the 20th century, and then of the [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]], an independent state, with a final Arabization{{tone inline|date=April 2025}} of its command taking place in 1956, when British senior officers were replaced by Jordanian ones.

==Creation==
In October 1920, after taking over the [[Transjordan region]] from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the [[United Kingdom]] formed a unit of 150 men called the "Mobile Force", under the command of Captain [[Frederick Gerard Peake]], to defend the territory against both internal and external threats.<ref>Pollack, Kenneth, ''Arabs at War'', [[Council on Foreign Relations]]/University of Nebraska Press, 2002, p.267</ref> The Mobile Force was based in [[Zarqa]]. 80% of its men were drawn from the [[Chechens in Jordan|local Chechen community]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Pike, John |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2000/01/chechen98/261.htm |title=The Chechen Chronicles '98 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=2014-05-13}}</ref>
[[File:030Arab.jpg|thumb|left|The Arab army during the Arab revolt of 1916 against the Ottoman Empire, which formed the nucleus of the Arab Legion]]
[[File:Legionnaires guards gladiators.jpg|thumb|left|Arab Legion in Iraq during the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] in 1941]]

It was quickly expanded to 1,000 men, recruiting Arabs who had served in the [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]]. On 22 October 1923, the police were merged with the Reserve Mobile Force, still under Peake, who was now an employee of the [[Emirate of Transjordan]]. The new force was named ''Al Jeish al Arabi'' ("the Arab Army") but was always known officially in English as the Arab Legion. The Arab Legion was financed by Britain and commanded by British officers.<ref>Shlaim, Avi (2007), ''Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace'', Allen Lane, {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9777-4}}, p.17</ref> The Legion was formed as a police force to keep order among the tribes of Transjordan and to guard the important [[Jerusalem]]–[[Amman]] road.

On 1 April 1926, the [[Transjordan Frontier Force]] was formed from cadre drawn from the Arab Legion. It consisted of only 150 men and most of them were stationed along Transjordan's roads. During this time the Arab Legion was reduced to 900 men and was also stripped of its machine guns, artillery, and communications troops.

In 1939, [[John Bagot Glubb]], better known as "Glubb [[Pasha]]", became the Legion's commander, with [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] Abdul Qadir Pasha Al Jundi as his deputy commander. Together they transformed it into the best-trained Arab army.

==World War II==
During [[World War II]], the Arab Legion took part in the [[Middle East Command|British war effort]] against pro-[[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] forces in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre]]. By then, the force had grown to 1,600 men.

The Legion, part of [[Iraqforce]], contributed significantly in the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] and in the [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]], two decisive early victories for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].
[[File:Commander of the Arab Legion Pennant (1939).svg|thumb|[[Pennon|Pennant]] used by commanders]]

The top three officers representing the Legion who participated in the Victory March were Major General Abdul Qadir Pasha el Jundi, [[O.B.E.]], Colonel Bahjat [[Bey]] Tabbara, and Lieutenant Colonel Ahmed Sudqui Bey, [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|M.B.E.]]

==1948 Arab–Israeli War==
[[File:Etzion Tal Prisoners.jpg|thumb| Arab Legion commander [[Abdullah el Tell]] (far right) with Captain Hikmat Mihyar (far left) pose with Jewish prisoners after the fall of Gush Etzion]]
[[File:1948-Jordanian artillery shelling Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Arab Legion artillery shells illuminate [[Jerusalem]] in 1948]]

The Arab Legion actively participated in the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]]. With a total strength of just over 6,000, the Arab Legion's military contingent consisted of 4,500 men in four single [[battalion]]-sized [[regiment]]s, each with their own armored car squadrons, and seven independent [[Company (military unit)|companies]] plus support troops. The regiments were organized into two brigades. 1st Brigade contained 1st and 3rd Regiments while 3rd brigade contained 2nd and 4th Regiments. There were also two artillery batteries with four [[25-pounder]]s each. On 9 February 1948 the Transjordan Frontier Force was disbanded with members being absorbed back into the Arab Legion. Although headed by Glubb, now a [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]], command in the field was by [[Brigadier]] [[Norman Lash]].

The Legion was initially withdrawn from Palestine to Transjordanian territory, under instruction from the [[United Nations]], prior to the end of the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]]. With the commencement of hostilities the Legion re-entered Palestine with 1st Brigade heading to [[Nablus]] and 2nd Brigade heading to [[Ramallah]]. The Arab Legion entered Palestine with other Arab forces on May 15, 1948, using the [[Allenby Bridge|Allenby]], now [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein]], bridge as they were advancing to cover the approaches from [[Jenin]], in the north to [[Alaffoula]] and from [[Jisr el-Majami|Al-Majame'a bridge]] on the [[Jordan River]] to [[Bissan]] Alaffoula{{dubious|Either to Beisan, or to Afula. Which one is it? If the road is meant, or both cities: use dash. Now it's nonsense.|date=June 2020}}.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

There was considerable embarrassment from the UK government that British officers were employed in the Legion during the conflict and all of them, including a [[brigade]] commander, were ordered to return to Transjordan. This led to the bizarre spectacle of British officers leaving their units to return to Transjordan, only to sneak back across the border and rejoin the Arab Legion. Without exception all of the British officers returned to their units.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} [[John Platts-Mills]], a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Member of Parliament, formally queried in Parliament why Glubb had not been prosecuted for serving in a foreign army in contravention of the [[Foreign Enlistment Act 1870]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1948/nov/03/brigadier-glubb#S5CV0457P0_19481103_CWA_19 | title=Brigadier Glubb (Hansard, 3 November 1948) }}</ref>

Units of the Arab Legion were engaged in several battles with the Jewish forces, including the following:
* Attacking [[Ben Shemen]] convoy at [[Beit Nabala]] – 14 December 1947 <ref>Morris, 2008, p. 105</ref>
* Battle of [[Neve Yaakov]] settlement – 18 April 1948<ref>Gelber, Yoav, ''Palestine 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem'', Sussex Academic Press, Brighton & Portland 2006 (2nd edition), p. 90</ref>
* Attacking [[Kibutz]] [[Gesher, Israel|Gesher]] on 27–28 April 1948 <ref name=Tal202>{{cite book |author= Tal, David |title= War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy |page= 202 |year= 2004 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-203-49954-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C_F8YXt3EKQC&pg=PA205}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Truce commission warns Abdullah |newspaper=The Palestine Post |date=2 May 1948 |page=2 |quote= The attack on Gesher settlements... by... Trans-Jordan |url= https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/pls/1948/05/02/01/article/22/?e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxTI-gesher-------------1 |access-date= 28 July 2022}}</ref>
* Occupation of the [[Tegart fort]] at [[Latrun]] on 17 May 1948,<ref>Morris, 2008, p. 132</ref> and later the [[Battles of Latrun]] from 20 May to 18 July 1948.
* [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|Siege of Jerusalem]] from 17 May to 18 July 1948,
* Attacking and capturing (but later losing) [[Gezer (kibbutz)|Kibbutz Gezer]] on 10 June 1948,<ref>Morris, 2008, p. 230</ref>
* [[Tarqumiya]] on 24 October 1948<ref>Morris, 2008, p. 332</ref>

By the end of the war in 1949, the Arab Legion consisted of over 10,000 men manning a 100-mile front, which then expanded to a 400-mile front following the withdrawal of [[Iraq]]i forces.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Further clashes with Israel==
[[File:Viking 1B VK500 Arab Legion Air Force BLA 04.55.jpg|thumb|[[Vickers VC.1 Viking]] of the Arab Legion Air Force in 1955]]

On 11 September 1956, an Israeli force in what the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] termed one of its [[retribution operations]], [[Operation Jehonathan]], raided Jordanian territory at Al-Rahwa, [[Hebron]] Sector, attacking the police station and clashing with a unit from the Legion's [[Desert Force]]. Over twenty soldiers and policemen were killed.<ref>Morris, Benny (1993) ''Israel's Border Wars, 1949 - 1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War''. Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-827850-0}}. Page 392.</ref>

The Legion generally stayed out of the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]].

==Jordanian army==
On 1 March 1956, the Arab Legion was renamed as the Arab Army (now [[Jordanian Armed Forces]]) as part of the [[Arabization of the Jordanian Army command|Arabization of its command]], under which [[Hussein of Jordan|King Hussein of Jordan]] dismissed the Legion's British commander [[John Bagot Glubb|"Glubb Pasha"]] and other senior British officers. In Israel, the Hebrew term "Ligioner" (ליגיונר), i.e. "Legionary" was still informally used for Jordanian soldiers for many years afterwards, also at the time of the [[1967 Arab–Israeli War|1967 war]] and its aftermath.

==Commanders==
[[File:Abdulla the day before his death.jpg|thumb|King [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]] with [[John Bagot Glubb]] "Glubb Pasha"]]

* [[Frederick Peake|Colonel Frederick Peake]] ("Peake Pasha") – 22 October 1923 – 21 March 1939
* [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Ernest Stafford]] ("Stafford Bey") 2nd IC—1924–1931.
* [[John Bagot Glubb|Lieutenant General John Glubb]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Military Cross|MC]] ("Glubb Pasha") – 21 March 1939 – 1 March 1956
* [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Abdul Qadir Pasha Al Jundi]], O.B.E. ("Abdul Qadir Pasha") - 1–25 March 1956

Note: "[[Pasha]]" is a Turkish honorary title, one of various ranks, and is equivalent to the British title of "Lord". [[Bey]] is equivalent to a knighthood or "Sir".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Dupuy, Trevor N, Elusive Victory, ''The Arab-Israeli Wars'', 1947–1974, Hero (1984)
* Farndale, Sir Martin, ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery'', The Years of Defeat, 1939–41, Brassey's (1996)
* [[John Bagot Glubb|Glubb, John Bagot]], ''The Arab Legion'', Hodder & Stoughton, London (1948)
* Isseroff, A., ''Kfar Etzion Remembered: A History of Gush Etzion and the Massacre of Kfar Etzion'', 2005.
* Levi, I., ''Jerusalem in the War of Independence'' ("Tisha Kabin" – Nine Measures – in Hebrew) Maarachot – IDF, Israel Ministry of Defence, 1986. {{ISBN|965-05-0287-4}}
* Pal, Dharm, ''Official History of the Indian Armed in the Second World War'', 1939-45 - Campaign in Western Asia, Orient Longmans (1957)
* Roubicek, Marcel, ''Echo of the Bugle, extinct military and constabulary forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan 1915'', 1967, Franciscan (Jerusalem 1974)
* Shlaim, Avi (2007). ''Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace'', Allen Lane. {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9777-4}}
* Vatikiotis, P.J. (1967). ''Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion, 1921-1957'', New York, Praeger Publishers. 
* Young, Peter (1972). ''The Arab Legion'', Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|0-85045-084-5}} and {{ISBN|978-0-85045-084-2}}
* ''Jordan – A Country Study'', U.S. [[Library of Congress]]

==External links==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arab-Legion Arab Legion] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* Rothwell, Steve [http://homepages.force9.net/rothwell/trans-jo.htm The Arab Legion] at British & Commonwealth Orders of Battle
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080520052835/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/arabLegion.htm The Arab Legion and the Defense of Jerusalem] from ''Defending the Faith: The Hashemites and Jerusalem'', a Jordan Media Group publication, 1994 via jordanembassyus.org archived  at [[Internet Archive]] 
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514379.stm 1956 - King of Jordan sacks British general] at ''On This Day'', 2 March 2008 [[BBC News Online]]         	

{{Military of Jordan}}

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[[Category:Arab Legion| ]]
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Arab nationalist militant groups]]
[[Category:Military history of Jordan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Jordan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1920]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in Jordan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II]]