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{{Short description|Genus of legumes}} {{About|the legume genus which includes peanuts|the fictional planet|Arrakis}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Peanut 9417.jpg | image_caption = ''Arachis hypogaea'' leaves and freshly dug pods | taxon = Arachis | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | synonyms = * ''Arachidna'' {{small|Plum. ex Boehm. (1760), nom. superfl.}} * ''Mundubi'' {{small|Adans. (1763)}} | synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003907-2 ''Arachis'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</ref> }} '''''Arachis''''' is a [[genus]] of about 70 [[species]] of annual and perennial [[flowering plant]]s in the family ([[Fabaceae]]), native to South America, and was recently assigned to the informal [[monophyly|monophyletic]] ''Pterocarpus'' clade of the [[Dalbergieae]].<ref name="Lavin" /><ref name="Cardoso" /> At least one species, the [[peanut]] (''Arachis hypogaea''), is a major [[food crop]] species of global importance; some of the other species are cultivated for food to a small extent in South America. Other species such as ''[[Arachis pintoi|A. pintoi]]'' are cultivated worldwide as forage and soil conditioner plants, with the leaves providing high-protein feed for grazing livestock and a nitrogen source in [[agroforestry]] and [[permaculture]] systems. ''Arachis'' species, including the peanut, are used as food plants by some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[flame shoulder]], [[Nutmeg (moth)|nutmeg]], and [[turnip moth]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Family=noctuidae&PGenus=arachis |title=HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants |date=2023 |publisher=The Natural History Museum, London |doi=10.5519/havt50xw |access-date=2020-06-14 |last1=Robinson |first1=Gaden S. |last2=Ackery |first2=Phillip R. |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Beccaloni |first4=George W. |last5=Hernández |first5=Luis M. }}</ref> ==Species== ''Arachis'' comprises the following [[Section (botany)|sections]] and species:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Arachis&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Arachis'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 5 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?889 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124131/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?889 |archive-date=2015-09-24 | title = GRIN species records of ''Arachis'' | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] | access-date = 5 February 2014 }}</ref> ===Section ''Arachis''=== {{div col|colwidth=300px}} <!-- Arachis argentinensis was reclassified as Arachis duranensis. --> * ''[[Arachis batizocoi]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis benensis]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis cardenasii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> <!-- Arachis chacoense was reclassified as Arachis diogoi. --> * ''[[Arachis correntina]]'' <small>([[Arturo Burkart|Burkart]]) Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis cruziana]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis decora]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis diogoi]]'' <small>[[Frederico Carlos Hoehne|Hoehne]]</small> * ''[[Arachis duranensis]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis glandulifera]]'' <small>Stalker</small> * ''[[Arachis gregoryi]]'' <small>C. E. Simpson et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis helodes]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]] ex Krapov. & [[Victor A. Rigoni|Rigoni]]</small> * ''[[Arachis herzogii]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis hoehnei]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis hypogaea]]'' <small>L.</small>—peanut ** subsp. ''fastigiata'' <small>Waldron</small> *** var. ''aequatoriana'' <small>Krapov. & W. C. Greg</small> *** var. ''fastigiata'' <small>(Waldron) Krapov. & W. C. Greg</small> *** var. ''peruviana'' <small>Krapov. & W. C. Greg</small> *** var. ''vulgaris'' <small>Harz</small> ** subsp. ''hypogaea'' <small>L.</small> *** var. ''hirsuta'' <small>J. Kohler</small> *** var. ''hypogaea'' <small>L.</small> * ''[[Arachis ipaensis]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> <!-- Arachis ipaënsis is an alternative spelling of Arachis ipaensis. --> * ''[[Arachis kempff-mercadoi]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis krapovickasii]]'' <small>C. E. Simpson et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis kuhlmannii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis linearifolia]]'' <small>Valls et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis magna]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis microsperma]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis monticola]]'' <small>Krapov. & Rigoni</small> <!-- Arachis nambyquarae was reclassified as Arachis hypogaea. --> * ''[[Arachis palustris]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis praecox]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> <!-- Arachis rasteiro was reclassified as Arachis hypogaea. --> * ''[[Arachis schininii]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis simpsonii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> <!-- Arachis spegazzinii was reclassified as Arachis duranensis. --> * ''[[Arachis stenosperma]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis trinitensis]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis valida]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis villosa]]'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''[[Arachis williamsii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> {{div col end}} ===Section ''Caulorrhizae''=== * ''[[Arachis pintoi]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis repens]]'' <small>Handro</small> ===Section ''Erectoides''=== {{div col|colwidth=300px}} * ''[[Arachis archeri]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis benthamii]]'' <small>[[Handro]]</small> * ''[[Arachis brevipetiolata]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis cryptopotamica]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis douradiana]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis gracilis]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis hatschbachii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis hermannii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis major]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis martii]]'' <small>Handro</small> * ''[[Arachis oteroi]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis paraguariensis]]'' <small>Chodat & Hassl.</small> ** subsp. ''capibarensis'' <small>Krapov. & W. C. Greg</small> ** subsp. ''paraguariensis'' <small>Chodat & Hassl.</small> * ''[[Arachis porphyrocalyx]]'' <small>Valls & C. E. Simpson</small> * ''[[Arachis stenophylla]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> {{div col end}} ===Section ''Extranervosae''=== {{div col|colwidth=300px}} * ''[[Arachis burchellii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis lutescens]]'' <small>Krapov. & Rigoni</small> * ''[[Arachis macedoi]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis marginata]]'' <small>Gardner</small> * ''[[Arachis pietrarellii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis prostrata]]'' <small>Benth.</small>—grassnut * ''[[Arachis retusa]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis setinervosa]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis submarginata]]'' <small>Valls et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis villosulicarpa]]'' <small>Hoehne</small> {{div col end}} ===Section ''Heteranthae''=== * ''[[Arachis dardani]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> <!-- Arachis dardanoi is a misspelling of Arachis Arachis dardani. --> * ''[[Arachis giacomettii]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis interrupta]]'' <small>[[Valls]] & [[C. E. Simpson]]</small> * ''[[Arachis pusilla]]'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small> * ''[[Arachis seridoensis]]'' <small>Valls et al.</small> <!-- Arachis seridoënsis is an alternative spelling of Arachis seridoensis. --> * ''[[Arachis sylvestris]]'' <small>(A. Chev.) A. Chev.</small> ===Section ''Procumbentes''=== {{div col|colwidth=300px}} * ''[[Arachis appressipila]]'' <small>[[Antonio Krapovickas|Krapov.]] & [[W. C. Greg.]]</small> * ''[[Arachis chiquitana]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis kretschmeri]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis hassleri]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis lignosa]]'' <small>(Chodat & Hassl.) Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis matiensis]]'' <small>Krapov. et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis pflugeae]]'' <small>C. E. Simpson et al.</small> * ''[[Arachis rigonii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis subcoriacea]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> * ''[[Arachis vallsii]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> {{div col end}} ===Section ''Rhizomatosae''=== * ''[[Arachis nitida]]'' <small>Valls et al.</small> ====Series ''Prorhizomatosae''==== * ''[[Arachis burkartii]]'' <small>Handro</small> ====Series ''Rhizomatosae''==== <!-- Arachis angustifolia was reclassified as Arachis glabrata. --> * ''[[Arachis glabrata]]'' <small>Benth.</small> ** var. ''glabrata'' <small>Benth.</small> ** var. ''hagenbeckii'' <small>(Harms) F. J. Herm.</small> <!-- Arachis hagenbeckii was reclassified as Arachis glabrata. --> * ''[[Arachis pseudovillosa]]'' <small>(Chodat & Hassl.) Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> [[File:Arachis_glabrata_at_DGR.JPG|right|thumb|200px|''Arachis glabrata'']] ===Section ''Trierectoides''=== * ''[[Arachis guaranitica]]'' <small>[[Robert Hippolyte Chodat|Chodat]] & [[Hassl.]]</small> * ''[[Arachis tuberosa]]'' <small>Benth.</small> ===Section ''Triseminatae''=== * ''[[Arachis triseminata]]'' <small>Krapov. & W.C. Greg.</small> <!-- Reclassified species --> <!-- Arachis africana was reclassified as Vigna subterranea. --> <!-- Arachis aprica was reclassified as Stylosanthes biflora. --> <!-- Arachis fruticosa was reclassified as Stylosanthes fruticosa. --> ==Hybrids== * ''Arachis'' × ''batizogaea'' <small>Krapov. & A. Fernández</small> ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Lavin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lavin M, Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Sprent JI, de Lima HC, Gasson PE | year = 2001 | title = The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–33 | pmid = 11250829 | doi = 10.2307/2657116 | jstor = 2657116 }}</ref> <ref name="Cardoso">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10566/3193 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> }} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikispecies-inline}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060107130329/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/pgrnewsletter/article.asp?id_article=7&id_issue=121 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter: Morphological characterization of ''Arachis'' species of section ''Arachis''] *{{cite journal| last1=Gimenes | first1=Marcos A.| first2=Catalina R. |last2=Lopes |first3=Jose F. M. |last3=Valls | year=2002 | title=Genetic relationships among ''Arachis'' species based on AFLP | journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology | volume=25 | issue=3 | doi=10.1590/S1415-47572002000300017 | pages=349| doi-access=free | hdl=11449/17937 | hdl-access=free }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q636425}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Arachis| ]] [[Category:Fabaceae genera]] [[Category:Forages]] [[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
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