Editing Arba'ah Turim

{{Short description|Compilation of Jewish law and ritual}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2022}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Arba'ah Turim.jpg|thumb|200px|An illuminated manuscript of ''Arba'ah Turim'' from 1435.]]
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar |Texts}}
'''''Arba'ah Turim''''' ({{langx|he|אַרְבָּעָה טוּרִים}}), often called simply the '''''Tur''''', is an important [[Halakha#Codes of Jewish law|Halakhic code]] composed by [[Yaakov ben Asher]] ([[Cologne]], 1270 – [[Toledo, Spain]] c. 1340, also referred to as ''Ba'al Ha-Turim''). The four-part structure of the ''Tur'' and its division into chapters (''simanim'') were adopted by the later code ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]''. This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East.<ref>Adri K. Offenberg. ''The Printing History of the Constantinople Hebrew Incunable of 1493: A Mediterranean Voyage of Discovery'', in ''The British Library Journal'', Vol. 22, No 2 (Autumn 1996), pp. 221–235. The specific mention of Southeast Europe and the Near East is on p. 223.</ref>

== Meaning of the name ==
The title of the work in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] means "four rows", in allusion to the jewels on the [[Priestly breastplate|High Priest's breastplate]].  Each of the four divisions of the work is a "Tur", so a particular passage may be cited as "Tur Orach Chayim, siman 22", meaning "Orach Chayim division, chapter 22".  This was later misunderstood as meaning "Tur, Orach Chayim, chapter 22" (to distinguish it from the corresponding passage in the [[Shulchan Aruch]]), so that "Tur" came to be used as the title of the whole work.<ref>Cf. the analogous [[back-formation]] "[[Humash#Origin of the term|Chumash]]".</ref>

== Arrangement and contents ==

[[File:Even ha-Ezer.jpg |thumb|200px|A 1565 edition of ''Even Ha'ezer'', the third part of ''Arba'ah Turim'']]
The ''Arba'ah Turim'', as the name implies, consists of four divisions ("Turim"); these are further organised by topic and section (''siman'', pl. ''simanim'').<ref>The Shulchan Aruch contains a further division by paragraph (''sa'if'', pl. ''se'ifim''), which is incorporated into some editions of the Arba'ah Turim to enable point-by-point comparison.</ref>
:The four Turim are as follows:
:* [[Orach Chayim]] - laws of prayer and [[synagogue]], [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], holidays
:* [[Yoreh De'ah]] - miscellaneous ritualistic laws, such as [[shechita]] and [[kashrut]]
:* [[Even Ha'ezer]] - laws of [[Jewish view of marriage|marriage]], divorce
:* [[Choshen Mishpat]] - laws of finance, financial responsibility, damages (personal and financial) and legal procedure

In the ''Arba'ah Turim'', Ya'akov ben Asher traces the [[posek|practical Jewish law]] from the [[Torah]] text and the dicta of the [[Talmud]] through the ''[[Rishonim]]''.  He used the code of [[Isaac Alfasi]] as his starting point; these views are then compared to those of [[Maimonides]], as well as to the [[Ashkenazi]] traditions contained in the [[Tosafot|Tosafist]] literature.  Unlike Maimonides' ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', the ''Tur'' is not limited to [[Norm (sociology)|normative]] positions, but compares the various opinions on any disputed point. (In most instances of debate, Ya'akov ben Asher follows the opinion of his father [[Asher ben Jehiel]], known as the "Rosh".) ''Arba'ah Turim'' also differs from the ''Mishneh Torah'', in that, unlike Maimonides' work, it deals only with areas of Jewish law that are applicable in the [[Jew]]ish [[Diaspora|exile]].

== Later developments ==

The best-known commentary on the ''Arba'ah Turim'' is the ''[[Shulchan Aruch#Beth Yosef|Beit Yosef]]'' by rabbi [[Joseph ben Ephraim Karo]]: this goes beyond the normal functions of a commentary, in that it attempts to review all the relevant authorities and come to a final decision on every point, so as to constitute a comprehensive resource on Jewish law. Other commentaries are ''Bayit Chadash'' by rabbi [[Joel Sirkis]], ''Darkhei Moshe'' by [[Moses Isserles]], ''Beit Yisrael (Perishah u-Derishah)'' by rabbi [[Joshua Falk]], as well as works by a number of other ''[[Acharonim]]''. These often defend the views of the Tur against the Beit Yosef.

The ''Tur'' continues to play an important role in Halakha.
* Joseph Caro's ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', the fundamental work of ''[[Halakha]]'', is a condensation of his ''Beit Yosef'' and follows the basic structure of the ''Arba'ah Turim'', including its division into four sections and chapters - ''Tur's'' structure down to the ''siman'' is retained in the ''Shulchan Aruch''.
* The views in the other commentaries are often relevant in ascertaining or explaining the Ashkenazi version of Jewish law, as codified by Moses Isserles in his ''Mappah''.

Students of the ''Shulchan Aruch'', particularly in [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Semikhah]] programs, typically study the ''Tur'' and the ''Beit Yosef'' concurrently with the ''Shulchan Aruch'' itself: in some editions the two works are printed together, to allow comparison of corresponding ''simanim''.

== See also ==
* [[Mishneh Torah]]
* [[Shulchan Aruch]]
* [[Mishnah Berurah]]
* [[Shulchan Aruch HaRav]]
* [[Shlomo Ganzfried#Kitzur Shulchan Aruch|Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]]
* [[Aruch HaShulchan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/Tur.html Arba'ah Turim], Prof. Eliezer Segal
* {{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-39.html|title= Question 3.38: What is the Arba'ah Turim (The Tur, The Four Rows)?|publisher=faqs.org}}
*'''''Tur''''' text in clear Hebrew print, [https://turshulchanarukh.alhatorah.org/ TurShulchanArukh – AlHaTorah.org]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jewish medieval literature]]
[[Category:Rabbinic legal texts and responsa]]
[[Category:Hebrew-language religious books]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law]]
[[Category:Sifrei Kodesh]]