Editing Arcade (architecture)

{{short description|Covered walk enclosed by a line of arches on one or both sides}}
{{Other uses|Arcade (disambiguation)}}
[[File:S95NormanArcadeEly.jpg|thumb|[[Norman architecture|Norman]] [[blind arcade]], [[Ely Cathedral]]]]
An '''arcade''' is a succession of contiguous [[arch]]es, with each arch supported by a [[colonnade]] of [[column]]s or [[Pier (architecture)|piers]]. Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians; they include many [[loggia]]s, but here arches are not an essential element.  An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway. Alternatively, a [[blind arcade]] superimposes arcading against a solid wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FN4VL5lEwC&pg=PA865|title=Essex|first1=James|last1=Bettley|first2=Nikolaus|last2=Pevsner|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Yale University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Blind arcades are a feature of [[Romanesque architecture]] that influenced [[Gothic architecture]]. In the Gothic architectural tradition, the arcade can be located in the interior, in the lowest part of the wall of the [[nave]], supporting the [[triforium]] and the [[clerestory]] in a [[cathedral]],<ref>William Chambers (1973), ''Chambers's encyclopaedia, Volume 1'', International Learning Systems Corp, p. 534</ref> or on the exterior, in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the [[courtyard]] and [[cloisters]].

A different, related meaning is "a covered passage with shops on one or both sides".<ref>
*[[John Fleming (art historian)|John Fleming]], [[Hugh Honour]] and [[Nikolaus Pevsner]], ''The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture'', p. 16, 3rd edn, 1980, Penguin, ISBN 0140510133</ref> Many medieval open arcades housed shops or stalls, either in the arcaded space itself, or set into the main wall behind.  From this, "arcade" has become a general word for a group of shops in a single building, regardless of the [[architectural form]].

The word "arcade" comes from [[French language|French]] ''arcade'' from [[Occitan language|Provençal]] ''arcada'' or [[Italian language|Italian]] ''arcata'', based on [[Latin]] ''arcus'', ‘bow’ (see arc and [[arch]]).<ref>''New Oxford American Dictionary''</ref>

A related but ambiguous term is '''{{vanchor|arcature}}''', which is either a small arcade or a [[blind arcade]].<ref>{{M-W|arcature}} "1. a small arcade (as in a balustrade). 2. a blind arcade, especially one that is decorative rather than structural."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockwood |first1=Luke Vincent |title=The Furniture Collectors' Glossary |date=1913 |publisher=Walpole Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZM7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA4 |quote=ARCATURE . — A small arcade formed by a series of little arches. It may be blind or open.}}</ref>

==History==
Arcades go back to at least the [[Ancient Greek architecture]] of the [[Hellenistic period]], and were much used by the Romans, for example at the base of the [[Colosseum]].  Church [[cloister]]s very often use arcading. [[Islamic architecture]] very often uses arcades in and outside [[mosque]]s in particular.  In [[Renaissance architecture]] elegant arcading was often used as a prominent feature of facades, for example in the [[Ospedale degli Innocenti]] (commissioned 1419) or the courtyard of the [[Palazzo Bardi]], both by [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] in [[Florence]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Colosseum 0732 2013.jpg|Arcades of the Colosseum (AD 70s) from the outside
File:L-Kolloseum.png|...and in cross-section
File:Great Mosque of Kairouan gallery.jpg|Arcades inside the [[Mosque of Uqba]], also known as the Great Mosque of [[Kairouan]], in [[Tunisia]] (670). There is no [[vault (architecture)|vaulting]]; the arches are bridged by wooden beams
File:Cordoba Mezquita (panorama).jpg|These arcades [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|in Córdoba]] were begun in the 780s; Some are topped by beams, others by [[barrel vault]]s.
File:Arcade diagram.png|Interior [[elevation view|elevation]] of a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral, with the side-aisle arcade highlighted. The [[triforium]] and [[clerestory]] above also have arcades.
File:Ospedale degli innocenti, chiostro delle donne 02.JPG|The women's cloister at the Ospedale degli Innocenti, 1420s and 30s. The topmost story has a [[colonnade]], but not an arcade, as there are no arches
</gallery>

==Shopping arcades==

[[File:Metz - Place Saint-Louis -622.jpg|thumb|Arcade with shops behind, running along a row of originally [[High Middle Ages|High Medieval]] houses in [[Metz]], [[France]].]]
[[File:Firenze, loggia del Mercato Nuovo (03).jpg|thumb|[[Loggia del Mercato Nuovo]], Florence, Italy]]
[[File:Adelaide Arcade, Sweet 1886.jpg|thumb|[[Adelaide Arcade]] in [[Adelaide, South Australia]], {{Circa|1886}}.]]
[[File:Carpet Bazaar of Tabriz.JPG|thumb|Mozaffarieh: [[Tabriz Bazaar]], [[Iran]], devoted to carpet selling.]]
[[File:Tunesien1983-21 hg.jpg|thumb|Dome-topped arcade in a Tunesian [[souq]]]]
[[File:(1)_The_Strand_(b).JPG|thumb|''The Strand Arcade'' in [[Sydney CBD]], Australia, opened 1892]]
[[File:Mellin-Passage Hamburg.jpg|thumb|The Mellin-Passage shopping arcade [[Neuer Wall]] street in Hamburg, Germany]]

The French architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as ''l’Ère des passages couverts'' (the Arcade Era).<ref>Lemoine, B., ''Les Passages Couverts'', Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris [AAVP], 1990. {{ISBN|9782905118219}}.</ref> He was referring to the grand shopping "arcades" that flourished across Europe during that period. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting.<ref name="auto">Mitchell, I., ''Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing, 1700 to 1850,'' Routledge, Oxon, p. 140</ref> The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes. In time, these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the harsh elements, and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth-century pastime for the emerging middle classes.<ref>Byrne-Paquet, L., ''The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping,'' ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 92–95</ref>

The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open [[loggia]]s of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as 'butterwalks' were traditional jettied [[colonnades]] in British and North European marketplaces; examples remain for example in [[Totnes]] and [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in [[Devon]]. During the 16th-century, a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence, from where it spread throughout Italy. Examples of the earliest open [[loggia]]s include: [[Loggia del Mercato Nuovo|Mercato Nuovo]] (1547) by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the [[House of Medici|Medici family]]); Mercato Vecchio, Florence by [[Giorgio Vasari]] (1567) and [[Loggia del Grano, Florence|Loggia del Grano]] (1619) by [[Giulio Parigi]].<ref>Pevsner, N., ''A History of Building Types,'' Princeton University Press, 1979, p. 235; Goy, R.J., ''Florence: A Walking Guide to Its Architecture,'' Yale University Press, 2015; Codini, E.K. (ed), ''Architettura a Pisa nel Primo Periodo Mediceo, Gangemi, 2003, p.213''</ref>

Arcades soon spread across Europe, North America and the antipodes. Examples of these grand shopping arcades include: [[Palais Royal]] in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791); London's [[Piccadilly Arcade]] (1810) and Milan's [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele]] (1878).<ref>Sassatelli, R., ''Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics,'' Sage, 2007, p. 27; Although the author specifically names Piccadilly Arcade, it is possible that she intended [[Burlington Arcade]] in Piccadilly.</ref> Some examples of arcades in North America include New York's [[Paddock Arcade]] (1850), Ohio's [[Dayton Arcade]] (1904),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arcade.daytonhistoryproject.org/sample-page/|title=Part 1: 1880-1913|date=2019-02-22|website=arcade|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> and Rhode Island's [[Westminster Arcade]] (1828). Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the [[Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert]] in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul's [[Çiçek Pasajı]] opened in 1870. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern [[shopping mall]], and the word "arcade" is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

The [[Palais-Royal]], which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as the earliest example of the grand shopping arcades.<ref name="auto"/> Originally, a royal palace, the complex consisted of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in [[luxury goods]] such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus, the Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building.<ref>Byrne-Paquet, L., ''The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping,'' ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 90–93</ref>

One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade, the [[Covered Market, Oxford]], England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today.  The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. [[John Gwynn (architect)|John Gwynn]], the architect of [[Magdalen Bridge]], drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances. In 1772, the newly formed Market committee, half of whose members came from the town and half from the university, accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings, for the building of twenty butchers' shops. Twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products and fish.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

[[Great Gostiny Dvor|Gostiny Dvor]] in [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]] is another early shopping arcade and remains the largest [[shopping center]] in the city. Gostiny Dvor translates into ''Merchants' Arcade''.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Richard Stites|title=Serfdom, Society, and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power|date=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300137576|page=15}}</ref> Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]], but that subsequently was discarded in favour of a less expensive and more functional [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] design submitted by [[Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe]] (1729–1800).{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century. During the post-[[World War II]] reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a face-lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>Bogdanov, I.A. , ''Bolshoi Gostiny dvor v Peterburge''. SPb, 2001</ref>

An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]]. It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets.<ref>p. 174 Desmons, Gilles ''Walking Paris'' New Holland Publishers, 2008</ref> A year later American architect William Thayer created the [[Passage des Panoramas]] with a row of shops passing between two [[panorama]] paintings. Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]].<ref>p. 386 Ayers, Andrew  ''The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide'' Edition Axel Menges, 2004</ref> Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments<ref>p. 32 Benjamin, Walter & Tiedemann, Rolf ''The Arcades Project'' Harvard University Press, 1999</ref> and sometimes [[brothel]]s.<ref>p. 88 Rabaté, Jean-Michel ''Given: 10 Art 20 Crime : Modernity, Murder and Mass Culture'' Sussex Academic Press, 2007</ref>

== Shopping arcades globally ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200" title="Shopping" arcades="">
File:Covered Market Inside.JPG|Inside the Covered Market, [[Oxford]], England. Curved [[roof truss]]es imitate the form of a stone arcade.
File:Royal Arcade, Melbourne, Australia - April 2004.jpg|''Royal Arcade'' in [[Melbourne, Victoria]], Australia, opened 1870
File:Cleveland Arcade, 1966.jpg|The [[Cleveland Arcade]] in downtown [[Cleveland, Ohio]], United States, built 1890
File:Passage des Panoramas Paris.JPG|The Passage des Panoramas, [[Paris]], France
File:Párizsi-udvar3.JPG|The [[Párizsi udvar]] in [[Budapest]]
File:Fez-P1050486.JPG|Mule moving goods through the car-free medina in [[Fez, Morocco]]
</gallery>

==Notable arcades==
===Religious buildings===
* [[Great Mosque of Córdoba]], Spain
* [[Mission San Fernando Rey de España]] - [[Architecture of the California missions]], United States
* [[Mosque of Uqba]], Kairouan, Tunisia
* [[Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda]], [[Aragon]] Autonomous Community, Spain
* [[Rila Monastery]], Bulgaria
* [[Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna]], Italy

===Shopping "arcades"===
* [[Adelaide Arcade]], Adelaide, Australia
* [[Arcade Building (Asheville, North Carolina)|Arcade Building]], [[Asheville, North Carolina]], United States
* [[Barton Arcade]], Manchester, England
* [[Block Arcade, Melbourne|Block Arcade]], Melbourne, Australia
* [[Brisbane Arcade]], [[Brisbane]], Australia
* [[Burlington Arcade]], [[London]], England
* [[Camayo Arcade]], Winchester, Ashland, Kentucky, United States
* [[Cathedral Arcade]], Melbourne, Australia
*[[City Market (Charleston, South Carolina)|City Market]], Charleston, South Carolina, United States
*[[Çiçek Pasajı]], [[Istanbul]], Turkey
* [[Cleveland Arcade]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]], United States
* [[The Corridor, Bath|The Corridor]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England
* [[Covered Market, Oxford]], England
* [[Dayton Arcade]], [[Dayton, Ohio]], United States
* [[Toronto Eaton Centre|Eaton Centre]], [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
* [[Monticello Arcade]], [[Norfolk, Virginia]]
*[[Galerías Pacífico]], Buenos Aires, Argentina
* [[Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert]] in [[Brussels]], Belgium
* [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]], [[Milan]], Italy
*[[GPO Arcade]], Dublin, Ireland
* [[Grand Arcade (Leeds)|Grand Arcade]], Leeds, United Kingdom
* [[Grand Arcade (Wigan)|Grand Arcade]], Wigan, United Kingdom
* [[Great Western Arcade]], Birmingham, England
* [[GUM (department store)|GUM]], [[Moscow]], Russia
* [[Galleria Umberto I]], [[Naples]], Italy
* [[Mädler Arcade Gallery]], [[Leipzig]], Germany
* Market Arcade, [[Buffalo, New York]], United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Market Arcade |url=https://www.visitbuffaloniagara.com/businesses/market-arcade/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Visit Buffalo Niagara |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sommer |first=Mark |title=European-like Market Arcade is a 'show stopper' |url=https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/european-like-market-arcade-is-a-show-stopper/article_c770b6f4-6669-5b68-afd6-385bf947ddb0.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Buffalo News |date=18 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Monticello Arcade]], [[Norfolk, Virginia]], United States
*[[Nashville Arcade]], [[Nashville, Tennessee]], United States
*[[Odesa Passage]], Odesa, Ukraine
* [[Old Bank Arcade]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand
* [[Paddock Arcade]], [[Watertown, New York]], United States
* [[Palais-Royal]], Paris, France
* Pasaje Hernández, Bogotá, Colombia
* Pasaje Amador, Quito, Ecuador
* [[The Passage des Panoramas]], [[Paris]], France
* The [[Passage de l'Argue]], [[Lyon]], France
* [[Piccadilly Arcade]] London, England
* [[Queens Arcade]], Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
* The [[Royal Arcade, London]]
* [[Royal Arcade, Melbourne|Royal Arcade]], Melbourne, Australia
* [[Rue de Rivoli]], [[Paris]], France
* [[Stanford University]], [[Stanford, California|Stanford]], [[California]], United States
* [[Silver Arcade]] Silver Arcade, [[Leicester]], United Kingdom
* [[The Strand Arcade]] and [[Queen Victoria Building]], [[Sydney]] [[New South Wales]], Australia
* [[Great Gostiny Dvor]] [[St. Petersburg]], Russia
* [[Passage (department store)|The Passage]] [[St. Petersburg]], Russia
* [[Victoria Quarter]], [[Leeds]], England
* [[Westminster Arcade]], [[Providence, RI|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], United States

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Arcade of Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna, Italy.jpg|Arcade of Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, Bologna, Italy. 2016
File:Bonne-Esperance Cloitre est.JPG|Arcades inside the [[Bonne-Espérance Abbey]].
File:Umayyad Mosque - courtyard.JPG|Courtyard of the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Arcades}}
* [[Alley]]
* [[aqueduct (bridge)|Aqueduct]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[Cloister]] 
* [[Five-foot way]]
* [[Lanes and arcades of Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
* [[List of shopping arcades in Cardiff]], Wales, United Kingdom
* [[List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Loggia]]
* [[Marketplace]]
* [[Amusement arcade#Penny arcade|Penny arcade]]
* [[Retail]]
* [[Roman aqueduct]]
* [[Shophouse]] 
* [[Shopping mall|Shopping arcade]]
* [[Souq]]
* [[Stoa]]
* [[Tong lau]]

==References==
<references />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arcade (Architecture)}}
[[Category:Arcades (architecture)| ]]
[[Category:Arches and vaults]]
[[Category:Ceilings]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]