Editing Architectural design competition

{{Short description|Type of design competition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}

An '''architectural competition''' is a type of [[design competition]], in which an entity that intends to build new work, or is just seeking ideas, invites [[architect]]s to submit design proposals. The winning scheme is usually chosen by an independent panel of design professionals and stakeholders (such as government and local representatives, the leadership of a cultural institution, etc.). This process is often used to generate new ideas for building and/or landscape design, stimulate public debate, generate publicity for the project and the commissioning entity, and help emerging designers gain exposure (and potentially win commissions that might be out of reach to them otherwise). Architectural competitions are often, though not exclusively, used to award commissions for public buildings: In some countries, rules for tendering public building contracts stipulate some form of open architectural competition.<ref name="DO 1994">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709014736/http://places.designobserver.com/media/pdf/France_--_Comp_217.pdf Jacques Cabanieu: ''Competitions and Architectural Excellence, in Places 9:2, MIT, 1994''], retrieved 2009-09-25</ref>

Winning first prize in a competition does not guarantee that the project will be realized. The commissioning body often has the right to veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change, thwarting the original intention. (Many competitions have been held and won before the financing was even in place.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarpa |first=Lawrence |date=November 26, 2019 |title=Fair Pay for Fair Work: Lawrence Scarpa on paid competitions |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2019/11/lawrence-scarpa-paid-competitions-oped/ |journal=The Architect's Newspaper |issue=November 2019}}</ref>) The [[World Trade Center site#2002 World Trade Center site design competition|2002 World Trade Center site design competition]] is an example of a highly publicized competition, in which only the basic elements of the winning design by [[Daniel Libeskind]] appeared in the finished project.

==History==
Architectural competitions have existed for more than 2,500 years. The design of the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]], in Athens, resulted from an architectural competition in 448 B.C., as did several European cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the [[Renaissance]], many projects initiated by the papacy or other top religious bodies were decided through design competition. Examples are the [[Spanish Steps]] in Rome and, famously, the competition for the dome of the  [[Florence Cathedral]], won by [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] in 1419. Open competitions emerged in the late 18th century in countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France, and Sweden.<ref name="safa">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091103044724/http://www.safa.fi/archive/327_130years-publication.pdf 130 Years of Finnish architectural competitions], retrieved 2009-09-23</ref>

In 19th century England and Ireland, more than 2,500 competitions were held within five decades, with 362 in London alone. The [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] drafted its first set of rules in 1839 and its first formal regulations in 1872. German regulations had been introduced in 1867. In the same period, in the Netherlands, an association for the advancement of architecture (''Maatschappij tot Bevordering van de Bouwkunst'') started organizing conceptual competitions to stimulate creativity among architects.<ref>De Jong, Cees and Mattie, Erik: ''Architectural Competitions 1792-1949'', [[Taschen]], 1997, {{ISBN|3-8228-8599-1}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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 | total_width       = 680
 | caption_align     = center
 | header_align      = center
 | header            = Competition for the design of the [[Peace Palace]] in [[The Hague]], 1905
 | image1            = O. Wagner competition design for the Peace Palace The Hague.jpg
 | caption1          = Competition entry by [[Otto Wagner]]
 | image2            = F. Schwechten competition design for the Peace Palace The Hague.jpg
 | caption2          = Entry by [[Franz Heinrich Schwechten]]
 | image3            = Peace Palace design by Hendrik Berlage (contrast & color optimized file).png
 | caption3          = Entry by [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage]]
 | image4            = International Court of Justice HQ 2006.jpg
 | caption4          = Building by competition winner [[Louis M. Cordonnier]]
 | footer_align      = center
}}

==Competition types==
Various competition paradigms exist, most prominently the following types or combinations of them:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/default-source/events-and-awards/guidelines-for-architectural-design-competitions.pdf?sfvrsn=2
|title=Guidelines for Architectural Design Competitions
|publisher=Australian Institute of Architects
|access-date=12 September 2013
|date=October 2003
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235221/http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/default-source/events-and-awards/guidelines-for-architectural-design-competitions.pdf?sfvrsn=2
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> 

Open vs, Invited (or Otherwise Limited) Competitions:
* Open Competitions: international, national, regional, or otherwise defined in scope, they typically have little or no restrictions on who may enter.
* Invited, Limited, Pre-Qualified, or otherwise Non-Open Competitions restrict who may participate (and, in many cases, also provide stipends or honorariums to participants) Project vs. Ideas Competitions:
* Project Competitions:  seek schemes for specific building and/ or landscape projects that the commissioning entities intend to realize
* Ideas Competitions: held for the purpose of generating new ideas (in some cases, particularly novel, provocative, or visionary ones) Single- vs. Multi-stage Competitions 
* Single-Stage Competitions:
* Multi-Stage Competitions (two stages or more), many of which invite only short-listed participants, a limited group of chosen semi-finalists, to continue to the next stage(s), for which they might receive a stipend or honorarium to help cover costs Anonymous vs. Non-Anonymous Competitions:
* Anonymous Competitions: judged or juried, for greater objectivity, with no knowledge of the names or identities of participating individuals and firms
* Non-Anonymous (or Cooperative) Competitions: Competing architects and firms are openly identified from the start (competitors might even be invited to present their projects in person to the  jury to explain design strategies and provide for project-specific dialogue) Recurrent vs. One-Time Competitions:
* Seasonal or Annual Competitions: These recurrent competitions, including [[Europan]], put out periodical calls for entries. They may, or may not, result in an actual constructed project, depending on the set-up.
* One-Time Competitions, held for a specific project
* [[Student design competition|Student Design Competition]]s

==Rules and guidelines==
The rules of each competition are defined by the organizer;  they often, however, follow the guidelines provided by the [[International Union of Architects]]<ref>[http://www.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/Menu-7/UIAguideIC.html UIA competition guide] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714083626/http://www.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/Menu-7/UIAguideIC.html |date=14 July 2009 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10</ref> or the relevant national or regional architectural organization. Competition guidelines define roles, responsibilities, processes, and procedures within a competition<ref>[http://www.raic.org/architecture_architects/architectural_competitions/raic_e.htm Canadian competition rules] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009090517/http://www.raic.org/architecture_architects/architectural_competitions/raic_e.htm |date=9 October 2009 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10</ref> and provide guidance on possible competition types, eligibility criteria, jury composition, participation conditions, payments, prizes, publication of results, and other aspects.<ref>[http://www.safa.fi/bottom.php?cat=8&sel=132&sivu=313 Finnish competition rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041204/http://www.safa.fi/bottom.php?cat=8&sel=132&sivu=313 |date=13 March 2016 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10</ref><ref>[http://www.coa.gov.in/practice/competition.htm Indian competition guidelines] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212104557/http://www.coa.gov.in/practice/competition.htm |date=12 December 2009 }}, retrieved 2009-10-10</ref>

In France and Germany, design competitions are compulsory for all public buildings exceeding a certain cost.<ref name="DO 1994"/><ref>[http://www.bda-bund.de/aktuelles/veroeffentlichungen/artikel/2014/08/14/bda-kommentierung-der-rpw-2013.html German competition guidelines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925164111/http://www.bda-bund.de/aktuelles/veroeffentlichungen/artikel/2014/08/14/bda-kommentierung-der-rpw-2013.html |date=25 September 2015 }}, retrieved 2015-09-24</ref>

==Major international architectural design competitions==
{{See also|List of Architectural design competitions}}
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2019}}

Most significant among architectural competitions are the ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design submissions, and the winning design is built.
<!-- only include international competitions of very high historical international significance -->
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|-
! width=200px| Competition Name !! width=150px| Location !! width=50px| Year !! width=200px| Winner(s) !! align="center" width=50px|Design entries
|-
|[[Grand Egyptian Museum]]|| {{flagicon|EGY}} Giza || 2002 ||[[Heneghan Peng Architects]] || align="right" | 1,557<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Grand Museum of Egypt: International Architecture Competition |date=2003 |publisher=Egyptian Ministry of Culture |isbn=978-977-305-471-7 |location=Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt}}</ref>
|-
| [[White House]] || {{flagicon|USA}} Washington D.C. || 1792 || [[James Hoban]] || align="right"| 9
|-
| [[Walhalla memorial]] || {{flagicon|DE}} Donaustauf || 1816 || [[Leo von Klenze]] ||
|-
| [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]] || {{flagicon|UK}} London || 1835 || [[Charles Barry]] || align="right"| 98
|-
| [[Vienna Ring Road]] || {{flagicon|AUT}} Vienna || 1858 || [[Ludwig Förster]] - [[Friedrich August von Stache]] - [[Eduard van der Nüll]] and [[August Sicard von Sicardsburg]] ||align="right"| 85
|-
| [[Vienna State Opera|Hofoper]] || {{flagicon|AUT}} Vienna || 1860 || [[Eduard van der Nüll]] and [[August Sicard von Sicardsburg]] ||
|-
| [[Palais Garnier|Paris Opera]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1860 || [[Charles Garnier (architect)|Charles Garnier]] || align="right"| 171
|-
| [[Rijksmuseum]] || {{flagicon|NED}} Amsterdam || 1863 || [[Pierre Cuypers|P.J.H. Cuypers]] ||
|-
| [[Royal Courts of Justice|Law Courts]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} London || 1866 || [[George Edmund Street]] || align="right"| 11
|-
| [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] || {{flagicon|DE}} Berlin || 1872 || [[Paul Wallot]] ||
|-
| [[Beurs van Berlage|Beurs]] || {{flagicon|NED}} Amsterdam || 1884 || [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage]] ||
|-
| [[Eiffel Tower|World Exhibition tower]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1889 || [[Gustave Eiffel]] ||
|-
| [[Austrian Postal Savings Bank]] || {{flagicon|AUT}} Vienna || 1903 || [[Otto Wagner]] ||
|-
| [[Stockholm City Hall]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} Stockholm || 1903 || [[Ragnar Östberg]] ||
|-
| [[Helsinki Central railway station]] || {{flagicon|FIN}} Helsinki || 1903 || [[Eliel Saarinen]] || align="right"| 21
|-
| [[Peace Palace]] || {{flagicon|NED}} The Hague || 1905 || [[Louis Marie Cordonnier]] and [[Johan Adrianus Gerard van der Steur|J.A.G. van der Steur]] ||
|-
| [[Tribune Tower]] || {{flagicon|US}} Chicago || 1922 || [[John Mead Howells]] and [[Raymond Hood]] || align="right"| 260
|-
| [[League of Nations|League of Nations Building]] || {{flagicon|SUI}} Geneva || 1926 || Henri Paul Nénot & Julien Flegenheimer; Carlo Broggi; Camille Lefèvre; Giuseppe Vago || align="right"| 377
|-
| [[Lenin Library]] || {{flagicon|RUS}} Moscow || 1928 || [[Vladimir Shchuko]] ||
|-
| [[ANZAC War Memorial]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} Sydney || 1929 || [[Charles Bruce Dellit]] || align="right"| 117
|-
| [[Roma Termini railway station|Termini Station]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} Rome || 1947 || Leo Calini, Eugenio Montuori, Massimo Castellazzi, Vasco Fadigati, Achille Pintonello and Annibale Vitellozzi ||
|-
| [[Aalto Centre, Seinäjoki|Town Hall]] and [[Lakeuden Risti Church|Church]] || {{flagicon|FIN}} Seinäjoki || 1950 || [[Alvar Aalto]] ||
|-
| [[Sydney Opera House]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} Sydney || 1955 || [[Jørn Utzon]] || align="right"| 233
|-
| [[Toronto City Hall]] || {{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto || 1956 || [[Viljo Revell]] || align="right"| 500
|-
| [[Stopera|Amsterdam City Hall]] || {{flagicon|NED}} Amsterdam || 1967 || [[Wilhelm Holzbauer]], Cees Dam, B. Bijvoet and G.H.M. Holt || align="right"| 804
|-
| [[Supreme Court of Japan|Supreme Court]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} Tokyo || 1968 || Shin-ichi Okada || align="right"| 217
|-
| [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1971 || [[Renzo Piano]] and [[Richard Rogers]]|| align="right"| 681
|-
| San Cataldo Cemetery || {{flagicon|ITA}} Modena || 1971 || [[Aldo Rossi]] and Gianni Braghieri ||
|-
| [[HSBC Building (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank]] || {{flagicon|HKG}} Hong Kong || 1979 || [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Foster Associates]] ||
|-
| [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House of Australia]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} Canberra || 1979 || [[Romaldo Giurgola]] || align="right"| 329
|-
| [[Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1980 || Adrien Fainsilber and Sylvain Mercier ||
|-
| [[Grande Arche|La Grande Arche de la Défense]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1982 || [[Johan Otto von Spreckelsen]] || align="right"| 420
|-
| [[Parc de la Villette]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1982 || [[Bernard Tschumi]] || align="right"| 471
|-
| [[Opéra Bastille]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1983 || [[Carlos Ott]] || align="right"| 750
|- 
| [[Carré d'Art]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Nîmes || 1984 || [[Norman Foster]] || align="right"| 12
|-
| Shonandai Cultural Centre || {{flagicon|JPN}} Fujisawa || 1985 || [[Itsuko Hasegawa]] || align="right"| 215
|-
| [[New National Theatre Tokyo|New National Theatre]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} Tokyo || 1984 || Takahiko Yanagisawa and Tak Associates || align="right"| 228
|-
| [[Tokyo International Forum]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} Tokyo || 1987 || [[Rafael Viñoly]] || align="right"| 395
|-
| [[Kansai Airport]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} Osaka || 1988 || [[Renzo Piano Building Workshop]] || align="right"|48
|-
| [[Jewish Museum Berlin|Jewish Museum]] || {{flagicon|GER}} Berlin || 1989 || [[Daniel Libeskind]] || align="right"| 165
|-
| [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] || {{flagicon|EGY}} Alexandria || 1989 || [[Snøhetta (company)|Snøhetta]] || align="right"| 523
|-
| [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1989 || [[Dominique Perrault]]  || align="right"| 244
|-
| Centre for Japanese Culture || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 1989–1990 || Masayuki Yamanaka, Kenneth Armstrong & Jennifer Smith || align="right"|453
|-
| [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} Bilbao || 1991 || [[Frank Gehry]] ||
|-
| [[Kiasma|Kiasma Contemporary Art Museum]] || {{flagicon|FIN}} Helsinki || 1992 || [[Steven Holl]] || align="right"| 516
|-
| [[Austrian Cultural Forum New York|Austrian Cultural Forum]] || {{flagicon|US}} New York || 1992 || [[Raimund Abraham]] || align="right"| 226
|-
| [[Royal Danish Library]] || {{flagicon|DEN}} Copenhagen || 1993 || [[Schmidt hammer lassen|Schmidt Hammer Lassen]] || align="right"| 179
|-
| [[Yokohama International Passenger Terminal|Osanbashi Yokohama International Passenger Terminal]] ||{{flagicon|JPN}} Yokohama || 1995 || [[Foreign Office Architects]] || align="right"| 660
|-
| [[Felix Nussbaum Haus|Felix Nussbaum Museum]] || {{flagicon|GER}} Osnabrück || 1995 || [[Daniel Libeskind]] || align="right"| 296
|-
| [[Millennium Bridge (London)|Millennium Bridge]] || {{flagicon|UK}} London || 1996 || [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]], [[Sir Anthony Caro]], and [[Ove Arup]] || align="right"| 200
|-
| [[Federation Square]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} Melbourne || 1997 || [[Lab Architecture Studio]] || align="right"| 177
|-
| [[GeoCenter Møns Klint]] || {{flagicon|DEN}} Møn Island || 2002 || [[PLH Architects]] || align="right"| 292

|-
| [[Philharmonie de Paris]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} Paris || 2011 || [[Jean Nouvel]] || align="right"| 98
|}

==See also==
*[[Architectural design values]]
*[[Student competition]]
*[[Student design competition]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Andersson E., Bloxham Zettersten, G. und Rönn, M., (eds) [http://www.kulturland.se/produkt/architectural-competitions-histories-and-practice/ ''Architectural Competitions - Histories and Practice'']. Stockholm: The Royal Institute of Technology and Rio Kulturkooperativ, 2013. {{ISBN|978-91-85249-16-9}}
*Chupin, Jean-Pierre, Carmela Cucuzzella and Bechara Helal (eds) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150201003250/http://potentialarchitecturebooks.com/publications/ ''Architecture Competitions and the Production of Culture, Quality and Knowledge: An International Inquiry''], Montreal: Potential Architecture Books, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9921317-0-8}}
*Collyer, G. Stanley, ''Competing Globally in Architecture Competitions'', Wiley Academy, 2004, {{ISBN|0470-86-2130}}
*De Jong, Cees and Mattie, Erik: ''Architectural Competitions 1792-1949'', Taschen, 1997, {{ISBN|3-8228-8599-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Architectural competitions}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090830224625/http://www.kth.se/abe/Competition Architectural Competition - Nordic Symposium]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090713045359/http://www.ccc.umontreal.ca/catalogue.php?lang=en Canadian Competitions Catalogue]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612150552/http://designcompetition.com/design-competitions-past.php DesignCompetition.com], list of design competitions
* DCC Directory of Architecture and Design Competitions, Awards, Associations and Design Residencies.[https://dcc-edu.org/competitions/], list of 1500 architecture and design competitions
* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.cabe.org.uk/articles/working-within-procurement-structures CABE: Making Competitions Work]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305140118/http://www.architecture.com/UseAnArchitect/FindAnArchitect/Competitions/Competitions.aspx RIBA Competitions], the Royal Institute of British Architects dedicated [[RIBA Competitions]] unit
* [http://www.wettbewerbe-aktuell.de/index.php?json=1&checkdone=1&changesprache=en&changesprache=en  Wettbewerbe Aktuell], a German journal specialized in architectural competitions
* [http://www.aia.org/practicing/akr/AIAB087309 Handbook of Architectural Design Competitions], [[American Institute of Architects]] (AIA)
* [https://competitions.org] The Competition Project, Inc., a world-wide resource on competitions since 1990 with the periodical publication, COMPETITIONS (1991-2010) and COMPETITIONS Annual (2010-)
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Architectural Design Competition}}
[[Category:Architectural competitions| ]]
[[Category:Architectural design]]