Editing Arctocephalus

{{Short description|Genus of carnivores}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Seal_0906.jpg
| image_caption = [[New Zealand fur seal]]
| taxon = Arctocephalus
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] & [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] in F. Cuvier, 1826
| type_species = ''[[Arctocephalus pusillus|"Phoca ursina"]]''<ref>{{MSW3|id=14000997}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1775
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[[Arctocephalus gazella]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus townsendi]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus philippii]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus galapagoensis]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus pusillus]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus forsteri]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus tropicalis]]''<br>
''[[Arctocephalus australis]]''
| range_map = Arctocephalus.png
| range_map_caption = {{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{{legend|yellow|''A. townsendi''}}
{{legend|#377eb8|''A. galapagoensis''}}
{{legend|red|''A. philippii''}}
{{legend|#E000E0|''A. australis''}}
{{col-break}}
{{legend|#00A0A0|''A. gazella''}}
{{legend|#ff7f00|''A. tropicalis''}}
{{legend|#00A000|''A. pusillus''}}
{{legend|purple|''A. forsteri''}}
{{col-end}}
| synonyms = * Arctophoca
* Cynophoca
}}

The genus '''''Arctocephalus''''' consists of the '''southern [[fur seals]]'''. ''Arctocephalus'' translates to "bear head." 

==Taxonomy==

The number of species within the genus has been questioned, primarily based on limited molecular data. The issue is complicated because some of the species are able to produce fertile [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s. A recent review recommended the retention of seven species, deprecating the New Zealand fur seals to a subspecies of the South American fur seal, while also questioning the status of the Guadalupe fur seal.<ref name=Berta2012>{{cite journal |author1=Berta, A.  |author2=Churchill, M. | year = 2012 | title = Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies | journal = Mammal Review | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–234 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x}}</ref> Other recent studies have indicated the genus may be [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]], and some taxonomic reshuffling was previously done to account for this; however, more recent studies support it being [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], with the alleged paraphyly being a consequence of [[incomplete lineage sorting]].<ref name=Yonezawa2009>{{cite journal | author = Yonezawa, T. | year = 2009 | title = The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere | journal = Gene | volume = 441 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 89–99 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022 | pmid=19254754|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lopes|first1=Fernando|last2=Oliveira|first2=Larissa R|last3=Kessler|first3=Amanda|last4=Beux|first4=Yago|last5=Crespo|first5=Enrique|last6=Cárdenas-Alayza|first6=Susana|last7=Majluf|first7=Patricia|last8=Sepúlveda|first8=Maritza|last9=Brownell|first9=Robert L|last10=Franco-Trecu|first10=Valentina|last11=Páez-Rosas|first11=Diego|date=2020-12-26|title=Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa099|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=70|issue=4|pages=786–802|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syaa099|pmid=33367817 |issn=1063-5157|hdl=10923/20564|hdl-access=free}}</ref> 
===Extant Species===
{{Species table |genus=Arctocephalus |authority-name= [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] & [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] |authority-year=1826 |species-count=eight|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Antarctic fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus gazella]]
|image=File:091130 rosita bay south georgia 2563 (4172615911).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]] |authority-year=1875 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Subantarctic]] islands |range-image=File:Antarctic Fur Seal area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size=Male: {{convert|180|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|130|-|200|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Female: {{convert|120|-|140|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|22|-|50|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="IUCNAntarcticfurseal">{{cite iucn |last1=Hofmeyr |first1=G. J. G. |title=''Arctocephalus gazella'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T2058A66993062 |date=2016 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2058A66993062.en}}</ref>
|habitat=Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine<ref name="IUCNAntarcticfurseal"/>
|hunting=[[Krill]], [[cephalopod]]s, fish, and penguins<ref name="IUCNAntarcticfurseal"/>
|iucn-status=LC |population=700,000–1,000,000
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Guadalupe fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus townsendi]]
|image=File:Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Clinton Hart Merriam|Merriam]]  |authority-year=1897 |authority-not-original=no
|range= 
|range-image=File:Arctocephalus townsendi distribution.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Juan Fernández fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus philippii]]
|image=File:Lobo fino.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]]  |authority-year=1866 |authority-not-original=no
|range= 
|range-image=File:Juan Fernandez Fur Seal area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Galápagos fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus galapagoensis]]
|image=File:Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Heller |authority-year= 1904 |authority-not-original=no
|range=[[Galápagos Islands]] |range-image=File:Galapagos Fur Seal area.png |range-image-size=144px
|size=Male: {{convert|150|-|160|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|60|-|68|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Female: {{convert|110|-|130|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|27|-|33|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="IUCNGalápagosfurseal">{{cite iucn |last1=Trillmich |first1=F. |title=''Arctocephalus galapagoensis'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T2057A45223722 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en}}</ref>
|habitat=Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine
|hunting=Small squids and a variety of fish
|iucn-status=EN |population=10,000
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Brown fur seal or Cape fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus pusillus]]
|image=File:Seals at Cape Cross, Namibia (3046555706).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name= [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]]  |authority-year=1775 |authority-not-original=yes
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''A. p. pusillus'' ''(Cape/South African fur seal)''
|''A. p. doriferus'' ''(Australian fur seal)''
}}
|range=Southern African and Australian coasts (dark blue indicates breeding grounds) |range-image=File:Arctocephalus pusillus distribution.png |range-image-size=180px
|size=Male: {{convert|201|-|227|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|218|-|360|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Female: {{convert|136|-|171|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long; {{convert|41|-|113|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="IUCNBrownfurseal">{{cite iucn |last1=Hofmeyr |first1=G. J. G. |title=''Arctocephalus pusillus'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T2060A45224212 |date=2015 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2060A45224212.en}}</ref>
|habitat=Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine
|hunting=A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and sometimes [[African penguin]]s and other seabirds
|iucn-status=LC |population=1,060,000
|direction={{increase|Population increasing}}
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=New Zealand fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus forsteri]]
|image=File:Fur seal posing on top of the rocks.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name= [[René Lesson|Lesson]]  |authority-year=1828 |authority-not-original=no
|range= 
|range-image=File:Arctocephalus forsteri distribution.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=Subantarctic fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus tropicalis]]
|image=File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Edward Gray|Gray]] |authority-year= 1872  |authority-not-original=no
|range= 
|range-image=File:Subantarctic Fur Seal area.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=South American fur seal |binomial=[[Arctocephalus australis]]
|image=File:SAFS Falklands.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Zimmermann (taxonomy)|Zimmermann]]  |authority-year=1783 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= 
|range-image=File:Arctocephalus australis distribution.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
}}
{{Species table/end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Carnivora|C1.}}
{{Pan-Pinnipedia|O.|state=autocollapse}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q776652}}

[[Category:Arctocephalus| ]]
[[Category:Carnivoran genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frédéric Cuvier]]