Editing Arctocephalus forsteri

{{Short description|Species of carnivore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) male Kangaroo Island.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Chilvers, B.L. |author2=Goldsworthy, S.D. |date=2015 |title=''Arctocephalus forsteri'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T41664A45230026 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41664A45230026.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> 
| status2 = CITES_A2 
| status2_system = CITES 
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Arctocephalus
| species = forsteri
| authority = [[René Lesson|Lesson]], 1828
| range_map = Arctocephalus forsteri distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the New Zealand fur seal
}}

'''''Arctocephalus forsteri''''' ([[common name]]s include  the '''Australasian fur seal''',<ref name="Museums Victoria">{{cite web |title=Arctocephalus forsteri, Australasian Fur Seal |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/species/14365 |website=[[Museums Victoria]] |publisher=[[Government of Victoria]] |access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref> '''South Australian fur seal''',<ref name="Stirling-1971">{{cite journal |title=Studies on the behaviour on the South Ausralian fur seal, Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson) II. Adult females and pups |journal=[[Australian Journal of Zoology]] |date=1971 |volume=19 |pages=267–273 |doi=10.1071/ZO9710267 |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/ZO/ZO9710267 |access-date=20 June 2020|last1=Stirling |first1=I. |issue=3 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> '''New Zealand fur seal''',<ref name="Atlas of Living Australia">{{cite web |title=Atlas of Living Australia - New Zealand Fur-Seal - Atlas of Living Australia - Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828) |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:228103e0-89a0-427d-b82c-c89d494f3611 |website=[[Atlas of Living Australia]] |access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> '''Antipodean fur seal''', or '''long-nosed fur seal''') is a species of [[fur seal]] found mainly around southern [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> The name ''New Zealand fur seal'' is used by English speakers in New Zealand; '''''kekeno''''' is used in the [[Māori language]].<ref name=DOC/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/new-zealand-fur-seal/arctocephalus-forsteri/video-01.html|title=New Zealand fur seal video - Arctocephalus forsteri - 01|website=Arkive|access-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819070330/http://www.arkive.org/new-zealand-fur-seal/arctocephalus-forsteri/video-01.html|archive-date=19 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, the common name '''long-nosed fur seal''' has been proposed for the population of seals inhabiting Australia.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" />

Although the Australian and New Zealand populations show some genetic differences, their morphologies are very similar, and thus they remain classed as a single species. After the arrival of humans in New Zealand, and particularly after the arrival of Europeans in Australia and New Zealand, [[seal hunting|hunting]] reduced the population to near-extinction.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" />

==Description==
Males have been reported as large as {{cvt|160|kg}}; their average weight is about {{cvt|126|kg}}.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /><ref name=adv>Harcourt, R.G., (2001). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03014223.2001.9517644 "Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: Pinnipeds"]. ''Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand'', Retrieved 6 October 2011</ref> Males can be {{cvt|2|m}} long. Females are between 30 and 50&nbsp;kg (66-110 lbs) on average, and can be as long as {{cvt|1.5|m}}. Newborn pups are 3.3–3.9&nbsp;kg (7.3-8.6 lbs) on average, and between 40 and 55&nbsp;cm (1.3-1.8 ft) long. At 290 days old males are about {{cvt|14.1|kg}}, and females are about {{cvt|12.6|kg}}.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> Like other [[eared seal|otariids]], they have external ears and hind flippers that rotate forward, which visibly distinguish them from [[Earless seal|true seals]].<ref name=DOC>Department of Conservation. [http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/marine-mammals/seals/nz-fur-seal/ "New Zealand fur seal/kekeno"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128030515/http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/marine-mammals/seals/nz-fur-seal/ |date=28 January 2015 }} Retrieved 6 October 2011.</ref> They have a pointy nose with long pale whiskers.<ref name=DOC/> Fur seals are covered by two layers of fur. The coat is grey-brown on their back, and lighter on their belly.<ref name=DOC/> Some have white tips on longer upper hairs, which can give them a silver-like appearance.<ref name=DOC/>

So called "Upland Seals" once found on [[Antipodes Islands]] and [[Macquarie Island]] have been claimed as a distinct subspecies with thicker furs by scientists although it is unclear whether these seals were genetically distinct.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/03014223.1994.9517473 | volume=24 | issue=3 | title="The upland seal" of the Antipodes and Macquarie Islands: A historian's perspective | year=1994 | journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand | pages=289–295 | last1 = Richards | first1 = Rhys| doi-access=free | bibcode=1994JRSNZ..24..289R }}</ref>

==Distribution==
The species occurs in Australia and New Zealand. It is found in the coastal waters and on the offshore islands of southern Australia, from the south-west corner of [[Western Australia]] to just east of [[Kangaroo Island]] in [[South Australia]], and also in southern [[Tasmania]] and the subantarctic [[Macquarie Island]]. Small populations are forming in [[Bass Strait]] and coastal waters of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[New South Wales]] as far as the mid-north coast. Before the arrival of humans in New Zealand, the species bred around all the New Zealand mainland and [[New Zealand Subantarctic Islands|its subantarctic islands]]. There are now established and expanding colonies around the entire [[South Island]], on [[Stewart Island]] and all of the New Zealand subantarctic islands. There are also newly established breeding colonies on the [[North Island]].<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" />

==Behaviour==

===Diving===
The species can "porpoise" out of the water when travelling quickly at sea.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> They can dive deeper and longer than any other fur seal.<ref name=DOC/> Females can dive for about 9 minutes and to a depth of about 312 metres, and can dive deeper and longer in autumn and winter. Males can dive for about 15 minutes to a depth of about 380 metres.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> On average, the species typically only dives for 1–2 minutes.<ref name=DOC/> When they dive for food they dive deeper during the day but shallower at night, because during the day their prey typically migrates to deeper depths and migrates back up during the night ([[diel vertical migration]]).<ref name=DOC/>
[[File:Arctocephalus forsteri New Zealand fur seal PC300702.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Diving at Investigator Island, Western Australia]]

Lactating females alter their dive patterns in order to regularly care for their young. Dives are shorter, from around 9 minutes down to 5 minutes. Several longer trips may be taken at first to find patches of prey. The shorter dives then utilise these patches. Due to the differences in diving pattern between males and females, there is very little inter-sexual competition for food sources. Males typically forage over continental shelf breaks in deeper water, while females typically utilise the continental shelf as foraging grounds. It is believed that differences in diving abilities and depths could be the cause of some [[sexual dimorphism]] between males and females.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Inter-sexual differences in New Zealand fur seal diving behavior|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2005/304/m304p249.pdf|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=304|pages=249–264|doi=10.3354/meps304249|last1=Page|first1=B.|last2=McKenzie|first2=J.|last3=Goldsworthy|first3=SD|bibcode=2005MEPS..304..249P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Diving behaviour by the pups begins in the months leading up to weaning, when the pups are nursing less. The pups begin to dive from the age of 6–10 months, yet weaning is known to occur between the ages of 8 and 11 months, so the young pups do not have much time to learn to forage. The pups need to progressively develop nocturnal diving skills while they still have their mothers' milk to fall back on if dives are unsuccessful. Age, physiological development, and experience are important factors for success in hunting and contribute to the development of the pups' diving ability and behaviour. This transitional period, when young pups are becoming nutritionally independent while their foraging efficiency is rather low, is a time of high risk, and mortality can be very high. Based on scat samples, it has been found that the pups start by eating [[cephalopods]] and eventually making their way to fish, but this may just be a result of prey availability during different times of the year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baylis|first1=A M.M|last2=Page|first2=B|last3=Peters|first3=K|last4=McIntosh|first4=R|last5=Mckenzie|first5=J|last6=Goldsworthy|first6=S|date=2005-09-01|title=The ontogeny of diving behaviour in New Zealand fur seal pups (Arctocephalus forsteri)|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=83|issue=9|pages=1149–1161|doi=10.1139/z05-097|bibcode=2005CaJZ...83.1149B |issn=0008-4301}}</ref>

===Communication===
Males vocalise through a bark or whimper, either a guttural threat, a low-intensity threat, a full threat, or a submissive call. Females growl and also have a high-pitched pup attraction wail call.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> Pup-attraction calls allow communication from longer distances. Once together, females use [[olfactory]] recognition to confirm the pup as their own.<ref name="Ian Stirling">Ian Stirling; Observations on the Behavior of the New Zealand Fur Seal (''Arctocephalus Forsteri''), ''Journal of Mammalogy'', Volume 51, Issue 4, 30 November 1970, Pages 766–778, {{doi|10.2307/1378300}}</ref> In males, the full neck display is a non-combative posture that functions as a threat to surrounding males by which they are able to assess each other's dominance status.<ref name="Ian Stirling" />

===Reproduction===
[[File:New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) female with suckling pup Kangaroo Island.jpg|thumb|female with suckling pup<br>[[Kangaroo Island]], South Australia]]
[[File:New Zealand Fur seal.FZ200 (14502532505).jpg|thumb|pup near [[Kaikōura]], New Zealand]]
Females mature between 4 and 6 years old, and males mature between 8 and 10 years old.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> These seals are [[Polygyny in animals|polygynous]].<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /><ref name=DOC/> Males obtain and guard territory in late October before females arrive.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> Often females mate only once a year, and this usually occurs eight days postpartum for about 13 minutes on average. Females have a [[delayed implantation]] of the fertilised egg, so that implantation on the uterine wall does not occur for 3 months.<ref name=DOC/> [[Gestation]] occurs for 9 months<ref name=DOC/> Females are more aggressive near the time of birth, and do not like to be approached right after birth.<ref name=adv/> Females will continue to reproduce until their death which is on average between 14 and 17 years of age.<ref name=DOC/>

Females first arrive on the shore between November and January,<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> just a few days before giving birth, and stay close to the birth site for up to ten days. When they are close to labour they become very restless and irritable. When beginning [[birth|labour]], which can last as much as five hours, they lie down and toss their head in the air, straining forward on their fore flippers, lifting their hind quarters, or moving laterally, before slowly lowering their head down, a process they repeat until they finally give birth. In one study, observations of the actual birth, starting from when the pup was first seen, found an average of 2 minutes for a head-first delivery, but an average of 6.5 minutes if the pup came out tail first. Immediately after birth the mother begins frequently sniffing the newborn pup to better identify when she has to find it after a trip out to sea. Pups are fairly mature at birth, and within 60 minutes they start [[Lactation|suckling]] for about 7 minutes. Eventually the suckling can exceed 33 minutes.<ref name=adv/>

The mothers may take from 45 minutes to 3 days before leaving the pups to swim, and 6–12 days to go on longer feeding trips. Even then, the mothers tend to not leave the pups for longer than 2 days. When the pups are about 21 days old they have been seen to congregate into little pods while their mothers are away. When the females return they only feed their own pups, and have been seen to be hostile toward pups that are not their own.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McNAB|first=A.G|date=1975|title=MOTHER AND PUP BEHAVIOUR OF THE NEW ZEALAND FÜR SEAL, ARCTOCEPHALUS FORSTER|url=http://www.science.canterbury.ac.nz/nzns/issues/vol3-1975/mcnab.pdf|journal=Mäuri or|pages=13|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416154319/http://www.science.canterbury.ac.nz/nzns/issues/vol3-1975/mcnab.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Female seals have been documented to have a gradual increase in trips for feeding throughout [[Lactational amenorrhea|lactation]]. It has been found that mothers who have sons made longer [[foraging]] trips then the mothers who had daughters during the lactation period. When observing growth patterns in the male and female pups within two cohorts, it is recognised that the growth patterns are similar, however the males grow faster and are  weaned off nursing heavier in some years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goldsworthy|first=Simon D.|date=13 April 2006|title=Maternal strategies of the New Zealand fur seal: evidence for interannual variability in provisioning and pup growth strategies|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=31–44|doi=10.1071/ZO05041|issn=1446-5698}}</ref> Suckling can occur for about 300 days. Pups start to eat solid food just before [[weaning]],<ref name=DOC/> and are eventually weaned around September, when they disperse.<ref name=adv/><ref name=DOC/>

Pup mortality has been attributed to both natural factors and human interaction. The biggest natural cause of death for pups is starvation, followed by suffocation in the amnion, stillbirth, trampling, drowning, and predation.<ref name="Mattlin-1978">{{Cite journal |jstor = 24052393|title = Pup Mortality of the New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus Forsteri Lesson)|journal = New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume = 1|pages = 138–144|last1 = Mattlin|first1 = R. H.|year = 1978}}</ref> Human factors include the handling of pups, tagging, and human presence in general.<ref name="Mattlin-1978" />

==Diet==
Their diet includes [[cephalopods]], fish, and birds.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> In New Zealand, [[Macroctopus|New Zealand octopus]] and [[Nototodarus sloanii|arrow squid]] make up most of their cephalopod diet.<ref name="Carey-1992" />  Individuals located near their southern range limit have been known to eat [[penguin]]s as part of their diet.<ref name="Carey-1992" />  Stomach contents have been analysed and shown to include [[Australian anchovy]], [[Thyrsites|barracouta]], ''[[Paralichthys|Paralichthyes]]'' flounders, [[broadgilled hagfish]], [[pouched lamprey]], [[Red codling|red cod]], [[school shark]], and many other species.<ref name=diet>Boren, L. (2010) [http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/drds319entire.pdf "Diet of New Zealand fur seals (''Arctocephalus forsteri''): a summary"], Retrieved 6 October 2011</ref> Further analysis of otoliths from their scat show that for fish prey species, [[lanternfish]]es composed the majority of their fish diet, followed by Australian anchovies, [[ahuru]], and [[Blue grenadier|hoki]].<ref name="Carey-1992">{{Cite journal|last=Carey|first=P.|date=1992|title=Fish prey species of the new zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri, lesson).|journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=41–46|jstor=24053586}}</ref>  There are different factors that affect their diet, such as season, sex, breeding, surrounding colony, oceanography, and climatic patterns.<ref name=diet/>

==Predators==
Known predators are [[Orca|killer whales]], sharks, male [[New Zealand sea lion]]s, and possibly [[leopard seal]]s.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> New Zealand sea lions are also known to target pups as their prey.<ref name=slion>Bradshaw, C.J.A., Lalas, C., & McConkey, S. (1998). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288330.1998.9516808 "New Zealand sea lion predation on New Zealand fur seals"]. ''New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research''. Retrieved 6 October 2011</ref> Several regurgitations by sea lions have been found to contain remains of fur seal pups, some with plastic tags previously attached to female fur seal pups.<ref name="slion" />

==Human impact==
[[File:Seals napier.jpg|thumb|Public notice, [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand]]
Before the arrival of humans, the seals bred around all of New Zealand. Hunting by the first New Zealand settlers, the [[Māori people|Māori]], reduced their range. Commercial [[seal hunting|hunting]] from shortly after the European discovery of New Zealand in the 18th century until the late 19th century reduced the population to near extinction.

Today, commercial fisheries are one of the main causes of death in New Zealand fur seals, usually by entanglement and drowning.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" /> Monitoring of these pinnipeds in the Kaikōura region found that entanglements with green trawl nets and plastic strapping tape were the most common.<ref name="Boren-2006">{{Cite journal|last1=Boren|first1=Laura J.|last2=Morrissey|first2=Mike|last3=Muller|first3=Chris G.|last4=Gemmell|first4=Neil J.|date=April 2006|title=Entanglement of New Zealand fur seals in man-made debris at Kaikoura, New Zealand|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=52|issue=4|pages=442–446|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.12.003|pmid=16487982|bibcode=2006MarPB..52..442B |issn=0025-326X}}</ref> A little less than half of the individuals were successfully released with good chances of survival even after significant entanglement wounds.<ref name="Boren-2006" /> It has been estimated by the [[Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society]] that over 10,000 seals could have drowned in nets between 1989 and 1998.<ref name=adv/> They are also known to have been shot by commercial and recreational fishermen, because they are assumed to interfere with fishing gear. How often these shootings occur is unknown, but pressure groups have stated that the conflict between the seals and commercial fisheries is expected to increase.<ref name=mbio>MarineBio.org (2011). [http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=308 "New Zealand Fur Seals, ''Arctocephalus forsteri'' at MarineBio.org"] Retrieved 6 October 2011.</ref> On 21 August 2014, two decomposing animals were found beheaded near [[Louth Bay, South Australia|Louth Bay]] in South Australia. The circumstances of their deaths were considered suspicious and an investigation followed their discovery.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-25/headless-seals-discovered-in-sa/5693974|title = Headless fur seals found on beach in SA treated as suspicious|date = 25 August 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = ABC}}</ref> In 2015, several conservative members of Parliament encouraged public debate around the potential implementation of [[seal culling in South Australia]] in response to increasing interactions with South Australian commercial fisheries. {{as of|2015|July}}, the killing of long-nosed fur seals remains an illegal act.

Human activity near seal rookeries has been correlated with distress and panic, resulting in indirect deaths of pups.<ref name="Mattlin-1978" /> The use of metal cattle ear tags on pups has also been associated with a decrease in pup fitness due to incomplete healing of the tag site.<ref name="Mattlin-1978" />

=== Legislative protection ===

====Australia====
In Australian Commonwealth waters, ''Arctocephalus forsteri'' is protected under the ''[[EPBC Act|Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999]],'' under which it is listed as a protected marine species.<ref name="Species profile and threats database-2014" /> The species is also protected within the jurisdictions of the following Australian states:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Listed as
!Legislation
|-
|New South Wales
|Vulnerable
|''[[Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995]]'' (NSW)<ref name="Species profile and threats database-2014">{{Cite web|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=20|title = Arctocephalus forsteri|date = 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|website = Species profile and threats database|publisher = Australian Government—Department of the Environment}}</ref>
|-
|South Australia
|Marine mammal
|''[[National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972]]'' (SA)<ref>{{Cite book|title = National Parks & Wildlife Act 1972|publisher = Government of South Australia|year = 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Tasmania
|Rare 
|''[[Threatened Species Protection Act 1995]]'' (TAS)<ref name="Species profile and threats database-2014" />
|-
|Victoria
|Protected
|''Wildlife Act 1975'' (Vic)<ref>{{cite web|title=Seals and People A reference guide for helping injured seals|url=http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/205867/seals_and_people_s51.pdf|publisher=Department of Sustainability and Environment|access-date=25 June 2015|page=16}}</ref> 
|-
|Western Australia
|Other protected fauna 
|''[[Wildlife Conservation Act 1950]]'' (WA)<ref name="Species profile and threats database-2014" /> 
|}

The species received protection by the creation of the 16 million [[hectare]] [[Macquarie Island Marine Park]], located on the eastern side of [[Macquarie island]]. In 2000, the Tasmanian government extended the Macquarie Island Nature Reserve by 3 nautical miles surrounding the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarie Island Nature Reserve and World Heritage Area Management Plan 2006 |url=https://parks.tas.gov.au/Documents/Macquarie%20Island%20Nature%20Reserve%20and%20World%20Heritage%20Area%20Management%20Plan%202006.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325170813/https://parks.tas.gov.au/Documents/Macquarie%20Island%20Nature%20Reserve%20and%20World%20Heritage%20Area%20Management%20Plan%202006.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-07-31}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
In New Zealand, the species is protected by the ''[[Marine Mammals Protection Act|Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978]]'', which works to conserve marine animal species; it specifies that all wild [[pinniped]]s cannot be touched or fed.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Seal_0906.jpg
File:Arctocephalus forsteri LC0255.jpg|South Island, New Zealand
Image:Squinting seal.jpeg|coming ashore below [[w:Taiaroa Head|Taiaroa Head]], near [[w:Dunedin|Dunedin]], New Zealand
Image:Seal Cubs-Palliser Bay-20070331.jpg| pups at [[w:Palliser Bay|Palliser Bay]], New Zealand
Image:Castlepoint Fur Seal.jpg|at [[Castlepoint]], New Zealand
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Seal culling in South Australia]]
* [[Sealers' War]] (1810s–1820s, New Zealand)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{RefAudubonMarineMammals}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arctocephalus forsteri}}
* New Zealand fur seal discussed on RNZ ''Critter of the Week'', [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/201852792/critter-of-the-week-the-fur-seal 28 July 2017]

{{Carnivora|C1.}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q832379}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arctocephalus]]
[[Category:Pinnipeds of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Mammals of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Mammals of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1828]]
[[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]
[[Category:Fauna of subantarctic islands]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Campbell Islands]]
[[Category:Pinnipeds of Australia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Macquarie Island]]