Editing Arebhashe dialect

{{Short description|Kannada dialect of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=August 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Arebhashe
| nativename       = {{lang|kn|ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ}}
| states           = [[India]]
| region           = [[Sullia]], [[Kodagu]], [[Kasaragod]]
| ethnicity        = [[Arebhashe|Arebhashe Gowda]]
| speakers         = 
| date             = 2011
| familycolor      = Dravidian
| fam2             = Southern
| fam3             = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4             = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5             = [[Kannada dialects|Kannada–Badaga]]
| fam6             = Kannadoid
| fam7             = [[Kannada]]
| fam8             = Southwestern
| script           = [[Kannada script]]
| glotto           = areb1239
| agency           = [[Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy]]
| isoexception     = dialect
}}

'''Arebhashe''' ({{Langx|kn|ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ}}, ''Arebhāṣe''), or '''Aregannada''' or '''Gowda Kannada''', is a dialect of [[Kannada]] mainly by Gowda communities in the regions of [[Madikeri]], [[Somwarpet taluk|Somwarpet]], and [[Kushalanagar|Kushalnagar]] taluks of [[Kodagu]] district, Coorg, [[Sullia]] and [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] taluks of [[Dakshina Kannada]] district, as well as [[Bandadka]], [[Kasaragod]] District in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Arebase: A dialect rooted in cultural harmony |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/arebase-a-dialect-rooted-in-cultural-harmony-868290.html |access-date=27 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kodavas and Arebhashe Gowdas are like kith and kin: Rangayana Director |url=https://starofmysore.com/kodavas-and-arebhashe-gowdas-are-like-kith-and-kin-rangayana-director/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=Star of Mysore |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> The language was recognized by the Karnataka State government and formed an academy in 2011 to preserve the culture and literature of the Arebhahse Region which is named as [[Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy]] supported by then Chief Minister [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=paniyadi |first1=gururaj |title=This language academy a shame for linguists |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140912/nation-current-affairs/article/language-academy-shame-linguists |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=30 August 2020 |language=en |date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Oct 20 |first1=Deepthi Sanjiv / TNN / Updated |title=Mangaluru: Academy begins work on Arebhashe dictionary {{!}} Mangaluru News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/academy-begins-work-on-arebhashe-dictionary/articleshow/78757932.cms |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gowda Kannada">{{cite book|title=Gowda Kannada|first=K. Kushalappa|last=Gowda|year=1970|publisher=Annamalai University,Department of Linguistics, Annamalai Nagara, Tamilnadu,1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Kannada: Based on the Inscriptions of Coorg, South Kanara and North Kanara Dts.100 to 1400 A.D.|first=K. Kushalappa|last=Gowda|year=1972|publisher=Annamalai University, Department of Linguistics}}</ref>

== History ==
Arebhashe has a history of approximately 500 years.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} According to linguistic scientists, it is very close to the [[Badaga language]] in the Dravidian language.<ref name="auto"/> There was a time when<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gowda|first1=Puttur Anantharaja|title=In Pursuit of Our Roots|publisher=Tenkila Publications|year=2015|location=Bengaluru}}</ref> [[Vokkaliga]] Gowda came from Iguru and started living in [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Kodagu district]], also [[Kasaragod District]] of [[Kerala State]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} They migrated to [[Coorg]] (Kodagu) from [[Mangalore]]-[[Udupi]] (Dakshina Kannada-Udupi) region, to settle among the Canarese [[Tulu language|Tulu]] speaking people.<ref>Valase, Sangarsha, Samanvaya By Purushothama Bilimale, ''Akruthi Publication Mangaluru, 2019 Pg: 216''</ref> And different communities in this region speak Arebhashe as a communication language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Girish |first=Kolyada |title=Hingara, Samputa 1,‌Sanchike 1 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |year=2015 |location=MADIKERI}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shailaja |first1=A. C. |title=Kodavaru mattu Kodagina arebhashe gowdara samskruti toulanika adhyayana |journal=University |year=2014 |publisher=Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore |location=Mysore |hdl=10603/110479 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/110479 |language=Kannada}}</ref> 

Arebhashe-speaking people in Sulya Taluk are bilingual with [[Tulu language|Tulu]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}}

== Geographic distribution ==
Arebhashe is mainly concentrated in the state of Karnataka. There are more than five hundred thousand people speaking Arebhashe in Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu districts in Karnataka and Kasaragod in Kerala are the districts where Arebhashe speaking people live for centuries.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} They are now spread all over India, especially in metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Bengaluru, and other industrial and business centers.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=January 2025}} Arebhashigas are also in large numbers in countries like the United States of America, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, GCC countries and other places outside India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Language in India |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html |website=languageinindia.com |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arebhashe : Language with rich cultural history|url=https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/arebhashe-language-with-rich-cultural-history/|url-status=live|access-date=17 September 2021|website=News Karnataka|date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827014835/https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/arebhashe-language-with-rich-cultural-history/ |archive-date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Grammar ==
The accepted word order of Arebhashe is [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject-object-verb), same as of Kannada languages.<ref name="Vyakarana">{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof.K. Kushalappa |title=Arebase (Gowda Kannada) Vyakarana |date=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Sullia |pages=30}}</ref> This language has less breathy letters.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bilimale |first1=Purushothama |title=Valase, Sangharsa Mattu Samanvaya : Sulya Parisarada Gauda Samudayada Samskrtika Adhyayana |date=2019 |publisher=Aakrithi Aashaya Publications, Mangaluru |location=Mangaluru |isbn=978-81-939906-4-3 |pages=406}}</ref> This is one of the specialties of the Dravidian Language. There is a very close connection to [[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]] and [[Havigannada dialect]]. The gender distinction in Arebhashe is as similar to Brahui, a member of the North Dravidian linguistic system. There is no female gender distinction and no difference in the plural masculine, neuter gender.<ref>"Gender Distinction in Gowda Kannada." In Studies in Indian Linguistics, Krishnamurti H D, 1969, pp. 212-220</ref> Arebhashe is different from the Kannada language and has difficult to understand accent and words because of its special vowels and colloquialism.<ref name="mad"/><ref>{{cite journal |first=Preethi V. |last=Kamat |title=Arebhashe: A Language with a rich cultural History |journal=Karnataka News |date=30 December 2021 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–25 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arebhashe_A_Langauge_with_a_rich_cultural_History.pdf}}</ref> Arebhashe is also influenced and got words from Southwestern languages such as Tulu and Malayalam. 

=== Phonology ===
The study of sounds in speech is known as [[phonology]]. The Arebhashe has 22 consonants and 13 vowels.{{clarify|date=April 2024|reason=The vowel table shows 10, not 13}} There are no breathy letters in Arebhashe like Kannada language.<ref name="Vyakarana" />

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} (ಇ)
| {{IPA link|iː}} (ಈ)
| {{IPA link|u}} (ಉ)
| {{IPA link|uː}} (ಊ)
|- style="text-align: center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} (ಎ)
| {{IPA link|eː}} (ಏ)
| {{IPA link|o}} (ಒ)
| {{IPA link|oː}} (ಓ)
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} (ಅ)
| {{IPA link|aː}} (ಆ)
|}

* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} are phonetically central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɐ}}, {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}. {{IPA|/ɐ/}} may be as open as {{IPA|/aː/}} ({{IPAblink|ä}}) or higher {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center href="V K Gokak"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! href="Kavirajamarga" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! href="Adipurana" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} (ಮ)
|{{IPA link|n}} (ನ)
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} (ಣ)
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} (ಞ)
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} (ಙ)
|
|- href="Eastern Chalukyas#Connection between Kannada and Telugu literature"
! rowspan="2" href="Kadambas of Goa" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}} (ಪ)
|{{IPA link|t̪}} (ತ)
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} (ಟ)
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} (ಚ)
|{{IPA link|k}} (ಕ)
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPA link|b}} (ಬ)
|{{IPA link|d̪}} (ದ)
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} (ಡ)
|{{IPA link|dʒ}} (ಜ)
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} (ಗ)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}} (ಸ)
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}} (ಹ)
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} (ವ)
|{{IPA link|l}} (ಲ)
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} (ಳ)
|{{IPA link|j}} (ಯ)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}} (ರ)
|
|
|
|
|}

==== Pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''English'''
! '''[[Kannada]]'''
! '''[[Arebhashe]]'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nidinji |first1=Dr.Karunakara |title=Negebeku Kedege Gone Hange |date=13 March 2021|publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy }}</ref>
|-
| I
| Nānu (ನಾನು)
| Nā (ನಾನು / ನಾ)
|-
| We
| Nāvu (ನಾವು)
| Nāv (ನಾವ್/ನಾವು)
|-
| You (Singular)
| Nīnu (ನೀನು)
| Nī (ನೀ)
|-
| You (Plural)
| Nīvu (ನೀವು)
| Nīv (ನೀವ್/ನೀವು)
|-
| He
| Avanu (ಅವನು)
| Ava (ಅಂವ)
|-
| She
| Avalu (ಅವಳು)
| Avlu (ಅವ್ಳ್)
|-
| It
| Adu (ಅದು)
| Adh(ಅದ್)
|-
|-
| They (Neutral)
| Avaru (ಅವರು)
| Avu (ಅವ್)
|}

==== Cases ====
Arebhashe has eight cases:<ref>Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. [[A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages]]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003. Print.</ref>  Because the traditional study of Arebhashe grammar is based on [[Kannada grammar]] and in turn, Kannada grammar is based on [[Sanskrit]] grammar, a fifth case (since the dative case is the fourth case and the genitive case is the sixth in the traditional order of the cases) is sometimes considered: the [[ablative case]]	(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ). This case is formed periphrastically by combining the [[genitive case]] of the noun supposedly in the ablative with the instrumental-case form of the noun 'ದೆಸೆ', meaning 'cause, vicinity, place, point'. Thus the Kannada [[ablative]] literally translates to 'from/by the cause/point of the {noun}'. However, this 'ablative' form is not commonly used colloquially, and exists only for propriety—it is not a true case, serving only to provide a parallel to the Sanskrit ablative.<ref name=":1">Ziegler, F. ''A Practical Key to the [[Kannada Language]]''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1984. Print.</ref> In its place, the third case, the instrumental-ablative case, is normally used.

The [[nominative]] is unmarked in Arebhashe. The Accusative-Genitive and Instrumental-Ablative are [[homophonous]] pairs in Arebhashe, while in Kannada, only the latter pair is met with. The Locative marker occurs only in inanimate nouns. in Arebhashe, but in Kannada, it occurs inanimate nouns also. However, inanimate nouns in Kannada, when necessary, the Locative sense is expressed by Postpositions. The distinction between the [[Accusative]] and [[Genitive]] is sometimes determined in -a ending [[Animate noun|inanimate]] nouns, by the kind of Inflexional increments with which they occur. e.g. mara-n-a kaɖi ಮರ-ನ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree' (Acc), mara-d-a gellɨ ಮರ-ದ-ಅ-ಗೆಲ್ಲ್ 'branch of the tree'. Such instances are rare in number and moreover, -n- is sometimes used in both functions. e.g. mara-n-a gellɨ mara-d-a gellɨ 'branch of the tree', mara-n-a kad̪i‌ ಮರ-ನ-ಅ-ಕಡಿ 'cut the tree'. This variation, perhaps be explained through old Kannada examples, where we come across a few words of the inanimate class taking the same ending as the animate class. e.g. mara-n-a ಮರ-ನ-ಅ 'of the tree', koɭan-a ಕೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the lake', polan-a ಪೊಲನ-ಅ 'of the field' etc. -n occurring before the case marker, perhaps indicates the Singular number, since, these are the concrete objects and therefore countable. Abstract nouns, or the objects which occur in a group or mass, are treated with -m ending. e.g. guɳam ಗುಣಂ 'good character' (Nom), and such nouns will have -d- as Inflexional increment before case markers other than the Dative. e.g. guna-d-a ಗುಣ-ದ-ಅ of the good character', ku:ʈa-d-a ಕೂಟ-ದ-ಅ 'of the gathering', ru:pa-d-a ರೂಪ-ದ-ಅ 'of the beauty. Though this irregularity in pattern was levelled in middle and modern Kannada Arebhashe, seems to have retained the old pattern in having the variation regarding the Inflexional Increments, referred to above.<ref name="Gowda Kannada"/>

=== Cases table ===
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Case'''
| '''<nowiki>'Standard Kannada' Case-termination</nowiki>'''
| '''Arebhashe Case'''
|-
| [[nominative case]] ಪ್ರಥಮಾ(ಕರ್ತೃವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-kartr̥vibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಉ | maravu(ಮರವು)</nowiki>
| Ø
|-
| [[accusative case]] ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ(ಕರ್ಮವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karmavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅನ್ನು | maravannu(ಮರವನ್ನು)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ | mara-na(ಮರನ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[instrumental case]] ತೃತೀಯಾ(ಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-karaṇavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಇಂದ | mara-dinda(ಮರದಿಂದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[dative case]] ಚತುರ್ಥೀ(ಸಂಪ್ರದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-sampradānavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಇಗೆ/ಇಕ್ಕೆ | mara-kke(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಕೆ/ಗೆ - ke/ge/nge | mara-ke(ಮರಕೆ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[ablative case]]  ಪಂಚಮೀ(ಅಪಾದಾನವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-apādānavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ | marada-deseyinda(ಮರದ ದೆಸೆಯಿಂದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ನ್ದ | mara-nda(ಮರಂದ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[genitive case]] ಷಷ್ಠೀ(ಸಂಬಂಧವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbandhavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅ | mara-da(ಮರದ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಅ | mara-na/a(ಮರನ/ಮರ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[locative case]] ಸಪ್ತಮೀ(ಅಧಿಕರಣವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-adhikaraṇavibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಅಲ್ಲಿ | marada-alli(ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಲಿ | mara-li(ಮರಲಿ)</nowiki>
|-
| [[vocative case]] ಸಂಭೋದನಾ(ಸಂಬೋಧನಾವಿಭಕ್ತಿ-saṃbōdhanāvibhakti)
| <nowiki>ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ)</nowiki>
| <nowiki>ಏ | mara-vē(ಮರವೇ)</nowiki>
|}

==== Accusative case ====
:{a} / -a  / -na
:''/ -a occurs after [[noun]]s stem ending in [[consonant]]s.''
:E.g.  '''/ -a''' : 'It' - ad-ar-a - ಅದ್‌-ಅರ್‌-ಅ; 'them' - av-ar-a - ಅವ್-ಅರ್-ಅ; 'whom' - ya:r-a - ಯಾ-ರ್-ಅ

:''/ -na occurs elsewhere''.
:E.g. '''/ -na''' : 'elder sister'-akka-na-ಅಕ್ಕ-ನ; 'mother'-avva-na-ಅವ್ವ-ನ; 'father'-appa-na-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ; 'the tree'-mara-na-ಮರ-ನ; 'the blind woman'-kurd-i-na-ಕುರ್ಡ್-ಇ-ನ

==== Instrumental case ====
{-nda}-da nda
: ''/ -da occurs after -n ending stems in [[demonstrative]]s''.
: E.g. '''/ -da''' : 'by him'-av-á-n-da-ಅವ್-ಅ-ನ್‌-ದ 'by this man'-iv-a-n-da-ಇವ್-‌ಅ-ನ್‌-ದ

: ''/ -nda occurs elsewhere''.
:E.g. '''/ -nda''' : 'by father'-appa-nda-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ್‌ದ; 'by the tree'-mara-nda-ಮರ-ನ್‌ದ;  'by it or her'-ad-ar-nda-ಅದ್‌-ಅರ್‌-ನ್‌ದ 'by the cat'-kotti-nda-ಕೊತ್ತಿ-ನ್‌ದ 'by the ladder'-e:ni-nda-ಏಣಿ-ನ್‌ದ

==== Dative case ====
{ ɲge } /-ke /-ɲge /-ge
: ''/-ke occurs after the [[noun stem]]s having the Inflexional increment -k, and also after the [[Demonstrative]] and [[Interrogative]] [[pronoun]]s.''
: E.g. /-ke : 'to the tree'-mara-k-ke-ಮರ-ಕ್‌-ಕೆ(ಮರಕ್ಕೆ) 'to the book'-pustaka-k-ke-ಪುಸ್ತಕ-ಕ-ಕೆ; 'to the money-haɲa-k-ke-ಹಣ-ಕ-ಕೆ;  'to it'-adi-ke- ಅದಿ-ಕೆ  'to this'-idi-ke-ಇದಿ-ಕೆ;  'to which'-ya-di-ke-ಯಾ-ದಿ-ಕೆ;  to which (pl)-ya:vu-ke-ಯಾ-ಉ-ಕೆ(ಯಾವಕ್ಕೆ)

: ''/-ɲge  occurs after -a ending [[Noun stem]]s belonging to animate class.''
: E.g. '''/-ɲge''' : 'to father'-appa-ɲge-ಅಪ್ಪ-ನ್‌ಗೆ;  'to mother'-avva-ɲge-ಅವ್ವ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; 'to elder sister'-akka-ɲge-ಅಕ್ಕ-ನ್‌ಗೆ; to the buffalo-ko:ɲa-ɲge-ಕೋಣ-ನ್‌ಗೆ  to the parrot-gi:ɲa-ɲge-ಗಿಣ-ನ್‌ಗೆ

: /-ge occurs elsewhere.
: E.g. '''/-ge''' : 'to the donkey'-katte-ge-ಕತ್ತೆ-ಗೆ  'to the coat'-ko:țu-ge-ಕೋಟು-ಗೆ  'to the car'ka:rɨ-ge-ಕಾರ್-ಗೆ

== Literature ==
Arebhashe has all kind of literature like Epics, Novels, Drama, Dictionaries, Poem, riddles, adverbs and rich oral literature.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oct 20 |first1=Deepthi Sanjiv / TNN / Updated |title=Mangaluru: Academy begins work on Arebhashe dictionary {{!}} Mangaluru News&nbsp;— Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/academy-begins-work-on-arebhashe-dictionary/articleshow/78757932.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*The epic "''Manasa Bharatha''" written by [[K. Kushalappa Gowda|Dr.Kodi Kushalappa Gowda]]<ref>Nudi Osage, Dr Kushalappa Gowda Abhinandana Grantha, A Felicitation volume in honor of Pro K Kushalappa Gowda, Edited by Dr K Chinnappa Gowda, 2005, Pg.51</ref>
*Dictionary " Arebhashe Shabdakosha" by Gangadhara<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gangadhara |first1=K R |title=Arebhashe - Kannada - English Shabdakoha; Arebhashe Gadega mattu Nudigattuga |date=2013 |publisher=Gowda Socio-education Trust(R) Sullia}}</ref> and Arebhahse - Kannada English Dictionary<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-81-956598-1-4 |title=Arebhase padakosa: Arebhase-Kannada-Inglis |date=6 August 2023 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrti mattu Sahitya Akademi }}</ref> by Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi Mattu Sahithya Academy
*Arebhahse Grammar by Prof. K Kushalappa Gowda<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof. Kushalappa K |title=Arebhashe Vyakarana(Gowda Kannada) |date=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhahshe Samskruti Mattu Sahithya Academy Sahithya |location=Madikeri |url=https://archive.org/details/arebasegowdakann0000prof}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=ಅರೆಬಾಸೆ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ (ಗೌಡ ಕನ್ನಡ) |date=2019 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು‍ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ |url=https://archive.org/details/arebasegowdakann0000prof}}</ref>
*Arebhahshe paramparika Kosha<ref>{{cite book |title=Arebhahshe Paramparika Kosha |date=6 August 2023 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Madikeri |isbn=978-81-956598-4-5 |pages=300 |edition=1}}</ref>

===Folk literature===
The oral traditions of Arebhashe is one of the major traditions that show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Arebhashe oral tradition and literature.
*'''Shobhane''': One that is commonly recited on occasion marriage function. This is the theme of the way of life of Hindu gods Rama and Seeta.
*'''Paddanas''': This is recited in a ritualistic context by particular communities of the Arebhashe region on the occasion of the Hindu rituals of [[Bhuta Kola]]. These Paddanas are mostly legends about gods or historical personalities among the people.<ref>Poovappa Kaniyoor, Pookare Mattu Itatra Janapadeeya Lekhanagalu, op.cit., p.46</ref>
*'''Riddles and Adverbs''': They are another important aspect of Arebahshe oral traditions.
*'''Siddavesha''': [[Siddavesa]] kind of religious and traditional folk dance it is also called as ''pursere kaṭṭunā'' and ''puruṣa makkaḷa kuṇita''. [[Arebhase Gowda|Arebhashe gowdas]] of [[Sullia]], [[Belthangady]], [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] perform [[full moon]] summer dance in month of [[Tulu calendar]] Suggi. In this same month, Suggi Nalike is also performed.<ref>
Karavali janapada, Purushotha Bilimale 1990. Mangalagangothri Dakshina Kannada, Siddavesha: Partibhatane Mattu Nirasana  P.21</ref> Siddavesha is performed from late evening until morning which includes visiting homes of people from all stratas of society.  This song is sung during [[Siddavesa|Siddavesha]] Kunita<ref>Yadupathi Gowda, Gauḍaru-janāṅga mattu kuṇita, Yadupati gauḍa, 2003. Okkaligara Yāne Gauḍara Sēvā Saṅgha, Mangaluru, pg.153</ref>
* '''Folktales''' :  In Arebhashe cultures, there is no clear line separating myth from folk or fairy tale; all these together form the literature of preliterate societies.<ref>Gowda Kannadada Janapada Kathegalu-varga mattu Ashaya suchi, Vishwanatha Badikana, Madipu Prakashana, Mangala Gangothri,1994.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales, wonder tale, magic tale|last=Bettelheim|first=Bruno|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1989|isbn=0-679-72393-5|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/usesofenchantmen00brun/page/25 25]|url=https://archive.org/details/usesofenchantmen00brun/page/25}}</ref> Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as [[legend]]s (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)<ref>Thompson, Stith. ''Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology & Legend'', 1972 s.v. "Fairy Tale"</ref> and explicit moral tales, including beast [[fable]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Badikana |first1=Vishwanatha |title=Arebasena Ajjikathega |date=2014 |publisher=Neha Creation |location=Bengaluru |isbn=978-93-85-895-12-8}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
==== Yakshagana ====
[[Yakshagana]] is a traditional theater, developed in [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Shimoga]] and western parts of [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]] districts, in the state of [[Karnataka]] and in [[Kasaragod district]] in Kerala that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jatra, Tamasha, Yakshagana and Nautanki: A look at India's traditional folk drama forms on World Theatre Day |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/jatra-tamasha-yakshagana-and-nautanki-a-look-at-indias-traditional-folk-drama-forms-on-world-theatre-day/2221647/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=27 March 2021}}</ref>
Theatre in the form of the traditional [[Yakshagana]], Yakshagana Tāḷamaddaḷe and Drama prevalent in Arebhashe speaking region has greatly preserved the finer aspects of the Arebhashe language. Yakshagana which is conducted in Arebhashe is very popular among the Arebhashe People, they often perform it in summer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yakshagana prasanga in Arebhashe language ready |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/yakshagana-prasanga-in-arebhashe-language-ready-892600.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> 

==== Talamaddale ====
[[Tala-Maddale]] is an ancient form of performance dialogue or debate performance in this Arebhashe Region. The plot and content of the conversation are drawn from popular mythology but the performance mainly consists of an impromptu debate between characters involving sarcasm, puns, philosophy positions, and humor. The main plot is sung from the same oral texts used for the Yakshagana form of dance- drama. Performers claim that this was a more intellectual rendition of the dance during the monsoon season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamila |first1=Raviprasad |title=Video of Arebhashe talamaddale to go online soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/video-of-arebhashe-talamaddale-to-go-online-soon/article32888593.ece |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=19 October 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== Arebhashe plays ====
Arebhashe plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in the Arebhashe Region. Which generally centered on particular theme or comic genre or issue related.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangaluru: Multilingual drama festival set in motion at Padua College |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=795858 |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arebhashe Day on December 15 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/arebhashe-day-on-december-15-926273.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Centres of Arebhashe and government support ==
Arebhashe as a language continues to thrive in Sullia, Kodagu in Karnataka and part of Kasaragod in Kerala. [[Karnataka Arebhashe Samskruthi mathu Sahitya Academy]], an institute established by the State Government of Karnataka in 2011. The academy focuses on the retrieval and Propagation of Arebhashe Language and Culture in part of Karnataka and part of Kerala through various activities such as creating glossary, translation, and archival work to preserve and develop the language and culture of the Arebhashe. The academy is also working on a documentary collection for veteran personalities of this region, Digitalization of Arebhashe Books,<ref name="mad">{{cite news |title=Academy takes up digitisation of Arebashe books|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/academy-takes-up-digitisation-of-arebashe-books/articleshow/85390330.cms |website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಅರೆ‌ಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ‍ ‌ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆಯ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು |url=https://arebashe.sanchaya.net/ |website=arebashe.sanchaya.net |language=en}}</ref>  including a seminar on youth literature, a drama camp, art camp among the Arebhashe people etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಪ್ರಥಮ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ನಾಟಕ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನಕ್ಕೆ ಸಿದ್ಧ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/district-news/dakshina-kannada-news/ready-for-the-premiere-semi-drama-show |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref> The academy is based in Madikeri.

Number of colleges have Arebhahse Language units and conducting various activities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ಎನ್ನೆಂಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಘ|language=kn|work=Amara Suddi|url=https://amarasuddi.com/2021/02/23/arebashe-sahithya-sanga-nmc/|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ಸುಳ್ಯ ಎನ್ನೆಂಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಘ ಉದ್ಘಾಟನೆ|language=kn|work=Suddi News, Sullia|url=https://sullia.suddinews.com/archives/506142|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಘ ಉದ್ಘಾಟನೆ|language=kn|work=Shakthi Daily|url=https://www.shakthidaily.info/2021/02/27/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%98-%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86-56495|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ಎನ್ನೆಂಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರೆಭಾಷೆ ಸಂಘ|language=kn|work=Sullia Mirror|url=https://sulliamirror.com/2021/02/arebashe-sanga/|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

== Arebhashe Research Centre==
State Government of Karnataka announced in the year 2022-23 for a research centre for "Arebhashe" in Mangaluru University.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mar 4 |first1=Stanley Pinto / TNN / |title=Karnataka budget: Few takeaways for coastal region {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-budget-few-takeaways-for-coastal-region/articleshow/89996703.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bommai presents please-all budget with eye on 2023 Assembly polls |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=933062 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable Arebhashe people ==

*[[Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda]], 19th Century Freedom fighter 
*[[D V Sadananda Gowda]], 20th [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] and Former Union Minister<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oct 20 |first1=Deepthi Sanjiv / TNN / Updated |title=Arebhashe Heritage Village to come up in Sullia: DVS |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/arebhashe-heritage-village-to-come-up-in-sullia-dvs-807487.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[K. G. Bopaiah]], 19th Speaker of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] 
*[[Shobha Karandlaje]], Politician 
*Kurujni Venkatramana Gowda, Entrepreneur & Philanthropist
*[[K. Kushalappa Gowda|K Kushalappa Gowda]], Writer and scholar
*[[Aditi Chengappa]], South Indian actress
*[[N. Somanna]], 1st Member of Parliament for [[Coorg State]]

== See also ==
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Sullia]]
* [[Tulu Gowda]]
* [[Karnataka ethnic groups]]
* [[Yakshagana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last1=Gowda |first1=Prof.K. Kushalappa |title=Arebase (Gowda Kannada) Vyakarana |year=2019 |publisher=Karnataka Arebhase Samskrithi Mathu Sahitya Academy |location=Sullia }}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Kannada language]]
[[Category:All articles that may contain original research]]