Editing Ariane 3

{{short description|Rocket}}
{{Infobox rocket
<!----Image (optional)---->
|image          =Ariane 3 V10.jpg  
|image_size     =  
|caption        =  
Launch of first Ariane 3, flight V10, from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana, on 4 August 1984, carrying ECS-2 and Telecom-1A satellites.
|name           =  Ariane 3
|function       = [[Launch vehicle#By size|Medium launch vehicle]]
|manufacturer   = [[Aérospatiale]] for<br /> [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) and [[Arianespace]]
|country-origin = 
<!-- end of collapsiable list -->
<!----Dimensions (required)---->
|height       =  {{convert|49.13|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|diameter     =  {{convert|3.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|mass         =  {{convert|234,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name = "harvey 518">Harvey, Brian. ''Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2003. {{ISBN|1-8523-3722-2}}, pp. 518.</ref>
|stages       =  3
<!----Payloads (optional)---->
|capacities =  <!--insert one of the following templates for each payload:-->
  {{Infobox rocket/payload
  |location = [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]<br>(200 km x 36,000 km at i=7 deg)
  |kilos    =  {{convert|2700|kg|abbr=on}}
  }}
<!----Associated rockets (optional)---->
|family      = [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]]
<!----Launch history (required)---->
|status   =  Retired
|sites    = [[Guiana Space Centre]] [[ELA-1]]
|launches =  11<ref name="Gunter">{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |title=Ariane-3 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/ariane-3.htm |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}</ref>
|success  =  10
|fail     =  1
|partial  =  
|first    =  4 August 1984
|last     =  12 July 1989
|payloads =  
<!--Stages/boosters (optional)-->
|stagedata    =  <!--insert one of the following templates for each stage:-->
<!--Boosters -->
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  booster
  |diff       =  
  |stageno    =  zero
  |name       =  SEP P7.35<ref name="b14643">{{Cite web |title=Ariane, Design(1) |url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/West_Europe/Ariane/Design/Ariane_1.htm |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.b14643.de |publisher=b14643.de}}</ref>
  |number     =  2
  |length     =  {{convert|8.32|m|abbr=on}}
  |diameter   =  {{convert|1.07|m|abbr=on}}
  |empty      =  
  |gross      =  {{convert|19.32|tonne|lb}}
  |engines    =  P7
  |thrust     =  {{convert|1260|kN|abbr=on}}
  |SI         =  {{cvt|2314|Ns/kg|isp}}
  |burntime   =  27{{nbsp}}s
  |fuel       = [[Carboxy-terminated polybutadiene|CTPB]]
  }}
<!--Core -->
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  stage
  |diff       =  
  |stageno    =  First
  |name       =  L-140<ref name="b14643" />
  |length     =  {{convert|19.09|m|abbr=on}}
  |diameter   =  {{convert|3.80|m|abbr=on}}
  |empty      =  
  |gross      =  {{convert|165.89|tonne|lb}}
  |engines    = [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]] 5B
  |thrust     =  {{convert|2580|kN|abbr=on}}
  |SI         =  {{cvt|2376|Ns/kg|isp}}
  |burntime   =  138{{nbsp}}s
  |fuel       = [[UH 25]] / [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]]
  }}
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  stage
  |diff       =  
  |stageno    =  Second
  |name       =  L-33<ref name="b14643" />
  |length     =  {{convert|11.47|m|abbr=on}}
  |diameter   =  {{convert|2.60|m|abbr=on}}
  |empty      =  
  |gross      =  {{convert|39.41|tonne|lb}}
  |engines    = [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]] 4B
  |thrust     =  {{convert|784.8|kN|abbr=on}} (vacuum)
  |SI         =  {{cvt|2851|Ns/kg|isp}}
  |burntime   =  128.9{{nbsp}}s
  |fuel       = [[UH 25]] / [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]]
  }}
<!--Upper stage-->
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  stage
  |diff       =  
  |stageno    =  Third
  |name       =  H-10<ref name="b14643" />
  |length     =  {{convert|9.89|m|abbr=on}}
  |diameter   =  {{convert|2.60|m|abbr=on}}
  |empty      =  
  |gross      =  {{convert|12.74|tonne|lb}}
  |engines    = [[HM7B]]
  |thrust     =  {{convert|64.2|kN|abbr=on}}
  |SI         =  {{cvt|4336|Ns/kg|isp}}
  |burntime   =  729{{nbsp}}s
  |fuel       = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / [[Liquid hydrogen|LH<sub>2</sub>]]
  }}
}}
{{Private spaceflight}}
'''Ariane 3''' was a European [[expendable launch system|expendable]] [[launch vehicle|carrier rocket]], which was used for eleven launches between 1984 and 1989. It was a member of the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane]] family of rockets. The principal manufacturer for the Ariane 3 was [[Aérospatiale]], while the lead agency for its development was the [[Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales]] (CNES).

Development of the Ariane 3 was authorised in July 1979, months prior to the [[Ariane 1]]'s first flight. Drawing heavily upon both the design and infrastructure of the Ariane 1, the new launcher was concurrently developed alongside the [[Ariane 2]], with which it shared much of its design. It represented an advancement of the Ariane 1 rather than a replacement, but was capable of lifting even heavier payloads into [[Geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO) as well as launching two satellites via one launch. Developed largely within a two year window, the Ariane 3 performed its [[maiden flight]] on 4 August 1984, actually flying in advance of its Ariane 2 sibling. During its brief service life, having performed its final launch on 12 July 1989, the Ariane family had become increasingly commercially competitive, becoming the market leading heavy launch vehicle in the world by the late 1980s.

==Development==
In 1973, eleven nations decided to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and formed a new pan-national organisation to undertake this mission, the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA).<ref name="harvey 161 162">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=161–162}}</ref> Six years later, in December 1979, the arrival of a capable European [[expendable launch system]] was marked when the first [[Ariane 1|Ariane 1 rocket]] launcher was successfully launched from the [[Guiana Space Centre]] at [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]].<ref name = "harvey 169">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages= 169}}.</ref> The Ariane 1 soon became considered to be a capable and competitive launcher in comparison to the rival platforms offered by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States of America]].<ref name = "harvey 172"/> However, even prior to the launcher having entering service, there was a strong desire to quickly produce improved derivatives that would be able to handle even greater payloads than Ariane 1 could. These desires would result in the creation of both the [[Ariane 2]] and Ariane 3.<ref name = "harvey 1724">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=172–174}}</ref>

While the initiative was first proposed in 1978, prior to the Ariane 1's first flight, approval to commence the first phase of development was not received until July 1979.<ref name = "harvey 174">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=174}}</ref> The bulk of development work on the new launcher occurred between 1980 and 1982. The Ariane 3 was designed to satisfy the future demand for the delivery of two tonne payloads into a [[Geosynchronous transfer orbit]] (GTO).<ref name = "harvey 174"/> According to aerospace historian Brian Harvey, in spite of the numbering sequence adopted, the Ariane 3 was the direct successor to the Ariane 1, rather than the Ariane 2, as could be logically assumed.<ref name = "harvey 174"/>  The principal agency behind the development of the Ariane 3 was the [[Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales]] (CNES), while the lead company for its production was the French aerospace manufacturer [[Aérospatiale]].<ref name = "harvey 214">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=214}}</ref>

In order to keep costs down, CNES directed that only tested technologies could be implemented in the launcher's improvements; in fact, no budget was provided for new test series to be performed. Furthermore, it was restricted to using the existing launch pad and handling facilities established for the Ariane 1, and that there was to be no allowance for retooling of the Ariane production line.<ref name = "harvey 174"/> However, one new piece of infrastructure that was permitted was the establishment of tracking equipment in the [[Ivory Coast]]; the existing infrastructure based in [[Brazil]] used by the Ariane 1 was less suitable due to the increased performance of the Ariane 3, which flew a different ascent profile that reached 250&nbsp;km, rather than 200&nbsp;km before coasting into orbit.<ref name = "harvey 215">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=215}}</ref> Performance boosts were achieved via several different ways, such as the elongated third stage fuel tanks to carry 30 per cent more fuel, elevated combustion pressure in multiple stages, a new intertank structure that supported the addition of solid-fuel boosters, and the adoption of a new fuel mixture.<ref name = "harvey 2135">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages= 213–215}}</ref>

The finalised Ariane 3 followed the same basic design as the earlier [[Ariane 1]], but incorporated numerous modifications that had been made for the Ariane 2. Unlike the Ariane 2, two [[solid-fuel rocket|solid-fuelled]] PAP [[strap-on booster]] rockets were used to augment the first stage at liftoff.<ref name="b14643" /><ref name = "harvey 2167">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=216–217}}</ref> The core of the Ariane 3 was essentially identical to that of the Ariane 2. The first stage was powered by four [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking]] 2B [[Bipropellant rocket|bipropellant]] engines, burning [[UH 25]] (25% straight [[hydrazine]], 75% [[UDMH]]) in a [[dinitrogen tetroxide]] oxidiser. The second stage was powered by a Viking 4B, which used the same fuel-oxidiser combination. The third stage used a [[Cryogenic fuel|cryogenically fuelled]] [[HM7B]] engine, burning [[liquid hydrogen]] in [[liquid oxygen]]. On some flights, a [[Mage 2]] kick motor was flown as a fourth stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=Mage 2 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/mage2.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}</ref> One atypical modification for the era was the revised satellite deployment system, which could facilitate the launch of two smaller satellites as well as one larger one.<ref name = "harvey 174"/>

The Ariane 3's design heavily influenced that of its successor, the [[Ariane 4]]; while the design team considered various approaches for achieving such a launcher, one of the studied concepts had involved the addition of a fifth engine to an enlarged first stage of the Ariane 3.<ref name = "harvey 179">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages= 179}}</ref> However, this was determined to have involved a very high level of redesign work; an alternative approach was instead adopted, in which the first stage was elongated to hold 210 tonnes of propellant instead of the 145 tonnes present on the Ariane 3. While the second and third stages of the Ariane 4 remained identical to the Ariane 3, a range of [[Booster (rocketry)#Strap-on|strap-on booster]]s were developed to be applied to the type, designed to gradually increase the rocket's payload capacity.<ref name = "harvey 179"/> Overall, the Ariane 4 was 15 per cent smaller than the Ariane 3.<ref name = "harvey 180">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages= 180}}</ref> It was effectively an improved and developed derivative of the earlier Ariane 3, primarily differing through the application of various [[solid rocket booster|solid]]-fuelled and [[liquid rocket booster|liquid]]-fuelled boosters, the latter being the only all-new design feature of the Ariane 4.<ref name = "harvey 179"/>

== Launch history ==
{{main|List of Ariane launches (1979–89)}}

The Ariane 3 made its maiden flight on 4 August 1984, almost two years before the Ariane 2's first launch, placing the [[EUTELSAT I F-2|ECS-2]] and [[Télécom 1A]] satellites into [[geosynchronous transfer orbit]] (GTO).<ref name="harvey 176">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=176}}</ref> The ESA opted for a calculated risk on the first launch, saving €60 million, by performing a commercial launch with the very first flight of the Ariane 3. This was perhaps even more daring as not only was this flight using a new launcher but also the new capability to launch two satellites at once.<ref name="harvey 176"/> The gamble paid off, as the launch was a complete success. At the time of the Ariane 3's maiden flight, the [[United States]] still held a majority of the global launcher market; by the end of the year, the order books were shifting in favour of the Ariane family, having outstanding orders to launch 30 satellites at a cumulative cost of €1 billion.<ref name="harvey 176"/>

Eleven Ariane 3 launchers were launched with ten successes and one failure. The failure occurred on the fifth flight, launched on 12 September 1985, when the third stage failed to ignite resulting in the rocket failing to achieve orbit. The [[Eutelsat I F-3|ECS-3]] and [[Spacenet-3]] satellites were lost in the failure.<ref name="Ariane 1-3">{{Cite web |date= |title=Ariane heritage - Ariane 1-3 |url=http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-ariane-heritage/ariane-1-3.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173735/http://www.arianespace.com/launch-services-ariane-heritage/ariane-1-3.asp |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Arianespace |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2009-04-26 |title=Ariane |url=http://astronautix.com/lvs/ariane.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426230907/http://astronautix.com/lvs/ariane.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Encyclopedia Astronautica |publisher=}}</ref> Despite this sole loss, the reliability of the Ariane family meant that [[insurance]] costs for the launcher were actually less than that of rival American launchers.<ref name="harvey 176"/> Throughout the 1980s, the platform became increasingly competitive on the global stage.<ref name="harvey 176"/>

According to Harvey, the Ariane family had become the dominant series of launchers on the world market as early as 1986.<ref name="harvey 172">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |title=Europe's space programme: to Ariane and beyond |date=2003 |publisher=Springer; published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-1-85233-722-3 |series=Springer-Praxis books in astronomy and space sciences |location=London; New York : Chichester, UK |pages=172}}</ref> Despite its relative success, the Ariane 3 was quickly replaced by the even more capable [[Ariane 4]], resulting in the launcher only conducting a comparatively small number of launches. The Ariane 3 conducted its final flight on 12 July 1989, carrying the [[Olympus F1]] satellite.<ref name="Gunter" /><ref name="Ariane 1-3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/West_Europe/Ariane/Gallery/Ariane-2-3.htm Ariane 2 and 3 photo gallery]
* [http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Ariane_1_2_32 ESA Ariane 1,2,3]

{{Ariane}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{European launch systems}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Ariane (rocket family)]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1984]]