Editing Arnuwanda I

{{Infobox person
| name                      = Arnuwanda I<br>Arnuwandas
| image                     = 
| image_size                = 
| alt                       = 
| caption                   = 
| occupation= King of the [[Hittite Empire]]
| resting_place             = 
| monuments                 = 
| notable_works             = 
| predecessor               = [[Tudhaliya II|Tudḫaliya II]]
| successor                 = [[Tudhaliya III|Tudḫaliya III]]
| spouse                    = Queen [[Ašmu-nikal|Ašmu-Nikkal]]
| children                  = King [[Tudhaliya III|Tudḫaliya III]]<br/>Kantuzzili<br/>Ašmi-Šarruma<br/>Mannini<br/>Pariyawatra<br/>Tulpi-Teššub
| parents                   = unknown
| relatives                 = [[Tudhaliya the Younger]] (grandson)<br/>[[Suppiluliuma I]] (grandson-in-law)}}

'''Arnuwanda I''' was a [[Hittite Empire|Hittite]] great king during the early 14th century BC, ruling in c. 1390–1380/1370 BC.<ref>Kuhrt 1995: 230; Freu 2007b: 117.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=Amélie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhUHEAAAQBAJ |title=The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-75548-4 |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origins==
Arnuwanda's parents are unknown. Because both Arnuwanda and his wife, Queen [[Ašmu-nikal|Ašmu-Nikkal]], are described on their respective seals as the children of [[Tudhaliya II|Tudḫaliya II]] (sometimes called Tudḫaliya I or I/II), this was long interpreted as a marriage between siblings.<ref>Astour 1989: 68; Klengel 1999: 116 n. 144.</ref> This, however, was clearly forbidden by Hittite custom and law,<ref>Beal 1982: 116-117.</ref> and it is now generally agreed that while Ašmu-Nikkal was indeed the daughter of Tudḫaliya II, Arnuwanda was only his son-in-law and possibly adoptive son, as the daughter's ''antiyant'' husband, an acceptable heir in the absence of a son.<ref>Beal 1983: 117-119; Bryce 2005: 128-129; Freu 2007b: 98, 102-103, 117; Weeden 2022: 569.</ref>

==Association on the throne with Tudḫaliya II==
Arnuwanda I began his reign in association with his father-in-law and predecessor, Tudḫaliya II,<ref>Bryce 2005: 128-129; Weeden 2022: 567.</ref> perhaps for as many as a dozen years or so.<ref>Freu 2007b: 117.</ref> The simultaneous attestation of both men as great king indicates an association on the throne, something unusual in Hittite and Mesopotamian practice. Arnuwanda collaborated with his father-in-law in the Hittite campaigns against [[Arzawa]] in western [[Anatolia]]. The two kings defeated [[Kupanta-Kurunta]] of Arzawa on one or two occasions, the second time rescuing their recalcitrant vassal [[Madduwatta]], who had attacked Arzawa on his own.<ref>Bryce 2005:129-132; Yakubovich 2008: 98.</ref> The Hittites, led by the general Kišnapili, subsequently saved Madduwatta again, this time from an attack by Attaršiya of [[Achaeans (Homer)|Aḫḫiya]].<ref>Bryce 2005: 133.</ref> Madduwatta subsequently betrayed Kišnapili’s movements to the enemy, causing the ambushing and destruction of the Hittite forces, but somehow avoided punishment.<ref>Bryce 2005: 133.</ref>

==Sole reign==
===Western border - the Problems with Madduwatta===
When Tudḫaliya II died and Arnuwanda I became sole king, he continued to face the problems caused by the machinations of Madduwatta.<ref>Freu 2007b: 120.</ref> The latter undertook hostile actions in the regions of Šallapa and Pittaša and made an alliance with his erstwhile enemy Kupanta-Kurunta of Arzawa, whom he offered his daughter as wife; nevertheless, Madduwatta portrayed this as a ploy against Kupanta-Kurunta, while protesting his loyalty to Arnuwanda.<ref>Bryce 2005: 134; Freu 2007b: 120-121; Yakubovich 2008: 98-99.</ref> Madduwatta attacked the rebellious land of Ḫapalla, ostensibly on behalf of the Hittite monarch, but followed his own interests in annexing it, and in intervening farther afield to the south, in the Lukka lands and as far as [[Alasiya|Alašiya]] ([[Cyprus]]). The last conquest was possibly undertaken in cooperation with another old enemy, Attaršiya of Aḫḫiya, and again elicited protest from Arnuwanda.<ref>Bryce 2005: 135-136; Freu 2007b: 121-122.</ref> The Hittite monarch reclaimed Ḫapalla, but further developments with Madduwatta and Kupanta-Kurunta remain unclear.

The latter’s possible successor Uḫḫa-zalma (or Ḫuḫḫa-zalma) concluded a treaty with Arnuwanda.<ref>Freu 2007b: 123, 132-133.</ref> Later, King [[Tarhuntaradu|Tarḫunt-aradu]] of Arzawa would expand at Hittite expense and correspond with the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egyptian]] pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]] as a fellow great king.<ref>Craig Melchert (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9ut5DwAAQBAJ&dq=arnuwanda+concentric+invasions&pg=PA56 The Luwians.] pp. 383. Brill. p. 56</ref>

===Northern border===
Closer to home, on the northern frontier, Arnuwanda was faced with the incursions of the [[Kaskians|Kaška]], who raided and plundered numerous towns and temples, including the important sanctuary of Nerik, which had to be abandoned to the enemy. In addition to police actions and the conclusion of treaties with Kaška leaders, Arnuwanda and his wife Ašmu-Nikkal offered up formal prayers to the gods, asking for their assistance in containing the threat.<ref>Bryce 2005: 142-143; Freu 2007b: 119, 123, 135-144; Weeden 2022: 569.</ref> Given the gravity of the situation, Arnuwanda also exacted oaths of loyalty from military commanders near the frontiers, both in the north and south.<ref>Bryce 2005: 142-143; Freu 2007b: 144-148; Weeden 2022: 568-569.</ref> When the Hittite vassal at Paḫḫuwa, Mita, married the daughter of a declared enemy of the Hittite monarch, Ušapa, Arnuwanda convened a public assembly, condemned Mita’s actions and demanded universal support in suppressing any disloyalty at Paḫḫuwa. The surviving sources do not preserve the resolution of the issue.<ref>Bryce 2005: 143-144.</ref> Within the context of the tensions with Mita of Paḫḫuwa, there is reference to Arnuwanda’s military intervention in the area of Kummaḫa (probably modern [[Kemah, Erzincan|Kemah]]).<ref>Freu 2007b: 117, 123-126.</ref>

===Other events===
Preoccupied with issues in Anatolia, Arnuwanda does not appear to have pursued an active policy in Syria. Here, [[Artatama I]], the king of [[Mitanni|Mittani]], concluded an alliance with [[Thutmose IV]] of [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], sending pharaoh his daughter as wife and effectively agreeing to a division of the region between Egypt and Mittani, which would last until the victorious campaigns of Arnuwanda’s second successor, [[Šuppiluliuma I]].<ref>Bryce 2005: 144-145; Freu 2007b: 126-127.</ref> For his part, Arnuwanda resettled warriors from Išmerik (perhaps [[Siverek]] in northern Mesopotamia) and their families in Hittite-held [[Kizzuwatna]].<ref>Freu 2007b: 127-131.</ref> A treaty bound the elders of Ura (at or near [[Silifke]]) on the Mediterranean coast with the Hittite monarch, ensuring his access to the sea.<ref>Freu 2007b: 134-135.</ref>

==Family==
Arnuwanda I was married to [[Ašmu-nikal|Ašmu-Nikkal]], the daughter of his co-ruler and predecessor Tudḫaliya II. The queen featured prominently throughout Arnuwanda’s reign and may have survived her husband.<ref>Freu 2007b: 118-120, 137, 145.</ref> Among their several children, the future king [[Tudhaliya III|Tudḫaliya III]] (sometimes called Tudḫaliya II), also known by the Hurrian name of Tašmi-Šarri, appears to have been the eldest son and was appointed his father’s designated successor (''tuḫkanti'').<ref>Bryce 2005: 145; Freu 2007b: 119.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=Amélie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhUHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-75548-4 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|252}} Another son, Kantuzzili, was appointed priest (and governor) of Kizzuwatna.<ref>Freu 2007b: 148-151.</ref> Other sons included Ašmi-Šarruma, Mannini, Pariyawatra, and Tulpi-Teššub.<ref>Freu 2007b: 119, 148-151; De Martino 2010: 132.</ref>

{{Hittite tree |state=collapsed}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Prayers of Arnuwanda and Asmu-Nikkal, 14th century BC, from Hattusa, Istanbul Archaeological Museum.jpg|Prayers of Arnuwanda and Asmu-Nikkal, 14th century BC, from Hattusa, Istanbul Archaeological Museum
File:Gifts given by Arnuwanda and Asmu-Nikkal, 14th century BC, from Hattusa, Istanbul Archaeological Museum.jpg|Gifts given by Arnuwanda and Asmu-Nikkal, 14th century BC, from Hattusa, Istanbul Archaeological Museum
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Asia}}
* [[History of the Hittites]]
* [[Madduwatta]]

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
* Astour, Michael C. (1989), ''Hittite History and the Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age'', Partille.
* Beal, Richard R. (1983), "Studies in Hittite History," ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'' 35 (1983) 115-126.
* Bryce, Trevor (2005), ''The Kingdom of the Hittites'', Oxford.
* De Martino, Stefano (2010), "Nomi di persona hurriti nella prima età imperiale ittita," ''Orientalia'' 79 (2010) 130-139.
* Freu, Jacques, and Michel Mazoyer (2007b), ''Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite'', Paris.
* Klengel, Horst (1999), ''Geschichte des Hethitischen Reiches'', Leiden.
* Kuhrt, Amélie (1995, reprinted 2020), ''The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC'', Volume One, Routledge.
* Melchert, Craig (2003), ''The Luwians'', Leiden.
* Weeden, Mark (2022), "The Hittite Empire," in Karen Radner et al. (eds.), ''The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East'', vol. 3 (From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC), Oxford: 529–622.
* Yakubovich, Ilya (2008), ''Sociolinguistics of the Luvian language'', doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago. [https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/yakubovich_diss_2008.pdf online]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215948/http://www.hittites.info/history.aspx?text=history%2FMiddle+Empire.htm#Arnuwanda1 Reign of Arnuwanda I]

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Tudhaliya II|Tudḫaliya II]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Hittite king]]
| years = c. 1390–1380/1370 BC
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Tudhaliya III|Tudḫaliya III]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hittite kings}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hittite kings]]
[[Category:14th-century BC monarchs]]