Editing Arrakis

{{short description|Fictional desert planet featured in the Dune series}}
{{about|the fictional planet in the Dune franchise created by Frank Herbert|the real-life star also called Arrakis|Mu Draconis}}
{{redirect|Rakis|the singular of the plural|Raki (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox fictional location
| name = Arrakis
| image = GrandPalace+Dunes.jpg
| caption = Grand Palace of Arrakeen and dunes of Arrakis from Frank Herbert's "[[The Road to Dune (short story)|The Road to Dune]]" (1985), illustrated by [[Jim Burns]]
| source = [[Dune (franchise)|''Dune'' universe]]
| first = ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' (1965)
| alt_name = Dune, Rakis
| creator = [[Frank Herbert]]
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| type = [[Desert planet|Desert]]
| locations = [[#Features|Arrakeen]], [[#Sietch Tabr|Sietch Tabr]]
| ethnic_group = [[Fremen]]
}}

'''Arrakis''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|ᵻ|s}})<ref name="Pronunciation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.usul.net/books/sounds.htm |title=Audio excerpts from a reading of ''Dune'' by Frank Herbert |publisher=Usul.net |access-date=October 6, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101111172515/http://www.usul.net/books/sounds.htm| archive-date= November 11, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>—informally known as '''Dune''' and later called '''Rakis'''—is a fictional [[desert planet]] featured in the [[Dune (franchise)|''Dune'' series]] of novels by [[Frank Herbert]]. Herbert's first novel in the series, 1965's ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'', is considered one of the greatest science fiction novels of all time, and is among the best-selling science fiction novels in history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Touponce|first=William F.|date=1988|title=Frank Herbert|location=[[Boston, Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co.|page=119|isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975, in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time-best science-fiction novel&nbsp;... It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302  |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time&nbsp;... Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|access-date=September 28, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref>

In ''Dune'', Arrakis is the most important planet in the universe, as it is the only source of the drug [[melange (fictional drug)|melange]]. Melange (or, "the spice") is the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe, as it extends life and makes safe interstellar travel possible (among other uses). Harvesting the spice is also hazardous in the extreme, due to both the harsh climate of the planet and the fact that melange deposits are guarded by giant [[sandworm (Dune)|sandworms]].

Arrakis is also the home of the [[Fremen]], a people conditioned by the planet's harsh environment, and becomes the capital of the Atreides Empire.

== Environment and the spice ==
A desert planet with no natural [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], in ''Dune'' it is established that Arrakis had been "His Imperial Majesty's Desert Botanical Testing Station" before the discovery of [[melange (fictional drug)|melange]], for which it is the only natural source in the universe.<ref name="Dune"/> Melange (or, "the spice") is the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe, as it extends life and makes safe interstellar travel possible (among other uses).<ref name="Dune"/> The planet has no surface water bodies,<ref name="Dune"/> but open canals called [[qanat]]s are used "for carrying irrigation water under controlled conditions" through the desert.<ref name="Term QANAT">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |title=Dune |url=https://archive.org/details/dune0000herb |url-access=registration |chapter=Terminology of the Imperium: QANAT |year=1965|publisher=Philadelphia, Chilton Books }}</ref> The Fremen collect water in underground reservoirs to fulfill their dream of someday [[terraforming]] the planet, and pay the [[Spacing Guild]] exorbitant fees in melange to keep the skies over Arrakis free of any satellites which might observe their efforts.<ref name="Dune"/> As indicated by its large [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]], Arrakis once had lakes and oceans; [[Lady Jessica]] also notes in ''Dune'' that wells drilled in the sinks and basins initially produce a "trickle" of water which soon stops, as if "something plugs it."<ref name="Dune"/>

[[Paul Atreides]] recalls that the few plants and animals on the planet include "[[saguaro]], [[Ambrosia dumosa|burro bush]], [[date palm]], [[sand verbena]], [[evening primrose]], [[barrel cactus]], [[incense]] bush, [[smoke tree]], [[creosote bush]]&nbsp;... [[kit fox]], desert hawk, kangaroo mouse&nbsp;... many to be found now nowhere else in the universe except here on Arrakis."<ref name="Dune"/> The most notable life forms on the planet are the giant [[Sandworm (Dune)|sandworms]] and their immature forms of [[sandtrout]] and [[sand plankton]].<ref name="Dune"/> Sandtrout encyst any water deposits;<ref name="Dune"/> predator fish are placed in the qanats and other water storage areas to protect them from the sandtrout. It is suggested the sandworms are an [[introduced species]] that caused the desertification of Arrakis;<ref name="Children">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |title=[[Children of Dune]] |year=1976}}</ref> In ''[[Children of Dune]]'' (1976), [[Leto II Atreides]] explains to his twin sister [[Ghanima Atreides|Ghanima]]:
<blockquote>The sandtrout [...] was introduced here from some other place. This was a wet planet then. They proliferated beyond the capability of existing ecosystems to deal with them. Sandtrout encysted the available free water, made this a desert planet [...] and they did it to survive. In a planet sufficiently dry, they could move to their sandworm phase.<ref name="Children"/></blockquote>

The environment of the desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the hydrocarbon (ie. oil and/or natural gas) wealthy Mexico and the [[Middle East]]. Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a generic desertified [[petrostate]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynch |first1=Tom |last2=Glotfelty |first2=Cheryll |last3=Armbruster |first3=Karla |title=The Bioregional Imagination: Literature, Ecology, and Place |date=2012 |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |isbn=9780820343679 |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flt4Uea3oOcC&pg=PA230}}</ref>

== Inhabitants ==
The [[Zensunni]] wanderers, driven from planet to planet, eventually found their way to Arrakis, where they became the Fremen. They settled in artificial cave-like settlements known as [[sietch]]es across the Arrakeen deserts. They also developed [[stillsuit]] technology, allowing them to survive in the open desert. By harvesting melange, they were able to bribe the [[Spacing Guild]] for privacy from observation and weather control in order to hide from the Imperium their true population and their plans to terraform Arrakis. Much of this ecological activity took place in the unexplored southern latitudes of the planet. The best-known of the sietches is [[Sietch Tabr]], home of [[Stilgar]] and [[Paul Atreides|Muad'Dib]]'s center of operations before victory in the [[Battle of Arrakeen]] put Muad'Dib on the Imperial throne.<ref name="Dune">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Herbert |title=[[Dune (novel)|Dune]] |year=1965}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Legends of Dune]]'' [[prequel]] [[trilogy]] by [[Brian Herbert]] and [[Kevin J. Anderson]], it was a group of Zensunni wanderers escaping slavery on the planet [[Poritrin]] who originally crashed on Dune in a [[Prototype#Mechanical and electrical engineering|prototype]] [[heighliner|interstellar spacecraft]] several years prior to the creation of the [[Spacing Guild]].

== Plotlines ==
During the events of ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'', the [[Padishah Emperor]] [[Shaddam IV]] grants [[Leto I Atreides|Duke Leto Atreides]] control of the lucrative spice harvesting operations of Arrakis, ousting the Atreides' longtime rivals, the [[House Harkonnen|Harkonnens]]. The Atreides rule is cut short by a murderous [[conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] crafted by the Harkonnens and the Emperor himself. Leto's son [[Paul Atreides]] (known by the Fremen as [[Muad'Dib]]) later leads a massive Fremen army to victory over the Emperor's [[Sardaukar]] soldier-fanatics, and by threatening the destruction of all spice production on Arrakis manages to depose Shaddam and ascend the throne in his place. With Emperor Paul worshipped as a god, Arrakis becomes the governmental and religious center of the Imperium.

Paul Muad'Dib continues the efforts to [[terraforming|terraform]] Arrakis into a green world, a plan begun by the Fremen under the guidance of Imperial [[Planetary science|Planetologist]] [[Pardot Kynes]] and his son [[Liet-Kynes]]. The core of their plan is gradual water-collection from the Arrakeen atmosphere to form large [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] that would, eventually, become lakes and oceans. Much of this activity takes place in the unexplored southern latitudes of Arrakis.

By the time of ''Children of Dune'', [[Alia Atreides]] (and then Leto II and Ghanima) realize that the ecological transformation of Arrakis is altering the sandworm cycle, which would eventually result in the end of all spice production. This at first seems a future to be avoided, but Leto II later uses this eventuality as part of his [[Golden Path (Dune)|Golden Path]] to ultimately save humanity. Once he himself begins the transformation into a human/sandworm hybrid, he eradicates all desert on Arrakis except for a small area he makes his base of operations, and destroys all of the sandworms save one—himself.

After his death some 3,500 years later in ''[[God Emperor of Dune]]'', Leto's worm-body is transformed back into sandtrout. Within only a few centuries, these sandtrout return Arrakis (thence called 'Rakis') to a desert.

In ''[[Heretics of Dune]]'', all life on Arrakis is destroyed (and the entire surface of the planet slagged into oblivion) by the [[Honored Matres]] in a failed attempt to eliminate the latest [[Duncan Idaho]] [[ghola]]. The [[Bene Gesserit]] escape with a single sandworm, and drown it to revert the worm back into sandtrout. In ''[[Chapterhouse: Dune]]'', the Bene Gesserit use these sandtrout to begin a new sandworm cycle on their homeworld of [[Chapterhouse (Dune)|Chapterhouse]], which is terraformed into desert for this purpose.

Finally, in ''[[Sandworms of Dune]]'', some sandworms are revealed to be alive and well, having sensed the upper crust would be destroyed, and therefore burrowed even deeper, escaping the blast.

== Features ==
[[File:Map of Arrakis from Dune first edition dust jacket.jpg|thumb|The map of Arrakis included on the dust jacket of the first edition of ''Dune'']]
Arrakis is the third planet orbiting the star [[Canopus (star)|Canopus]], and is itself orbited by two moons.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |title=Dune |url=https://archive.org/details/dune0000herb |url-access=registration |chapter=Terminology of the Imperium: Arrakis |year=1965 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Chilton Books}}</ref> The first moon is larger, featuring a darker, weathered area of terrain vaguely resembling a human hand or clenched human fist and referred to colloquially as "the Hand of God". The second, smaller moon was named Muad'dib by the Zensunni, after an [[albedo]] pattern on it which resembles the desert [[kangaroo mouse]].<ref name="Dune"/> This creature is known for its ability to endure extreme temperatures and conserve moisture, characteristics that parallel Fremen survival strategies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCoy |first=Joshua Kristian |date=February 25, 2024 |title=''Dune'': The Meaning of Muad'Dib, Explained |url=https://gamerant.com/dune-muaddib-meaning/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=March 19, 2025 |website=[[Game Rant]]}}</ref>

=== Arrakeen ===
The capital of Arrakis and its long-time seat of planetary government is '''Arrakeen''' ({{IPAc-en|ær|ə|ˈ|k|iː|n}}<ref name="Pronunciation"/>). Leto I describes it as "a smaller city, easier to sterilize and defend." He and his family take up residence in the ostentatious palace previously occupied by the planetary governor [[Count Fenring]] and his wife [[Margot Fenring|Margot]] during the Harkonnen period of stewardship over Arrakis. In ''Dune'', Leto's [[concubinage|concubine]] [[Lady Jessica]] describes the Great Hall as being constructed of "bleak stone" with shadowed carvings, deeply recessed windows, buttressed walls and dark hangings. She notes, "The arched ceiling stood two stories above her with great [wooden] crossbeams she felt sure had been shipped here to Arrakis across space at monstrous cost."<ref name="Dune"/> Arrakeen goes through multiple transformations over time. It first becomes an Imperial capital of staggering proportions under Paul Muad'Dib, and millennia later is transformed into a festival city known as '''Onn''', explicitly for the worship of the Tyrant Leto II. Finally, in the centuries after his death, it is known as '''Keen''', a modern (though still impressive) city to house the Priesthood of Rakis.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |date=1984 |title=[[Heretics of Dune]] | isbn=0-399-12898-0 |quote=The wide avenue was God's Way. Historical awareness said the avenue had been Leto II's route into the city from his high-walled Sareer far off to the south. With a care for details, one could still discern some of the forms and patterns that had been the Tyrant's city of Onn, the festival center built around the more ancient city of Arrakeen. Onn had obliterated many marks of Arrakeen, but some avenues persisted: some buildings were too useful to replace.}}</ref>

During the reign of Muad'Dib until the ascension of his son Leto II, the Atreides home-base is a colossal [[megastructure]] in Arrakeen, designed to intimidate, known as the '''Keep'''. In ''[[Dune Messiah]]'', the fortress is described as being large enough to enclose entire cities.<ref name="Messiah">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank |title=[[Dune Messiah]] |year=1969}}</ref> The '''Grand Palace of Arrakeen''', constructed during Paul's reign, is described as "the largest man-made structure ever built", big enough to contain "more than ten of the Imperium's most populous cities under one roof".<ref name="eye">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Frank  |title=[[Eye (short story collection)|Eye]] |chapter=[[The Road to Dune (short story)|The Road to Dune]] |year=1985 |publisher=Berkley Books |isbn=0-425-08398-5}}</ref> '''Alia's Fane''' (or '''Alia's Temple''') is a two-kilometer wide temple built by Paul for his sister Alia between the events of ''Dune'' and ''Dune Messiah''. A feature of the temple is the Sun-Sweep Window, which incorporates every solar calendar known to human history.<ref name="eye"/>

=== Sietch Tabr ===
In ''Dune'', Sietch Tabr is a major Fremen [[sietch]] originally led by Naib Stilgar. Paul Atreides and his mother Lady Jessica, safely escaping from the Harkonnen attack, come upon Sietch Tabr and are eventually accepted into the community. In these Fremen Paul finds an incomparable fighting force who are already disgruntled by Imperial rule. He shapes them into a resistance movement that eventually takes control of Arrakis, allowing Paul to depose the Emperor. Paul moves his base of operations to Arrakeen, but Sietch Tabr remains a center of Fremen culture and politics, as well as a religiously significant site for those who worship Paul as a [[messiah]]. All Fremen sietches but one are abandoned after the terraforming of Arrakis, their exact locations remaining a mystery for thousands of years.

=== The Citadel of Leto II ===
The Tyrant Leto II rules the universe from the '''Citadel''', a fortress built in the Last Desert of the '''Sareer'''. The Sareer is flanked by the '''Forbidden Forest''', home of the ferocious [[D-wolves]], the guardians of the Sareer. Beyond that lies the '''Idaho River''', across which a bridge spans that leads to the festival city of Onn (once Arrakeen). '''Mount Idaho''' had been completely demolished to provide the raw materials to build the high walls surrounding the Sareer.<ref>Herbert, Frank. ''[[God Emperor of Dune]]''. "It amuses me that a river now bears the Idaho name where once it was a mountain. That mountain no longer exists. We brought it down to get material for the high walls which girdle my Sareer."</ref> The Citadel itself is taken apart in the [[Famine Times]] after the death of Leto II in search of his alleged hoard of spice.

=== Other locations ===
All Imperial cities on Arrakis are in the far-northern latitudes of the planet and protected from the violent weather of Arrakis by a natural formation known as the '''Shield Wall'''. When the Harkonnens controlled the planet, they ruled from the Harkonnen-built "[[megalopolis (city type)|megalopolis]]" of '''Carthag''', described by Jessica as "a cheap and brassy place some two hundred kilometers northeast across the Broken Land."<ref name="Dune"/> Arrakeen was merely the titular capital until the arrival of the Atreides.

There are other cities scattered in the northern regions of the planet (especially near the ice cap, where water is harvested), as well as the Fremen sietch communities scattered throughout the desert.

Other notable sites on Arrakis throughout its history include Observatory Mountain, Mount Idaho, Dar-es-balat and the Kynes Sea.

==Prequels==
The novel ''[[Paul of Dune]]'' (2008) by [[Brian Herbert]] and [[Kevin J. Anderson]] establishes that the first known inhabitants of Arrakis had been the [[Muadru]], who introduced the sandworms to the planet. They had settlements all over the galaxy which suddenly disappeared; the [[Zensunni Wanderers]] came later, ultimately becoming the [[Fremen]]. In the novel Paul notes, "There appears to be a linguistic connection between the Fremen and the Muadru."<ref name="Paul of Dune">{{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Brian |author2=Kevin J. Anderson |title=[[Paul of Dune]] |year=2007 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7653-1294-5 }}</ref>

==Namesakes==
* On April 5, 2010, a real-world [[planitia]] (plain) on [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] was named [[Arrakis Planitia]] after Herbert's fictional planet, under the naming convention for Titanian planitia (which are all named for planets in Frank Herbert's works).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14656 |title=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Arrakis Planitia |publisher=Planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov |date=April 5, 2010 |access-date=September 8, 2010}}</ref>
* Arrakis is also an alternative name for the star [[Mu Draconis]].<ref name="k&s">{{cite book |author= Kunitzsch, P. |author2=Smart, T. |date = 2006 |title = A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations |edition = 2nd rev. |publisher = [[Sky Publishing Corporation|Sky Pub]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts|MA]]|isbn = 978-1-931559-44-7|page = 35}}</ref><ref name="allen">{{cite book|title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning|date=1963|publisher=[[Dover Publications]] Inc.|isbn=((978-0-486-21079-7))|edition=rep.|location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|NY]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/211 211]|author=Allen, R. H.|author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen|title-link=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning}}</ref>
* The fictional desert planet of [[Tatooine]] in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise was inspired by the desert planet of Arrakis in ''Dune''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Acks |first1=Alex |title=Arrakis, Tatooine, and the Science of Desert Planets |url=https://www.tor.com/2017/05/22/arrakis-tatooine-and-the-science-of-desert-planets/ |website=[[Tor.com]] |publisher=[[Tor Books]] |access-date=16 June 2019 |date=22 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bainbridge |first1=William S. |title=Star Worlds: Freedom Versus Control in Online Gameworlds |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=9780472053285 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0JMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12}}</ref><!-- I deleted the bullet point because the mission was based of the mission ARRAKIHS, this section is naming the possible reasons of why it is called "Arrkis" not to get names that are related to this. If someone would like to revert this that is completely fine. -->

== Analysis ==
The significance of Arrakis has been discussed in the context of [[ecocriticism]] and [[ecofiction]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=M S |first1=Shajith |last2=G |first2=Bhuvaneswari |date=2022-04-24 |title=Applications of Permaculture in Terraforming the Ecology of Arrakis in Frank Herbert's Dune |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.11439ecst |journal=ECS Transactions |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=11439–11447 |doi=10.1149/10701.11439ecst |bibcode=2022ECSTr.10711439S |s2cid=248467667 |issn=1938-5862|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parkerson |first=Ronny W. |date=1998 |title=Semantics, General Semantics, and Ecology in Frank Herbert's Dune |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42577921 |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=317–328 |jstor=42577921 |issn=0014-164X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grazier |first=Kevin R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAVBQAAQBAJ&dq=arrakis+dune+ecology&pg=PT227 |title=The Science of Dune: An Unauthorized Exploration into the Real Science Behind Frank Herbert's Fictional Universe |date=2007-12-11 |publisher=BenBella Books, Inc. |isbn=978-1-933771-28-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Westfahl |first1=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uavL-si5kbIC&dq=arrakis+dune+ecofiction&pg=PA72 |title=Science Fiction and the Prediction of the Future: Essays on Foresight and Fallacy |last2=Yuen |first2=Wong Kin |date=2011-02-21 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-8476-8 |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref> as well as in the context of influences of [[Arab culture|Arabic culture]] on modern [[popular culture]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Ryding |first=Karin Christina |title=Chapter 6. The arabic of Dune |date=2021-04-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lal.37.06ch |work=Language in Place |series=Linguistic Approaches to Literature |volume=37 |access-date=2023-07-22 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/lal.37.06ch |isbn=978-90-272-0841-5 |s2cid=243277344 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Kara |date=2016-04-02 |title=Epic World-Building: Names and Cultures in Dune |url=http://ans-names.pitt.edu/ans/article/view/2077 |journal=Names |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=99–108 |doi=10.1080/00277738.2016.1159450 |s2cid=192897269 |issn=1756-2279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=Frank |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/53675 |title=The Orientalist Semiotics of Dune: Religious and Historical References within Frank Herbert's Universe |date=2022 |publisher=Büchner-Verlag |hdl=20.500.12657/53675 |isbn=978-3-96317-302-8 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durrani |first=Haris |date=2023 |title=Haris Durrani on Muslimness, Orientalism, and Imperialism in Dune |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/897704 |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=78–85 |doi=10.1353/gia.2023.a897704 |s2cid=259331486 |issn=2471-8831|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nardi |first1=Dominic J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnN_EAAAQBAJ&dq=arrakis+dune+arabic&pg=PA104 |title=Discovering Dune: Essays on Frank Herbert's Epic Saga |last2=Brierly |first2=N. Trevor |date=2022-08-04 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-8201-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dune franchise}}

[[Category:Dune (franchise)]]
[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1965]]
[[Category:Fictional deserts]]
[[Category:Fictional planets]]