Editing Arthrobacter

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = SEM of Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus.jpg
| image_caption = ''Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus''
| taxon = Arthrobacter
| type_species = ''[[Arthrobacter globiformis]]''
| type_species_authority = corrig. (Conn 1928) Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980)
| authority = Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980)
| synonyms =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text.
}}

'''''Arthrobacter''''' (from the Greek, "jointed small stick”) is a [[genus]] of [[bacterium|bacteria]] that is commonly found in soil. All [[species]] in this genus are [[Gram-positive]] [[obligate aerobe]]s that are [[bacterial shape|rod]]s during [[exponential growth]] and [[bacterial shape|cocci]] in their [[Stationary phase (biology)|stationary phase]]. ''Arthrobacter'' have a distinctive method of cell division called "snapping division" or [[reversion (microbiology)|reversion]] in which the outer bacterial [[cell wall]] ruptures at a joint.

==Description==
''Arthrobacter'' can be grown on [[mineral salts pyridone broth]], where colonies have a greenish metallic center on incubated at {{convert|20|C|F}}. Under the microscope, ''Arthrobacter'' appear as rods when rapidly dividing, and cocci when in stationary phase. Dividing cells may also appear as chevrons ("V" shapes).  Other notable characteristics are that it can use [[pyridone]] as its sole [[carbon]] source, and that its cocci are resistant to [[desiccation]] and starvation.

==Use in industry==
''Arthrobacter'', like other bacterial genera including ''[[Brevibacterium]]'', ''[[Microbacterium]]'', and ''[[Corynebacterium]]'' are used for industrial production of L-glutamate. In industrial applications, ''Arthrobacter'' is often grown with low-cost sugar sources such as cane or beet molasses, starch hydrolysates from corn or cassava tubers, or tapioca. Along with sugar, ammonia and ammonium salts are added as a nitrogen source. The vitamins, minerals, and some other types of nutrients can be provided by adding corn steep liquour.

==Other uses==
Various ''Arthrobacter'' species have been investigated for other commercial applications. ''[[Arthrobacter crystallopoietes|A. crystallopoietes]]'' and ''[[Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus|A. chlorophenolicus]]'' have been shown to reduce [[hexavalent chromium]] and [[4-Chlorophenol|4-chlorophenol]] levels in contaminated soil, suggesting they may be useful for [[bioremediation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=F.A.O. Camargo |author2=F.M. Bento |author3=B.C. Okeke |author4=W.T. Frankenberger  |name-list-style=amp | title = Hexavalent chromium reduction by an actinomycete, ''Arthrobacter crystallopoietes'' ES 32 | journal = Biological Trace Element Research | volume = 97 | pages = 183–194 | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1385/BTER:97:2:183 | pmid = 14985627 | issue = 2|s2cid=22649567 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=K Westerberg |author2=AM Elvang |author3=E Stackebrandt |author4=JK Jansson | title= ''Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus'' sp. nov., a new species capable of degrading high concentrations of 4-chlorophenol | journal= International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology| year=2000 | pages= 2083–2092 | volume= 50 |issue=6 | pmid= 11155983 | doi=10.1099/00207713-50-6-2083| doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, ''Arthrobacter'' sp. strain R1 (American Type Culture Collection strain number 49987) has been shown to grow on a variety of aromatic compounds, including homocyclic compounds, such as hydroxybenzoates, as well as N-heterocycles, including [[pyridine]] and [[picoline]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Loughlin EJ, Sims GK, Traina SJ  | year = 1999 | title = Biodegradation of 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 2-hydroxypyridine by an ''Arthrobacter'' sp. isolated from subsurface sediment | journal = Biodegradation | volume = 10 | pages = 93–104 | doi = 10.1023/A:1008309026751 | issue = 2 | pmid = 10466198 | s2cid = 25495834 }}</ref>
[[File:Arthrobacter crystallopoietes labeled.jpg|thumb|Arthrobacter crystallopoietes produces a pigment when grown on 2-pyridone (right) but not when grown on succinic acid (left).]]

''Arthrobacter'' sp. H65-7 produces the enzyme [[inulase II]] that converts [[inulin]] into the medically relevant nutrient [[difructose anhydride]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1271/bbb.61.87|title=Molecular Cloning of an Inulin Fructotransferase (Depolymerizing) Gene from ''Arthrobacter'' sp. H65–7 and Its Expression in ''Escherichia coli''|journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry|volume=61|pages=87–92|year=2014|last1=Sakurai|first1=Hiroaki|last2=Yokota|first2=Atsushi|last3=Tomita|first3=Fusao|issue=1|pmid=9028036|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The enzyme Alu obtained from ''[[Arthrobacter luteus]]'' is able to cleave [[Alu element|Alu sequences]] which is frequently repeated in human DNA.<ref>{{cite book | author = Marks A. | title = Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach | edition = 3rd | pages = 248}}</ref>

==Species==
''Arthrobacter'' comprises the following species:<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP, Parte AC | url = https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/arthrobacter | title = ''Arthrobacter'' | access-date = June 14, 2022 | publisher = [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
* ''[[Arthrobacter agilis|A. agilis]]'' <small>(Ali-Cohen 1889) Koch et al. 1995</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter albidus was reclassified as Sinomonas albida. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter albus was reclassified as Pseudoglutamicibacter albus. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter alkaliphilus|A. alkaliphilus]]'' <small>Ding et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter alpinus|A. alpinus]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2010</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter antarcticus was reclassified as Paeniglutamicibacter antarcticus. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter ardleyensis was reclassified as Glutamicibacter ardleyensis. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter arilaitensis was reclassified as Glutamicibacter arilaitensis. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter atrocyaneus was reclassified as Sinomonas atrocyanea. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter aurescens was reclassified as Paenarthrobacter aurescens. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter bambusae|A. bambusae]]'' <small>Park et al. 2014</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter bergerei was reclassified as Glutamicibacter bergerei. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter bussei|A. bussei]]'' <small>Flegler et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter casei|A. casei]]''" <small>Wenning et al. 2006</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter castelli|A. castelli]]'' <small>Heyrman et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter celericrescens|A. celericrescens]]'' <small>Yan et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter cheniae|A. cheniae]]'' <small>Yang et al. 2021</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter citreus|A. citreus]]'' <small>Sacks 1954 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter creatinolyticus was reclassified as Glutamicibacter creatinolyticus. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter crusticola|A. crusticola]]''" <small>Liu et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter crygenae|A. crygenae]]''" <small>Vasil'eva et al. 1998</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter cryoconiti|A. cryoconiti]]'' <small>Margesin et al. 2012</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter cryotolerans was reclassified as Paeniglutamicibacter cryotolerans. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter crystallopoietes|A. crystallopoietes]]'' <small>Ensign and Rittenberg 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter cumminsii was reclassified as Pseudoglutamicibacter cumminsii. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter cupressi|A. cupressi]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2012</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter defluvii was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter defluvii. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter deserti|A. deserti]]'' <small>Hu et al. 2016</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter dextranlyticum|A. dextranlyticum]]''" <small>Hatada et al. 2004</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter dokdonellae|A. dokdonellae]]''" <small>Koh et al. 2019</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter duodecadis was reclassified as Phycicoccus duodecadis. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter echigonensis was reclassified as Sinomonas echigonensis. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter echini|A. echini]]'' <small>Lee et al. 2016</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter enclensis was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter enclensis. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter endophyticus was reclassified as Glutamicibacter endophyticus. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter equi was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter equi. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter flavescens was reclassified as Microbacterium flavescens. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter flavus|A. flavus]]'' <small>Reddy et al. 2000</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter frigidicola|A. frigidicola]]'' <small>Yang et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter gandavensis|A. gandavensis]]'' <small>Storms et al. 2003</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter gangotriensis was reclassified as Paeniglutamicibacter gangotriensis. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter ginkgonis|A. ginkgonis]]'' <small>Cheng et al. 2017</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter ginsengisoli|A. ginsengisoli]]''" <small>Siddiqi et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter glacialis|A. glacialis]]'' <small>Liu et al. 2019</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter globiforme is a misspelling of Arthrobacter globiformis. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter globiformis|A. globiformis]]'' <small>corrig. (Conn 1928) Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter gyeryongensis|A. gyeryongensis]]'' <small>Hoang et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter halodurans|A. halodurans]]'' <small>Chen et al. 2012</small>
<!-- "Arthrobacter helvolum" is a misspelling of "Arthrobacter helvolus", which was reclassified as "Brevibacterium helvolum", which was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- "Arthrobacter helvolus" was reclassified as "Brevibacterium helvolum", which was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter histidinolovorans was reclassified as Paenarthrobacter histidinolovorans. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter humicola|A. humicola]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2008</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter ilicis was reclassified as Paenarthrobacter ilicis. -->
<!-- "Arthrobacter iodinum" was reclassified as Brevibacterium iodinum. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter ipsi|A. ipsi]]''" <small>Gonzalez-Dominici et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter jiangjiafuii|A. jiangjiafuii]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2022</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter kerguelensis was reclassified as Paeniglutamicibacter kerguelensis. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter keyseri|A. keyseri]]''" <small>Eaton 2001</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter koreensis|A. koreensis]]'' <small>Lee et al. 2003</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter liuii|A. liuii]]'' <small>Yu et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter livingstonensis|A. livingstonensis]]'' <small>Ganzert et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter luteolus|A. luteolus]]'' <small>Wauters et al. 2000</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter luteus|A. luteus]]''" <small>Kaneko et al. 1969</small>
<!-- "Arthrobacter marinus" was reclassified as Cobetia marina. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter methylotrophus|A. methylotrophus]]'' <small>Borodina et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter mobilis|A. mobilis]]'' <small>Ye et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter monumenti|A. monumenti]]'' <small>Heyrman et al. 2005</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter mysorens was reclassified as Glutamicibacter nicotianae. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter nanjingensis|A. nanjingensis]]'' <small>uang et al. 2015</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter nasiphocae was reclassified as Falsarthrobacter nasiphocae. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter nicotianae was reclassified as Glutamicibacter nicotianae. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter nicotinovorans was reclassified as Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter niigatensis was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter niigatensis. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus was reclassified as Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter nitrophenolicus|A. nitrophenolicus]]''" <small>Arora and Jain 2013</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter oryzae|A. oryzae]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2008</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter oxydans was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter oxydans. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter paludis|A. paludis]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2018</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter paraffineus|A. paraffineus]]''" <small>Duvnjak et al. 1982</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter parietis|A. parietis]]'' <small>Heyrman et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter pascens|A. pascens]]'' <small>Lochhead and Burton 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter phenanthrenivorans was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter photogonimos|A. photogonimos]]''" <small>Phinney and Hoober 1992</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter picolinophilus was reclassified as Nocardia calcarea. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter pigmenti|A. pigmenti]]'' <small>Heyrman et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter pityocampae|A. pityocampae]]'' <small>İnce et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter pokkalii|A. pokkalii]]'' <small>Krishnan et al. 2017</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter polychromogenes was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter polychromogenes. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter protophormiae was reclassified as Glutamicibacter protophormiae. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus|A. psychrochitiniphilus]]'' <small>Wang et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus|A. psychrolactophilus]]'' <small>Loveland-Curtze et al. 2000</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus was reclassified as Paeniglutamicibacter psychrophenolicus. -->
<!-- "Arthrobacter pyridinolis" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->	
<!-- Arthrobacter radiotolerans was reclassified as Rubrobacter radiotolerans. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter ramosus|A. ramosus]]'' <small>Jensen 1960 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter rhombi|A. rhombi]]'' <small>Osorio et al. 1999</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter roseus|A. roseus]]'' <small>Reddy et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter ruber|A. ruber]]'' <small>Liu et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter russicus|A. russicus]]'' <small>Li et al. 2004</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter sanguinis was reclassified as Haematomicrobium sanguinis. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter saudimassiliensis|A. saudimassiliensis]]''" <small>Papadioti et al. 2017</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter scleromae was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter scleromae. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter sedimenti|A. sedimenti]]''" <small>Lin et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter senegalensis|A. senegalensis]]''" <small>Ndiaye et al. 2019</small>
<!-- "Arthrobacter sialophilus" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter siccitolerans was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter siccitolerans. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter siderocapsulatus was reclassified as Pseudomonas putida. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter silvisoli|A. silvisoli]]'' <small>Yan et al. 2018</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter silviterrae|A. silviterrae]]'' <small>Lee et al. 2017</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter simplex was reclassified as Nocardioides simplex. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter soli was reclassified as Glutamicibacter soli. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter stackebrandtii|A. stackebrandtii]]'' <small>Tvrzová et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter subterraneus|A. subterraneus]]'' <small>Chang et al. 2008</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter sulfonivorans was reclassified as Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter sulfonylureivorans|A. sulfonylureivorans]]''" <small>Han et al. 2021</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter sulfureus was reclassified as Paeniglutamicibacter sulfureus. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter sunyaminii|A. sunyaminii]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter tecti|A. tecti]]'' <small>Heyrman et al. 2005</small>
* "''[[Arthrobacter terrae|A. terrae]]''" <small>Jiang et al. 2022</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter terregens was reclassified as Microbacterium terregens. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter terricola|A. terricola]]'' <small>Trinh and Kim 2021</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter tumbae|A. tumbae]]'' <small>Heyrman et al. 2005</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter tumescens was reclassified as Terrabacter tumescens. -->
* ''[[Arthrobacter ulcerisalmonis|A. ulcerisalmonis]]'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2020</small>
<!-- Arthrobacter uratoxydans was reclassified as Glutamicibacter uratoxydans. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter ureafaciens was reclassified as Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter variabilis was reclassified as Corynebacterium variabile. -->
<!-- Arthrobacter viscosus was reclassified as Rhizobium viscosum. -->
* "''[[Arthrobacter wenxiniae|A. wenxiniae]]''" <small>Sun et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter woluwensis|A. woluwensis]]'' <small>Funke et al. 1997</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter yangruifuii|A. yangruifuii]]'' <small>Ge et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Arthrobacter zhaoguopingii|A. zhaoguopingii]]'' <small>Ge et al. 2020</small>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.genomesonline.org/bin/search.cgi?orgcol=org&domcol=dom&typecol=type&sizecol=size&infocol=info&analycol=analy&instcol=inst&datacol=data&contcol=contact&statuscol=status&goldstamp=ALL&gen_type=ALL&org_name1=genus&gensp=Arthrobacter&org_domain=ALL&org_status=ALL&size2=ALL&org_size=Kb&gen_gc=ALL&gen_seqmethod=ALL&gen_oxygenReq=ALL&gen_cellShape=ALL&gen_cellArrange=ALL&gen_motility=ALL&gen_sporulation=ALL&gen_energy=ALL&gen_tempRange=ALL&gen_temperature=ALL&gen_salinity=ALL&gen_ph=ALL&gen_symbiont=ALL&phylogeny2=ALL&phylogeny3=ALL&gen_institution=ALL&gen_funding=ALL&gen_data=ALL&cont=ALL&gen_country=ALL&gen_pheno=ALL&gen_habitat=ALL&gen_disease=ALL&gen_relevance=ALL&gen_avail=ALL&selection=submit+search Arthrobacter Genome Projects] (from [http://www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322024327/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&genus=Arthrobacter Comparative Analysis of Arthrobacter Genomes] (at [[United States Department of Energy|DOE's]] [[Integrated Microbial Genomes System|IMG system]])

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[[Category:Micrococcaceae]]
[[Category:Psychrophiles]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]