Editing Arthur Sinclair

{{Short description|United States Navy officer (1780–1831)}}
{{about||the Australian rules footballer|Arthur Sinclair (footballer)|the Scottish ophthalmologist|Arthur Henry Havens Sinclair}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Arthur Sinclair II
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1780|2|28}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1831|2|7|1780|2|28}}
| image         = Commodore Arthur Sinclair (1780–1831).jpg
| caption       = 
| nickname      = 
| birth_place   = [[Mecklenburg County, Virginia|Mecklenburg, Virginia]], U.S.
| death_place   = [[Norfolk, Virginia]], U.S.
| allegiance    = <!-- United States -->
| branch        = [[United States Navy]]
| serviceyears  = 1796 - 1831
| rank          = [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]]
| unit          = USS Constellation<br/>USS Essex
| commands      = USS Argus<br/> USS General Pike <br/>USS Niagara <br/>USS Congress<br/>USS Washington<br/>Norfolk Navy Yard
| battles       = [[Quasi-War]]<br/>[[First Barbary War]]<br/>[[War of 1812]]
| awards        = Presented an engraved sword from the Commonwealth of Virginia for valorous engagements on Lake Erie during the War of 1812
| relations     = [[Upton Sinclair]], [[Mustin family]]
| laterwork     = 
}}

[[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] '''Arthur Sinclair''' (28 February 1780 &ndash; 7 February 1831) was a [[United States Navy]] officer who served in during the [[Quasi-War]], the [[First Barbary War]] and the [[War of 1812]].  His three sons also served in the Navy; they resigned in 1861, however, to serve in the [[Confederate States Navy]].

==Early Naval Service==
Born in [[Virginia]], the youngest son of Arthur Sinclair I who had served in the [[Royal Navy]] during the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] and the [[Continental Navy]] during the [[American Revolution]], Sinclair entered the Navy as [[Midshipman]] in 1798. He served as Midshipman in [[USS Constellation (1797)|''Constellation'']] during the capture of the French frigate [[USS Insurgente|''L'Insurgente'']] on 9 February 1799. He was attached to the [[Mediterranean Squadron (United States)|Mediterranean Squadron]] from June 1804 to July 1806, participating in the attacks on [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripoli]] on board [[USS Essex (1799)|''Essex'']].  He then sailed [[Gunboat No. 10]] to the United States.

==War of 1812==
===Raiding British shipping on Argus===
On 10 June 1807 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant.  On 13 December 1811, he was ordered to the command of [[USS Argus (1803)|''Argus'']]; and, between 12 October and 17 December 1812, cruised in ''Argus'' with the [[North Atlantic Squadron]] and took a number of prizes. During the cruise, he became separated from the squadron and was chased for three days and nights by an enemy squadron before his superior ship handling enabled him to escape.

===Raid at St. Marys River===
For much of the War of 1812, Sinclair was assigned to the [[Great Lakes]] as part of Commodore [[Isaac Chauncey]]'s squadron, where he commanded the warship ''[[USS General Pike|General Pike]]'' in an engagement on [[Lake Ontario]] on 28 September 1813. For his valor during another engagement on [[Lake Erie]] in 1813, Sinclair received a presentation sword from the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]] (now in the [[Virginia Historical Society]]'s collection). In 1814, he commanded ''[[USS Niagara (1813)|Niagara]]'' on [[Lake Huron]] and [[Lake Superior]] and directed the naval squadron in the [[Battle of Mackinac Island]] and the [[Engagement on Lake Huron]]. Sinclair conducted a hit-and-run raid at [[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]], [[Upper Canada]], capturing a small merchantman, the ''Mink''. After capturing the merchantman in the raid, Arthur Sinclair withdrew back to American lines in [[Michilimackinac]].<ref>"The A to Z of the War of 1812" by Robert Malcomson page.498.</ref>

===Extension of Sinclair's Raid===
In extension of his raid at St. Marys River. Sinclair sent [[Daniel Turner (naval officer)|Daniel Turner]] with a detachment of seamen alongside regulars under [[Andrew Holmes (army officer)|Andrew Holmes]] to penetrate deeper into enemy territory. Turner destroyed buildings, possessions, and burned a schooner. Turner withdrew back to American territory in Michilimackinac, reuniting with Sinclair.<ref>"The A to Z of the War of 1812" by Robert Malcomson page.498.</ref>

===Raid at St. Joseph Island===
On July 12, 1814. Arthur Sinclair commanding 5 vessels transported 550 American regulars and 250 militia led by Lt. Colonel [[George Croghan (soldier)|George Croghan]] who was the hero of [[Battle of Fort Stephenson|Fort Stephenson]]. Sinclair sailed his force to [[St. Joseph Island (Ontario)|St. Joseph Island]] where the British abandoned their outpost. Sinclair landed the American infantry force, and the Americans found a British vessel that had been set on fire by the British who evacuated. The Americans put the fire out to salvage the ship. But after examining the ship, the Americans restarted the fire and destroyed the ship. The Americans also burned the empty British post and also burned down the [[Canadian Northwest Company]] trading post. Then the Americans boarded the ships of Sinclair's fleet and departed to their next objective.<ref>"The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers" by Bud Hannings page.221.</ref>

===Raid at Mackinac Island===
On August 4, 1814. Arthur Sinclair moved his fleet to [[Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)|Mackinac Island]] that was under British occupation. The objective of the American fleet was to retake Mackinac Island. Sinclair steered his fleet to Mackinac. Sinclair lands the American infantry on the rear of the British post on the island. Lt. Col [[George Croghan]] advanced with his regulars and militia. But the British had set a position to resist the American advance. Croghan's regulars were ambushed by Indians allied to the British. The Americans engaged the British-Indian force. The Americans suffered 13 killed and 52 wounded. The British-Indian forces suffered maybe 1 killed and 1 wounded. The Americans gave up their objective after suffering heavy casualties and retreated to the ships of Sinclair's fleet. Arthur Sinclair's fleet withdrew from the Island.<ref>"The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers" by Bud Hannings pages.224-225.</ref>

===Raid at Nottawasaga===
	Arthur Sinclair steered his fleet to [[Engagements on Lake Huron|raid Nottawasaga]]. On August 13, 1814, Sinclair sent his two vessels Lawrence and Caledonia back to [[Detroit]]. Then Sinclair moved on with his 3 remaining vessels ''Niagara'',  ''Scorpion'' and ''Tigress'' to Nottawasaga to attack a British outpost. Sinclair arrived at the location and landed infantry troops with artillery. The American land artillery and Sinclair's cannons on his ships bombarded the British blockhouse. The British sailors and militia realizing they could not hold off the American assault any longer burned their schooner ''Nancy'' and blew up their blockhouse before retreating suffering 1 killed and 1 wounded. The Americans recovered the guns in the destroyed blockhouse and placed them on their ships. The American then felled trees across the river to block it. Sinclair left two gunboats to blockade the area under the command of  Lieutenant Daniel Turner. Sinclair instructed Turner to intercept any British supply shipping and then return to Detroit when the weather turned bad. Arthur Sinclair withdrew back to Detroit in his vessel ''Niagara'' with the three newly captured British guns. Daniel Turner patrolled the area with his two gunboats. But the British sailors, militia, and Native American allies under Miller Worsley removed the tree abatis obstacles and stealthily snuck on the American gunboats and ambushed them. The Americans under Daniel Turner were all captured suffering 6 killed and 6 wounded. The victorious British suffered 3 killed and 9 wounded.<ref name=Roosevelt206>Roosevelt, p.206</ref><ref>Zaslow, p.152</ref>

==Promotion==
Promoted to Captain in 1813, he commanded the frigate [[USS Congress (1799)|''Congress'']] in 1817; commanded the 74-gun ship of the line [[USS Washington (1814)|''Washington'']] in 1818. In 1819, he rose to the rank of Commodore and was placed in command of the [[Norfolk Navy Yard]]. It was while there, that he conceived the idea of a Nautical School and was allowed to set one up on board the frigate [[USS Guerriere (1814)|''Guerriere'']], for the education and development of young naval officers. It was from that small start that the current [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]] at Annapolis has grown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Mersey Built: The Role of Merseyside in the American Civil War|last=Thorp|first=Robert|publisher=Vernon Press|date=September 2017|isbn=978-1-62273-281-4|pages=278}}</ref>

Commodore Sinclair died at [[Norfolk, Virginia]] on 7 February 1831.

==Family==
The family originated from the Shetland Islands off Scotland and were reputedly distant relations of Scottish royalty. The first Arthur Sinclair, of [[Scalloway]], in [[Shetland]], sailed with [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|Commodore George Anson]] in 1740, on a mission to capture Spanish possessions in the Pacific, during Britain's war with Spain. The mission lasted for four years and resulted in the little fleet [[George Anson's voyage around the world|circumnavigating the world]]. Loss of life was horrendous, with only 188 of the original 1,854 men surviving to make it back to England.<ref name=":0" />

Arthur Sinclair I left the expedition when they reached America and eventually settled in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], where he made claim to a large tract of land, and became a sea captain sailing between Virginia and England. After the death of his first wife he married Susanna Phillips of [[Halifax County, Virginia|Halifax County]], in [[Middlesex County, Virginia|Middlesex County]] on 22 February 1766 at the age of 59. Their son, Arthur II, was born in 1780. During the [[American Revolutionary War|War of American Independence]] (1775-1783) Sinclair served in the [[Continental Navy]], fighting against his old countrymen.<ref name=":0" /> He retired to [[Cobham, Surry County, Virginia|Cobham]] in [[Surry County, Virginia| Surry County]] where he died in 1791 at age 84. 

Arthur Sinclair II married first, Elizabeth, daughter of General [[John Hartwell Cocke]], of Mt Pleasant, in Surry County. They had two children, twins, Robert Carter Nicholas d 1806 and Augusta (died 3 weeks after birth) Mar 1802. These children died young and their mother died in 1803.

Arthur Sinclair II married second on 20 Jan 1810 in [[Halifax County, Virginia|Halifax County]], Sarah (Sally) Short Skipwith Kennon (30 Oct 1790 - 21 August 1827), daughter of Colonel Richard Kennon of Conjurer's Neck, [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield County]].

Arthur and Sally had seven children:

1. Arthur Sinclair (29 Nov 1810 - 14 Jan 1865), Commander USN, CSN, served on the [[CSS Alabama]], married, 20 Apr 1835, Lelia Imogene Dawley of Norfolk.

2. Elizabeth Beverly Sinclair Whittle (26 Jul 1812 - 1855), married Captain William Conway Whittle, USN, CSN

3. Richard Kennon Sinclair (8 Nov 1814-7 Jul 1815)

4. George Tarry Sinclair (29 Sep 1816 - 25 Jul 1885) LT USN, CSN  2 May 1843, Mary Thompson (5 Jan 1825 - 6 Nov 1888)

5. Dr. William Beverly Sinclair (22 Jan 1818 - 27 Sep 1895), surgeon, USN, CSN, a prominent physician, married 11 Nov 1844, Lucy Franklin Read Jones

6. Sarah Sinclair (22 Jul 1820), died in infancy

7. Gilberta Fayette Sinclair (19 Oct 1824 - 27 Apr 1906), married Dr. Conway Davies Whittle, of Norfolk.

Arthur Sinclair II was the great-grandfather of novelist [[Upton Sinclair]], author of the novel ''[[The Jungle]]'' (1906). He was also the second great-grandfather of Vice Admiral [[Lloyd M. Mustin]] and third great-grandfather of Vice Admiral [[Henry C. Mustin (1933-2016)|Henry C. "Hank" Mustin]] and the fourth great-grandfather of Vice Admiral [[John Mustin]].

==Namesake==
The destroyer [[USS Sinclair (DD-275)|USS ''Sinclair'' (DD-275)]] was named for him.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Upton Sinclair|Sinclair, Upton]].  ''The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair''.  New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962.
:{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/sinclair.html}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinclair, Arthur}}
[[Category:1780 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Quasi-War]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the First Barbary War]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Virginia]]