Editing Arthur St. Clair

{{short description|Scottish-born American military officer and politician (1737–1818)}}
{{For|the murdered community leader from Brooksville, Florida|Arthur St. Clair (minister)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Arthur St. Clair
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1737|3|23}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1818|8|31|1737|3|23}}
| image               = ArthurStClairOfficialPortrait-restored.jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[Charles Willson Peale]], {{circa}} 1783
| order               = 1st
| office              = Governor of the Northwest Territory
| term_start          = July 15, 1788
| term_end            = November 22, 1802
| preceded            = [[Northwest Ordinance|Position established]]
| succeeded           = [[Charles Willing Byrd]]
| office1             = 4th [[Senior Officer of the United States Army]]
| term_start1         = March 4, 1791
| term_end1           = March 5, 1792
| president1          = [[George Washington]]
| preceded1           = [[Josiah Harmar]]
| succeeded1          = [[Anthony Wayne]]
| office2             = 9th [[President of the Continental Congress|President of the Confederation Congress]]
| term_start2         = February 2, 1787
| term_end2           = November 4, 1787
| preceded2           = [[Nathaniel Gorham]]
| succeeded2          = [[Cyrus Griffin]]
| signature           = Arthur st clair signature.svg
| alma_mater          = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| birth_place         = [[Thurso]], [[Caithness]], Scotland
| death_place         = [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| restingplace        = St. Clair Park, [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania|Greensburg]]
| party               = [[Federalist Party|Federalist]]
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = {{ubl|[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]|United States}}
| branch              = {{ubl|[[British Army]] (1757–1762)|[[Continental Army]] (1775–1783)|[[United States Army]] (1791–1792)}}
| serviceyears        = 
| rank                = {{ubl|[[Lieutenant]] (Britain)|[[Major general (United States)|Major General]] (U.S.)}}
| unit                = 
| commands            = 
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[French and Indian War]]
** [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|Siege of Louisbourg]]
** [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]]
* [[Lord Dunmore's War]]
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
** [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|Invasion of Quebec]]
*** [[Battle of Trois-Rivières]]
** [[Battle of Trenton]]
** [[Battle of Princeton]]
** [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|Siege of Fort Ticonderoga]]
** [[Siege of Yorktown]]
* [[Northwest Indian War]]
** [[St. Clair's defeat|Battle of the Wabash]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards              = 
| relations           = 
}}

[[Major general (United States)|Major-General]] '''Arthur St. Clair''' ({{OldStyleDateDY|March 23,|1737<ref name="ANB" />|1736<!--OS New Year began March 25-->}} – August 31, 1818) was a Scottish-born American military officer and politician. Born in [[Thurso]], [[Caithness]], he served in the [[British Army]] during the [[French and Indian War]] before settling in the [[Province of Pennsylvania]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], he rose to the rank of [[major general]] in the [[Continental Army]], but lost his command after a controversial retreat from [[Fort Ticonderoga]].

After the war, he served as [[President of the Continental Congress]], which during his term passed the [[Northwest Ordinance]]. He was then made governor of the [[Northwest Territory]] in 1788, which was further enlarged by the portion that would become [[Ohio]] in 1800. In 1791, he commanded an American army in [[St. Clair's Defeat]], which became the greatest victory achieved by Native Americans against the United States. Politically out-of-step with the [[Jefferson administration]], he was replaced as governor in 1802 and died in obscurity.

==Early life and career==
St. Clair was born in [[Thurso]], [[Caithness]]. Little is known of his early life. Early biographers estimated his year of birth as 1734,<ref>Smith, ''St. Clair Papers'', 1:2.</ref> but subsequent historians uncovered a birth date of March 23, 1736, which in the [[Old Style and New Style dates|modern calendar system]] means that he was born in 1737.<!-- I don't know if the March 23 part is Julian or Gregorian. --> His parents, unknown to early biographers, were probably William Sinclair, a merchant, and Elizabeth Balfour.<ref name="ANB">Gregory Evans Dowd. "St. Clair, Arthur", ''[[American National Biography Online]]'', February 2000.</ref> He reportedly attended the [[University of Edinburgh]] before being apprenticed to the renowned physician [[William Hunter (anatomist)|William Hunter]].<ref name="ANB" />

In 1757, St. Clair purchased a commission in the [[British Army]]'s [[Royal American Regiment]] and came to North America with Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]]'s fleet for the [[French and Indian War]]. He served under General [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffery Amherst]] during the capture of [[Fortress Louisbourg|Louisburg]], Nova Scotia, on July 26, 1758. On April 17, 1759, he was promoted to lieutenant and assigned under the command of General [[James Wolfe]], under whom he served at the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] which resulted in the capture of [[Quebec City]].

==Settler in America==
On April 16, 1762, St. Clair resigned his commission, and by 1764 had settled in [[Ligonier Valley, Pennsylvania|Ligonier Valley]], Pennsylvania, where he purchased land and went into business as an operator of flour and grist mills. The fortune he amassed soon made him the largest landowner in [[Western Pennsylvania]].

In 1770, St. Clair entered politics when he was elected as a justice of both the Court of Quarter Sessions and of Common Pleas. He subsequently served as a member of the proprietary council, a justice, recorder, and clerk of the orphans' court, and [[prothonotary]] of [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford]] and [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland]] counties.

In 1774, during [[Lord Dunmore's War]], the [[colony of Virginia]] illegally took claim of the area around present-day [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]. A militia was quickly raised to drive off the Virginians and St. Clair, in his capacity as a magistrate, issued an order for the arrest of the officer leading the Virginia troops. The boundary dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania wasn't settled until 1780, when both sides agreed to extend the [[Mason–Dixon line]] westward from Maryland to 80° 31′ west, the current western border of Pennsylvania. (see: [[District of West Augusta]])

==Revolutionary War==
By the mid-1770s, St. Clair considered himself more of an American than a British subject. In January 1776, he accepted a commission in the [[Continental Army]] as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the [[3rd Pennsylvania Regiment]]. He first saw service in the final days of the failed [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|Quebec invasion]], where he saw action in the [[Battle of Trois-Rivières]]. He was appointed a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in August 1776 and was tasked by [[George Washington]] to help train and equip newly arrived recruits from [[New Jersey]]. He took part in [[George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River]] on the night of December 25–26, 1776, before the [[Battle of Trenton]] on the morning of December 26. Many biographers credit St. Clair with the strategy that led to Washington's [[Battle of Princeton|capture of Princeton]], New Jersey, on January 3, 1777.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=David Hackett|author-link=David Hackett Fischer|title=[[Washington's Crossing (book)|Washington's Crossing]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-19-518159-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/washingtonscross00fisc/page/313 313–14]}}</ref> St. Clair was promoted to [[Major general (United States)|major general]] in February 1777.

In April 1777, St. Clair was given command of [[Fort Ticonderoga]]. His outnumbered garrison could not resist British General [[John Burgoyne]]'s larger force in the [[Saratoga campaign]]; thus, St. Clair was forced to retreat at the [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|resulting siege]] on July 5, 1777. He successfully evacuated his men, but choosing not to stand and fight permanently damaged his sterling reputation. In 1778, he was [[court-martial]]ed for the loss of Ticonderoga. <ref name=NationalMuseum>{{cite web |url=https://armyhistory.org/major-general-arthur-st-clair/ |title=Major General Arthur St. Clair |date=January 27, 2015 |publisher=[[National Museum of the United States Army]]}}</ref> The court exonerated him and approved his return to duty, <ref name=NationalMuseum/> but he would never hold a command again during the Revolution. He still saw action, however, as an [[aide-de-camp]] to Washington, who retained a high opinion of him. St. Clair was at [[siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] when [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] surrendered his army. During his military service, St. Clair was elected a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1780.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=arthur+st.+clair&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2020-12-06|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

==President of the United States in Congress Assembled==
Following his discharge from the Army, St. Clair was elected to the Pennsylvania Council of Censors in 1783 and served as a delegate to the [[Congress of the Confederation|Confederation Congress]], serving from November 2, 1785, until November 28, 1787. Chaos ruled the day in early 1787 with [[Shays's Rebellion]] in full force and the states refusing to settle their disputes or contribute to the now six-year-old federal government. On February 2, 1787, the delegates finally gathered into a quorum and elected St. Clair to a one-year term as [[President of the Continental Congress]]. Congress enacted its most important piece of legislation, the [[Northwest Ordinance]], during his tenure. Time was running out for the Confederation Congress, however; during St. Clair's presidency, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] was drafting a new [[United States Constitution]], which would abolish the old Congress.  St. Clair is the only foreign-born "president" of the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Locke |first=Steven P |title="War Along the Wabash: The Ohio Indian Confederacy's Destruction of the US Army, 1792" |page=65 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |edition=Kindle}}</ref>

==Northwest Territory==
{{main|Northwest Territory}}
[[File:St Clair Narrative 1812.jpg|thumb|''A Narrative'' printed by [[Jane Aitken]]]]
Under the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, which created the [[Northwest Territory]], St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Wisconsin]] and part of [[Minnesota]]. He named [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], Ohio, to honor his membership in the [[Society of the Cincinnati]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suess|first=Jeff|title=Our history: Who was Cincinnatus, inspiration for city's name?|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2017/10/11/our-history-who-cincinnatus-inspiration-citys-name/752548001/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Enquirer|language=en-US}}</ref> and it was there that he decided to relocate his home.

As governor, he formulated "Maxwell's Code" (named after its printer, [[William Maxwell (engraver)|William Maxwell]]), the first written laws of the territory. He also worked with [[Josiah Harmar]], Senior Officer of the United States, to resolve the issue of Native American tribes refusing to leave their lands, which the federal government had seized as punishment for their support of the British during the Revolution. In 1789, the two men succeeded in getting several Native American tribal leaders to sign the [[Treaty of Fort Harmar]], but the treaty was never fully implemented and the tribes rejected it outright as illegitimate.

Supported with intelligence, supplies, and weapons funneled to them by British agents, the tribes decided to wage full-scale war against the Americans in what came to be called the "[[Northwest Indian War]]" (or "Little Turtle's War"). Harmar was ordered by President Washington's administration to crush the Indians with a force mainly composed of ill-disciplined and inexperienced state militiamen; he suffered a [[Harmar's Defeat|humiliating defeat]] in October 1790.

===Army commander===
In March 1791, St. Clair succeeded the disgraced Harmar as Senior Officer of the new [[United States Army]] and was restored to his previous rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]]. He personally led a [[punitive expedition]], this time with two full Army regiments and a large contingent of militia. St. Clair had far more experience commanding troops than Harmar and his force was properly supplied and organized; unfortunately, like Harmar, St. Clair was also devoid of any practical experience in frontier warfare and generally dismissive of the Indians as fighters. In October 1791, he ordered the construction of [[Fort Jefferson (Ohio)|Fort Jefferson]] to serve as the advance post for his campaign. Located in present-day [[Darke County]] in far western Ohio, the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot; accordingly, it was originally named "Fort Deposit".

===St. Clair's defeat===
{{Main|St. Clair's Defeat}}In November 1791, near modern-day [[Fort Recovery]], St. Clair advanced on the main Indian settlements at the head of the [[Wabash River]]. On November 4, they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by [[Miami tribe|Miami]] chief [[Little Turtle]] and Shawnee chief [[Blue Jacket]] with the support of British agents [[Alexander McKee]] and [[Simon Girty]]. More than 600 American soldiers and scores of camp followers were killed in the battle, which came to be known as "St. Clair's Defeat"; other names include the "Battle of the Wabash", the "Columbia Massacre," or the "Battle of a Thousand Slain". It remains the greatest defeat of a U.S. army by Native Americans in history, with a total of 623 fallen Americans compared to just 50 fallen Native Americans. The wounded were many, including St. Clair and Capt. [[Robert Benham (politician)|Robert Benham]]. <ref>Leroy V. Eid, "American Indian Military Leadership: St. Clair's 1791 Defeat." ''Journal of Military History'' 57.1 (1993): 71–88.</ref><ref>William O. Odo, "Destined for Defeat: an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791." ''Northwest Ohio Quarterly'' (1993) 65#2 pp. 68–93.</ref><ref>John F. Winkler, ''Wabash 1791: St Clair's Defeat'' (Osprey Publishing, 2011)</ref>
===Continued as Governor 1788-1802===

Although an investigation exonerated him, St. Clair surrendered his commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington before resuming his previous office as territorial governor.

[[File:ST.CLAIR, Arthur (signed check).jpg|thumb|St. Clair signed check while Governor of Northwest Territory (1796)]]
A [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]], St. Clair refocused his energies on carving up the Northwest Territory into two states that would strength Federalist control of [[United States Congress|Congress]]. However, he was opposed by Ohio Democrat-Republicans for what they perceived as his shameless partisanship, high-handedness, and arrogance in office. In 1802, he declared that his constituents "are no more bound by an act of Congress than we would be bound by an edict of the first consul of France." This, coupled with the gradual collapse of Federalist influence in Washington D.C., led President [[Thomas Jefferson]] to remove him as governor. <ref>Dumas Malone,''Jefferson The President: First Term, 1801–1805'', Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1970, pp. 243–44.</ref> He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of Ohio in 1803.

The first [[Ohio Constitution]] provided for a weak governor and a strong [[State legislature (United States)|legislature]], largely as a reaction to St. Clair's method of governance.

==Family life==
St. Clair met Phoebe Bayard, a member of one of the most prominent families in Boston, and they were married in 1760. Miss Bayard's mother's maiden name was Bowdoin, and she was the sister of [[James Bowdoin]], a colonial governor of Massachusetts.
His eldest daughter was Louisa St. Clair Robb, a mounted messenger and scout, and known as a beautiful huntress.

Like many of his Revolutionary-era peers, St. Clair suffered from [[gout]] due to poor diet, as noted in his correspondence with [[John Adams]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-1995|publisher=Founders Online|title=From John Adams to Arthur St. Clair, 30 May 1797|date=May 30, 1797|access-date=March 10, 2022}}</ref>

==Death==
In retirement, St. Clair lived with his daughter, Louisa St. Clair Robb, and her family on the ridge between Ligonier and Greensburg.

Arthur St. Clair died in poverty in [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania|Greensburg]], Pennsylvania, on August 31, 1818, at the age of 81. His remains are buried under a Masonic monument in St. Clair Park in downtown [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania|Greensburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/local/westmoreland/2009/11/22/Buried-in-Greensburg-Arthur-St-Clair-a-forgotten-Revolutionary/stories/200911220269|title=Buried in Greensburg, Arthur St. Clair a forgotten Revolutionary|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> St. Clair had been a petitioner for a Charter for Nova Caesarea
Lodge #10 in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1791.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Grover W. |last1=Brunton |url=http://www.mastermason.com/Millennium382/Papers/st%20clair.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mastermason.com/Millennium382/Papers/st%20clair.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=General Arthur St. Clair, Soldier, Surveyor, Territorial Governor, and Freemason |date=November 15, 2007|access-date=November 5, 2019}} This article was extracted from an article found on the internet
www.heritagepursuit.com/Hamilton/HamiltonChap.I.htm entitled History of Cincinnati and
Hamilton County, Ohio</ref> This Lodge exists today, as Nova Caesarea Harmony #2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncharmony.com/about/|title=About Our Lodge – Nova Caesarea Harmony #2}}</ref> His wife Phoebe died shortly after and is buried beside him.

==Legacy==
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD Michigan place names as all are named after Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River which are named for Saint Clare of Assisi NOT Arthur St. Clair. Thank you. -->

A portion of the Hermitage, St. Clair's home in Oak Grove, Pennsylvania (north of Ligonier), was later moved to [[Ligonier, Pennsylvania|Ligonier]], Pennsylvania, where it is now preserved, along with St. Clair artifacts and memorabilia at the [[Fort Ligonier]] Museum.

An [[American Civil War]] steamer was named [[USS St. Clair (1862)|USS ''St. Clair'']].

[[Lydia Sigourney]] included a poem in his honor, {{ws|[[s:Moral Pieces, in Prose and Verse/General St. Clair|General St. Clair]]}} in her first poetry collection of 1815.

The site of Clair's inauguration as Governor of the Northwest Territory is now occupied by the ''[[Start Westward Memorial|National Start Westward Memorial of The United States]]'', commemorating the settlement of the territory.<ref name="OOS">{{cite web |title=Memorial to the Start Westward |url=https://www.sculpturecenter.org/oosi/items/show/991 |website=Ohio Outdoor Sculpture |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

Places named in honor of Arthur St. Clair include:

In [[Pennsylvania]]:
* [[Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania|Upper St. Clair]], Pennsylvania
* [[St. Clairsville, Pennsylvania|St. Clairsville]], Pennsylvania
* St. Clair [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Schuylkill County]], Pennsylvania
* St. Clair Township, [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]], Pennsylvania
* East St. Clair Township, [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford County]], Pennsylvania
* West St. Clair Township, [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford County]], Pennsylvania
* The [[St. Clair (Pittsburgh)|St. Clair neighborhood]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania
* St. Clair Hospital, [[Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania|Mt. Lebanon]], Pennsylvania

In [[Ohio]]:
*St. Clair Township in [[Butler County, Ohio|Butler County]], Ohio
* St. Clair Township in [[Columbiana County, Ohio|Columbiana County]], Ohio,
* [[St. Clairsville, Ohio|St. Clairsville]], Ohio
* St. Clair Avenue in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], Ohio
* St. Clair Street in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], Ohio
* St. Clair Street in [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], Ohio
* St. Clair Street in [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], Ohio
* Fort St. Clair in [[Eaton, Ohio|Eaton]], Ohio
Other States:
* [[St. Clair County, Illinois|St. Clair County]], Illinois
*   St. Clair Street in Indianapolis, Indiana
* [[St. Clair County, Missouri|St. Clair County]], Missouri
* [[St. Clair County, Alabama|St. Clair County]], Alabama
* St. Clair Street in [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]], Kentucky, was named for the St. Clair by Gen. [[James Wilkinson]], who laid out the town that became the [[Capital city|state capital]]. The street's north end is at the Old Capitol, and near its south end is the Franklin County Court House; both were designed by [[Gideon Shryock]].

In [[Scotland]]:
* The three-star St Clair Hotel in Sinclair St, [[Thurso]], [[Caithness]], is named after him.

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Books'''
* Kopper, Kevin Patrick. "Arthur St. Clair and the Struggle For Power in the Old Northwest, 1763–1803" (Dissertation. Kent State University, 2005) [https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1113952769&disposition=inline online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004151804/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=kent1113952769&disposition=inline |date=2018-10-04 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair |editor-first=William Henry |editor-last=Smith |editor-link=William Henry Smith (American politician)|volume=1 |publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]] |year=1882 |isbn=978-0-598-28691-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIUvN0eyjsIC}}
* {{cite book|title=The Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair |editor-first=William Henry |editor-last=Smith |editor-link=William Henry Smith (American politician)|volume=2 |publisher=[[Robert Clarke & Company]] |year=1882 |isbn=9780598286918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrUTAAAAYAAJ}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.ohiomemory.org Ohio Memory]
* [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=354 Ohio History Central]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807164157/http://fortligonier.org/hermitage.php  The Hermitage – home of Arthur St. Clair]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Federalist Party|Federalist]] nominee for [[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]]|years=[[1790 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|1790]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frederick Muhlenberg]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Nathaniel Gorham]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[President of the Continental Congress]] | years=February 2, 1787 – November 4, 1787}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Cyrus Griffin]]}}
{{s-new | office}}
{{s-ttl |title=Governor of the [[Northwest Territory]] | years= July 15, 1788 – November 22, 1802}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Charles Willing Byrd]]}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Reed (politician)|Joseph Reed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Adjutant Generals of the U.S. Army|Adjutant Generals of the U. S. Army]]|years=January 22, 1777 – February 20, 1777 (acting)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Weedon]] (acting)}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Josiah Harmar]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Commanding General of the United States Army|Senior Officer of the United States Army]] | years=1791–1792}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Anthony Wayne]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Presidents of the Continental Congress}}
{{US Army Chiefs of Staff}}
{{American Revolutionary War|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|British Empire|United States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Clair, Arthur}}
[[Category:1737 births]]
[[Category:1818 deaths]]
[[Category:Adjutants general of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Continental Army generals]]
[[Category:Continental Army officers from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Northwest Territory]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American people of the Northwest Indian War]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:People from Thurso]]
[[Category:Royal American Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Commanding Generals of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]