Editing Arum maculatum

{{short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Aro scuro.jpg
|genus = Arum
|species = maculatum
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=ii90isd9afiasdf898s9dahf/>
|synonyms = {{Specieslist
 |Arum vernale|Salisb.
 |Arisarum maculatum|(L.) Raf.
 |Arum vulgare|Lam.
 |Arum pyrenaeum|Dufour
 |Arum immaculatum|(Rchb.) Rchb.
 |Arum malyi|Schott
 |Arum zeleborii|Schott
 |Arum trapezuntinum|Schott ex Engl.
 |Arum heldreichii|Orph. ex Boiss.
 }}
}}
[[File:Ingrandimento Spadice.jpg|thumb|Spathe and Spadix close-up]]
'''''Arum maculatum''''', commonly known as '''cuckoopint''', '''jack-in-the-pulpit''' and other names (see [[#Common names|common names]]), is a woodland [[flowering plant]] [[species]] in the family [[Araceae]]. It is native across most of [[Europe]], as well as [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern]] Turkey and the Caucasus.<ref name=ii90isd9afiasdf898s9dahf>{{cite web|title=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=16240|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726180421/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=16240|archive-date=2022-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=arum+maculatum Altervista Flora Italiana, Gigaro scuro, Cuckoo Pint, pied-de-veau, culebrera, gefleckter Aronstab,  ''Arum maculatum'' L. ]</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid</ref>

==Description==
The leaves of ''A. maculatum'' appear in the spring (April–May in the northern hemisphere, October–November in the southern hemisphere) and are 7 to 20&nbsp;cm long.<ref name="Stace">{{cite book|title=New Flora of the British Isles|first=Clive|last=Stace|date=2005|edition = 2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=778}}</ref> These are followed by the flowers borne on a poker-shaped [[inflorescence]] called a ''[[spadix (botany)|spadix]]'', which is partially enclosed in a pale green [[spathe]] or leaf-like hood. By relative inflorescence height, ''Arum'' species are divided into "cryptic" species, whose inflorescences are borne on a short peduncle amid or below the leaves, and "flag" species, whose inflorescences are above leaf level at the end of long peduncles. ''A. maculatum'' is a cryptic species.{{sfn|Gibernau|Macquart|Przetak|2004|p=152}} The spathe can be up to 25&nbsp;cm high and the fruiting spike which follows later in the season may be up to 5&nbsp;cm.<ref name="Stace"/> The flowers are hidden from sight, clustered at the base of the spadix with a ring of female flowers at the bottom and a ring of male flowers above them. The leaves may be either purple-spotted (var. ''maculatum'') or unspotted (var. ''immaculatum'').

Above the male flowers is a ring of hairs forming an insect trap. Insects, especially owl-midges [[Psychodidae|''Psychoda phalaenoides'']],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats18p333.pdf |title=The pollination of Arum maculatum L.- a historical review and new observations |author=Lack, A.J. |last2=Diaz |first2=A. |year=1991 |journal=Watsonia |volume=18 |pages=333–342 |accessdate=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109133219/http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats18p333.pdf |archivedate=2009-01-09 }}</ref> are attracted to the spadix by its faecal odour and a temperature up to 15&nbsp;°C warmer than the ambient temperature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemming |first1=F. W. |last2=Morton |first2=R. A. |last3=Pennock |first3=J. F. |title=Constituents of the unsaponifiable lipid fraction from the spadix of ''Arum maculatum'' |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=22 October 1963 |volume=158 |issue=972 |pages=291–310 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1963.0049|jstor=90493|bibcode=1963RSPSB.158..291H}}</ref> The insects are trapped beneath the ring of hairs and are dusted with [[pollen]] by the male flowers before escaping and carrying the pollen to the spadices of other plants, where they pollinate the female flowers. The spadix may also be yellow, but purple is the more common.
[[File:Arum maculatum 03 ies.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Poisonous berries]]
In autumn, the lower ring of (female) flowers forms a cluster of bright red, [[Berry (botany)|berries]]  up to 5&nbsp;cm long<ref name="Stace"/> which remain after the spathe and other leaves have withered away. These attractive red to orange berries are extremely poisonous.

The root-tuber may be very big and is used to store [[starch]]. In mature specimens, the tuber may be as much as 400&nbsp;mm below ground level.

[[Image:Diagram of Arum Maculatum.png|thumb|right|300px|1. Leaves and inflorescence, 2. Underground root-stock, 3. Lower part of spathe cut open – showing in succession (from below) female flowers, male flowers, and sterile flowers forming a ring of hairs borne on the spadix, 4. Spike of fruits]]
Many small [[rodent]]s appear to find the spadix particularly attractive; finding examples of the plant with much of the spadix eaten away is common. The spadix produces heat and probably scent as the flowers mature, and this may attract the rodents.

''Arum maculatum'' is also known as cuckoo pint or cuckoo-pint in the [[British Isles]] and is named thus in [[Nicholas Culpeper]]'s famous 17th-century herbal. This is a name it shares with ''[[Arum italicum]]'' (Italian lords-and-ladies), the other native British ''Arum''. "Pint" is a shortening of the word "pintle", meaning [[penis]], derived from the shape of the spadix. The euphemistic shortening has been traced to Turner in 1551.<ref name=Grig74>{{Cite book |last=Grigson |first=Geoffrey |year=1974 |title=A Dictionary of English Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-0442-0 }} p. 64</ref>

The plant is propagated by birds dispersing the seeds by eating the berries.<ref name=bto>{{Cite web |title=List of berry-producing plants |author=<!--not stated--> |website=British Trust for Ornithology |date= 7 September 2012|access-date=19 May 2021 |url= https://www.bto.org/our-science/projects/gbw/about/background/projects/berries/about-berries/list }}</ref> As a seedling the plant has small light green leaves that are not glossy like the mature leaves. At about 5 months its leaves grow larger and glossier. At one year old all of the leaves become glossy and die back. The next year the plant flowers during summer.

==Common names==
''A. maculatum'' is known by an abundance of common names including '''Adam and Eve''',<ref name=ncsu>{{Cite web |title=Arum maculatum (Adam and Eve, Arum, Bobbins, Cuckoo-Pint, Cuckoo Plant, Lords-and-Ladies, Starch Root, Wake Robin) |author= |website=North Carolina State University Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |date= |access-date=19 May 2021 |url= https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/arum-maculatum/}}</ref> '''adder's meat''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=W. J.|title=Our Country's Flowers and how to know them|publisher=Simkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co|year=1891|location=London|pages=1}}</ref> '''adder's root''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''arum''',<ref name=ncsu/> '''wild arum''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''arum lily''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''bobbins''',<ref name=ncsu/> '''cows and bulls''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''cuckoo pint''' ,<ref name=britannica>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=cuckoopint |author= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= |access-date=19 May 2021 |url= https://www.britannica.com/plant/cuckoopint}}</ref> '''cuckoo-plant''',<ref name=ncsu/> '''devils and angels''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''friar's cowl''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''jack in the pulpit''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''lamb-in-a-pulpit''',<ref name=":0"/> '''lords-and-ladies''',<ref name=britannica/> '''naked boys''',<ref name=pmid29963416/> '''snakeshead''',<ref name=pmid29963416>{{cite journal| author1=Prakash Raju KNJ|author2=Goel K|author3=Anandhi D|author4=Pandit VR|author5=Surendar R|author6= Sasikumar M| title=Wild tuber poisoning: Arum maculatum - A rare case report. | journal=Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci | year= 2018 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 111–114 | pmid=29963416 | doi=10.4103/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_9_18 | pmc=6018264 |doi-access=free }}</ref> '''starch-root''',<ref name=ncsu/> and '''wake-robin'''.<ref name=britannica/> Many names refer to the plant's appearance; "lords-and-ladies" and many other names may liken the plant to male and female genitalia symbolising copulation.<ref>[http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/lordsansladiesarum.htm Brickfields Country Park - ''Arum Maculatum'']. Accessed 22 October 2013.</ref> Starch-root is a simple description – the plant's root was used to make [[laundry starch]] and the 'lords and ladies' name may alternatively have referred to its use for starching the ruffs worn around the necks of the gentry during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Aruminparis.jpg|thumb|right|''Arum maculatum'' in a park in [[Paris]]]]
It grows in woodland areas and riversides. It can occasionally grow as a weed in partly shaded spots.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Taxonomy==
''A. maculatum'' is the type species of the genus ''Arum''.<ref name=GA>{{Cite book |last=Boyce|first=Peter |year=1993 |title=The Genus Arum |location=London |publisher=HMSO |isbn=0-11-250085-4 }}</ref>
Within the genus, it belongs to subgenus ''Arum'', section ''Arum''.<ref name=GA/>

''A. maculatum'' has a chromosome count of 2n = 56.<ref name=GA/>
[[File:ArumLily.jpg|thumb|arum maculatum]]

==Toxicity==
All parts of the plant can produce [[allergy|allergic reactions]] in many people and the plant should be handled with care.

The attractive berries are extremely poisonous to many animals, including humans, but harmless to birds, which eat them and propagate the seeds.<ref name=bto/> They contain [[oxalates]] of [[saponins]], which have needle-shaped crystals that irritate the skin, mouth, tongue, and throat, and result in swelling of throat, difficulty breathing, burning pain, and upset stomach. However, their acrid taste, coupled with the almost immediate tingling sensation in the mouth when consumed, means that large amounts are rarely taken and serious harm is unusual.<ref name=pmid29963416/> It is one of the most common causes of accidental plant poisoning based on attendance at hospital emergency departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/atoz/arum_maculatum.htm|title=Arum maculatum, cuckoopint, lords and ladies|last=Robertson |first=John 2009|year=2009|publisher=The Poison Garden|accessdate=2009-08-01}}</ref>

There is no known antidote to ''A. maculatum'' poisoning. Airway management may reduce the mortality, and aggressive fluid administration may prevent renal injury.<ref name=pmid29963416/>

==Uses==

===Culinary===
The root of the cuckoo-pint, when roasted well, is edible and when ground was once traded under the name of Portland [[sago]]. It was used like [[salep]] (orchid flour) to make [[saloop]], a drink popular before the introduction of tea or coffee.  It was also used as a substitute for [[arrowroot]].  It can be highly toxic if not prepared correctly.<ref name=nsl>[http://www.naturessecretlarder.co.uk/wild-food-useful-plants/cuckoo-pint-arum-maculatum.htm ''Cuckoo pint'' at naturesecretlarder.co.uk];  retrieved 3 October 2020</ref>

The leaves, which are toxic, can be mistaken for edible [[sorrel]].<ref name=nsl/>

''Arum maculatum'' is also used to make soup in the Andırın region of Turkey where the leaves are leavened with yogurt and boiled for long hours which eliminates toxicity. This process results in a sour soup which is called Tirşik.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tırşik Çorbası (Andırın Kahramanmaraş)|trans-title=Tırsik Soup (Andırın Kahramanmaraş)|language=TR|date=2022-02-10|url=https://yoresel.lezzetler.com/tirsik-corbasi-andirin-kahramanmaras-vt107607|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726065737/https://yoresel.lezzetler.com/tirsik-corbasi-andirin-kahramanmaras-vt107607|archive-date=2022-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Roma (people)|Roma]] of [[Sliven]] collect the leaves, dry them in a weave and boil them with several changes of water prior to using them in [[beef stew]].{{sfn|Ivanova|Marchev|Chervenkov|Bosseva|2023}}

===Cultivated===
''Arum maculatum'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] in traditional and woodland [[shade garden]]s. The cluster of bright red berries standing alone without foliage can be a striking landscape accent. The mottled and variegated leaf patterns can add bright interest in darker [[habitat]]s.

''Arum maculatum'' may hybridize with ''[[Arum italicum]]''.<ref name=Plantsman>Plantsman v13:3, p142, September 2014; Royal Horticultural Society</ref>

===Laundry starch===
The roots were a traditional source of [[Starch#Clothing starch|starch for stiffening clothes]]. In 1440, the nuns of [[Syon Abbey]] in England used the roots of the cuckoo-pint flower to make starch for church linens; only starch "made of herbes" could be used for [[Mass (liturgy)|communion]] linen.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Starching Fabric|url=http://www.oldandinteresting.com/laundry-starch-history.aspx|website=Old and Interesting|date=21 July 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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* {{cite journal |date=1965 |first1=Egon |last1=Stahl |first2=U. |last2=Kaltenbach |title=Die basischen Inhaltsstoffe des Aronstabes (Arum maculatum L.) |pages=599–604 |doi=10.1002/ardp.19652980908 |journal=Archiv der Pharmazie – Chemistry in Life Sciences |issn=0365-6233 |volume=298 |issue=9 |pmid=5218773 |language=de |trans-title=The Basic Components of the Cuckoopint (Arum maculatum L.)}} [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/html/tr/AD0872850/index.html English translation] ({{doi|10.21236/AD0872850}}).
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Arum maculatum}}
* [http://www.naturessecretlarder.co.uk/wild-food-useful-plants/cuckoo-pint-arum-maculatum.htm Nature's Secret Larder]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q836366}}

[[Category:Arum|maculatum]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Plant toxins]]
[[Category:Plants with cormous rhizomes]]
[[Category:Plants with cormous stolons]]
[[Category:Neurotoxins]]
[[Category:Thermogenic plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Tubers]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]