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{{Infobox royalty | name = Askia Muhammad I | title = Askia | image = | full name = Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi | reign = April 1493 – 1528 | predecessor = [[Sunni Baru]] | successor = [[Askia Musa]] | birth_date = {{Circa|1443}} | birth_place = [[Gao]] | death_date = {{Circa|1538}} (aged 94–95) | death_place = Gao, [[Songhai Empire]] | date of burial = | place of burial = {{unbulleted list|[[Tomb of Askia]] [[Gao]]|[[Mali]]}} | spouse = | issue = [[Askia Musa]], [[Askia Isma'il]], [[Askia Ishaq I]], [[Askia Dawud]], hawah, Fatimatu and 465 other children | royal house = | dynasty = [[Askia dynasty]] | father = Abi Bakr | mother = Kassey | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] }} [[File:Map of the Songhay Empire.png|thumb|right|Extent of the [[Songhai Empire]].]] '''Askia Muhammad Ture I''' (1443–1538), born '''Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi'''{{efn|Or, it is said, al-Sillanki}} or '''Muhammad Ture''', was the first ruler of the [[Askia dynasty]] of the [[Songhai Empire]], reigning from 1493 to 1528. He is also known as '''Askia the Great''', and his name in modern [[Songhay languages|Songhai]] is '''Mamar Kassey'''. Askia Muhammad strengthened his empire and made it the largest empire in [[West Africa]]'s history. At its peak under his reign, the Songhai Empire encompassed the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] states as far as [[Kano (city)|Kano]] (in present-day Northern [[Nigeria]]) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the east. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], the creation of many schools, and the establishment of [[Islam]] as an integral part of the empire. Muhammad was a prominent general under the Songhai ruler [[Sunni Ali]]. When [[Sunni Ali]] was succeeded by his son, [[Sunni Baru]], in 1492, Muhammad challenged the succession on the grounds that the new ruler was not a faithful Muslim.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GX1fNzyNO5AC&pg=PA78&dq=%22Sunni+Baru%22 Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical] By Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam</ref> He defeated Baru and ascended to the throne in 1493.<ref name="globaled">[http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/african3.html Biographical information on historical African figures] from globaled.org</ref> Ture subsequently orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation which extended the empire from Taghaza in the North to the borders of [[Yatenga Province|Yatenga]] in the South; and from Air in the Northeast to [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Djallon]] in Guinea. Instead of organizing the empire along Islamic lines, he tempered and improved on the traditional model by instituting a system of bureaucratic government unparalleled in [[Western Africa]]. In addition, Askia established standardized trade measures and regulations, initiated the policing of trade routes and also established an organized tax system. He was overthrown by his son, [[Askia Musa]], in 1528.<ref>[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396293/Muhammad-I-Askia#md-media-strip-tab-lists-content ''Muḥammad I Askia Songhai ruler''] from britannica.com</ref> ==Name and origins== The ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' gives Askia Muhammad's name as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or al-Sillanki.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=102}} The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' gives his name as Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=85}} Al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the [[Soninke people|Soninke]] clan names Ture and Sila by many historians. However, Stephan Bühnen has argued that they should be interpreted as ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]''s referring to ancestry from [[Futa Toro]] or Silla in the [[Senegal River|Senegal]] valley, and favors the possibility that his ancestors originally came from Futa Toro.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005}} After going on the ''[[hajj]]'' in 1497–1498, he also became known as Askia al-Hajj Muhammad.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=83}} In modern Songhai, he is known as Mamar Kassey.{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126}} Mamar is a form of the name Muhammad, and Kassey is a [[matronymic]]. [[File:Askia.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Askia]] in Mali, claimed to be Askia Muhammad's tomb.]] The theory that Askia Muhammad's family originated in Futa Toro is controversial and has been generally rejected by the [[Songhai people]] themselves, especially by Muhammad's modern descendants who see in it a challenge to their ethnicity. His exact surname has not been definitively determined and no Toucouleur or Soninke oral source claim him as one of their own. The Tarikh al-Fattash uses the title 'maiga' for him, which is only used for the patrilineal kin of the [[Sunni dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The term 'sonhinkey,' which suggests a Soninke ethnic origin for Askia, is also the name of a clan of Songhai magicians responsible for the pre-Islamic cult and forming a younger branch of the royal Sunni clan without rights to the throne. Songhai oral traditions claim the father of Askia Mohammed originated from this clan. [[Omar Komajago]], Askia's brother, is never described as a Touré or a Sylla. The term at-Turi, which designates the geographical origin of a person, could be the name of Askia's father's village. There is a Songhai village call Tureh in [[Niger]] in the [[Tillabéri Region]] in the [[Tera Department]]. Although Askia Mohamed is generally seen as the son of princess Kassey, sister of [[Sunni Ali Ber]], it is impossible that he himself came from Fouta Toro because the post of general was only given to a member of the royal family and ethnic Songhai patrilineally. The theory that he is an ethnic Songhai through both his father and mother is being studied at the Ahmed Baba center in [[Timbuktu]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Boubou Hama|title=L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple, les Zarma-Songhay|publisher=Présence africaine| year=1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bac5AQAAIAAJ|language=fr}}</ref> ==Title== The title Askia{{efn|Or Askiya}} ({{langx|ar|اسكيا}}) is of unknown origin,{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=335}} but had been in use since the early 13th century, if not earlier.{{sfn|de Moraes Farias|2008|p=102}} It may derive from an arabic word for 'general.'<ref name = Page>{{cite book |last1=Page |first1=Willie F. |editor1-last=Davis |editor1-first=R. Hunt |title=Encyclopedia of African History and Culture |date=2005 |publisher=Facts On File |edition=Illustrated, revised}}</ref>{{rp|253}} The ''Tarikh al-Sudan'' provides a folk etymology for the title, claiming that Askia Muhammad invented the title himself based on the lament of Sonni Ali's daughters when they had learned he had seized power: "''a si Kiya''", meaning "it is not his"{{sfn|Gomez|2018|p=226}} or "he shall not be it".{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=103}} The original pronunciation of the title is not known; in modern Songhai, it is pronounced ''siciya''.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=335}} Moroccan sources spelled the title Sukyā or Sikyā, [[Leo Africanus]] spelled it Ischia, and a contemporary Portuguese source spelled it Azquya. ==Early life== Askia Muhammad was born in [[Gao]]. His father, Baru Lum,{{efn|Baru is a Songhai form of the name Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=102}} Lum is a clan name, probably of Fula origin.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005|p=89}}}} was of [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] or [[Soninke people|Soninke]] ancestry, with ancestors hailing from the [[Senegal River]] valley.{{efn|The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' says that Askia Muhammad was a descendent of the Torodo. Torodo is Fula for "people of Toro" and refers to the Toucouleur. The clan name Lum is more likely to be of Toucouleur than Soninke origin. The names al-Turi and al-Sillanki have been interpreted as the Soninke clan names Ture and Sila, but they may be references to his father or father's ancestors coming from either [[Futa Toro]] or Silla in the Senegal valley. Futa Toro was predominantly Toucouleur and Silla was predominantly Soninke.{{sfn|Bühnen|2005}}}} His mother was named Kassey{{efn|Spelling variants: Kasay,{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=181}} Kassaye,{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126}} Kassaï,{{sfn|Houdas|Delafosse|1913|p=114}} Kassey, Kassai, and Kasse{{sfn|Bellama|1970}}}} and is said in oral tradition to have been the sister of Sonni Ali.{{sfn|Johnson|Hale|Belcher|1997|p=126–127}} ==Rebellion== Under [[Sonni Ali]], Muhammad Ture was a powerful general but frequently clashed with the king. The ''Tarikh al-Fattash'' paints him as a faithful Muslim opposed to Ali's harsh treatment of the ''[[ulama]]'' of [[Timbuktu]].{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=427}} In 1492, shortly after the death of [[Sonni Ali]], Muhammad Ture, then a general, rose up against Ali's son [[Sonni Baru]], claiming he was not a faithful Muslim. He drew his support from the ''[[ulama]]'' of [[Timbuktu]], harshly persecuted under Ali, and Mansa Kura, the Muslim chief of Bara. Sonni Baru drew his from the traditional religious leaders of the Songhay and the ''[[Dendi (province)|Dendi]] fara'', commander of an eastern province.{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=427}} Ture defeated Baru at the [[Battle of Anfao]] in April 1493 outside of [[Gao]] and took power and the title 'Askia'.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Muhammad I Askia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-I-Askia#ref280738 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> ==Reign== In 1496 he made the [[hajj]] to [[Mecca]], accompanied by 500 horsemen and 1000 infantry. Although he made many charitable donations during his pilgrimage, including setting up a place for West Africa pilgrims to stay in Medina, he returned to Gao having accumulated 50,000 ducats in debt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Toby |title=A Fistful of Shells |date=2020 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=UK |page=62}}</ref> Despite being away for nearly two years, his return buttressed his position with the prestige of the titles of ''al-hajj'' and ''[[Caliph|khalifa]]'', and Islam became a pillar of his rule.{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=428}} Upon his return, he embarked on a series of campaigns against the [[Mossi people|Mossi]], the [[Sultanate of Agadez]], and the [[Kanem-Borno empire]].<ref name="Britannica" /> In 1501 he defeated the son of the [[mansa (title)|Mansa]] [[Mahmud III]], Qama-fiti-Kalli, and sacked and captured Diafunu.<ref>Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", page 222. Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Oumar |editor1-last=Fall |editor1-first=Mamadou |editor2-last=Fall |editor2-first=Rokhaya |editor3-last=Mane |editor3-first=Mamadou |title=Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle |date=2021 |publisher=HGS Editions |location=Dakar |page=54 |language=French |chapter=La Formation du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella}}</ref> In 1504 an invasion of [[Borgu]] ended in disaster. An expedition to [[Walata]] captured the town, but was unable to hold it against [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] pressure, and Askia Muhammad accepted tribute in exchange for his abandoning the town. This alliance with the Tuareg was a key pillar of Songhai power, particularly in their control over the salt mines of [[Taghaza]].{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=432}} In 1512, his brother Omar Komajago led an army that destroyed Futa Kingi, killed [[Tenguella]], and brought the [[Kingdom of Diarra]] under the empire's sway.<ref name=Niane>{{cite book |last1=Niane |first1=Djibril Tamsir |author1-link=Djibril Tamsir Niane |editor1-last=Shillington |editor1-first=Kevin |title=Encyclopedia of African History |date=2005 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |location=New York |pages=921–922 |chapter=Mali Empire: Decline, Fifteenth Century}}</ref> 1515 saw another campaign against [[Agadez]], reinforcing the Songhai position there. This was the peak of his power. Askia Muhammad had earlier conquered [[Katsina (city)|Katsina]], [[Zaria]] and [[Gobir]], devastating the cities with slave-taking and heavy taxation. The expedition against Agadez caused dissession when the [[Kebbi Emirate|Emir of Kebbi]] felt he had been cheated of his share of the spoils and rebelled, ending Songhai hegemony in Hausaland.{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=433}} ===Reforms=== Askia Muhammad profoundly reorganized the Songhai empire. Where Sonni Ali had been a diffident Muslim, Askia was devout. He based the legal system on [[sharia law]], invited Islamic scholars from North Africa, and established Islam as the official religion of the noble class. He also divided the empire into provinces with centrally appointed governors and created a series of ministries (including finance, justice, interior, protocol, agriculture, waters and forests, and matters pertaining to “tribes of the white race” e.g. [[Tuaregs]] and [[Berbers]]), with all important positions filled by relatives.<ref name="Britannica" /> Although [[Gao]] remained the capital, [[Timbuktu]] became a kind of second capital.{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=428}} Askia Muhammad created a professionalized army, rather than the general levy that his predecessors had commanded. These soldiers, legally slaves of the Askia, could be sent on long expeditions away from the [[Niger river]].{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=430}} ==Exile and death== Askia Muhammad had many sons, who jockeyed for position and influence at court. When a younger one, Bala, was appointed to a presitigious governorship, [[Askia Musa|Musa]] threatened to have the king's powerful advisor 'Ali Folon killed and drove him to exile in [[Tindirma]] in 1526. He had been concealing the fact that Muhammad, well over 70 years old, had gone blind.{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=434}} Ill and increasingly politically isolated, Askia Muhammad was forced to abdicate by his son [[Askia Musa]] in August 1528. Musa reigned only 3 years before being killed by his brothers.<ref name = Page/>{{rp|22}} [[Askia Mohammad Benkan|His successor]], the son of Omar Kondjago and Muhammad's nephew, exiled the old king to an island in the Niger. From here, he plotted with his son [[Askia Isma'il|Ismail]] to retake the throne. This was accomplished in April 1537, and Muhammad returned to Gao where he ceremonially conferred on Ismail the title and regalia of Caliph.{{sfn|Levtzion|1977|p=436}} He died [[Tomb of Askia|and was buried]] in Gao in 1538.<ref name="Britannica" /> == Descent from Askia == The ''Tarikh al fattash'' reports the many descendants of Askia Muhammad, who is said to have had 471 children from many wives and [[concubines]] of various origins. Just like [[Genghis Khan]] in [[Asia]] and [[Charlemagne]] in [[Europe]], Emperor Askia Muhammad and the emperors descended from his brother Omar Komdjago constitute patrilineal or matrilineal ancestors of a significant part of the native Sahelian populations and descendants of Sahelians who extend over 6 country where the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] are present, their descendants are mainly linked to powerful old royal house where always according to the sahel.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=180 n40}} === Mamar Haamey === {{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}} '''Mamar''' is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of [[Askia Ishaq II]], Askia Nuh, {{ill|Askia Mohammed V Gao|fr}} who were dethroned by Moroccans after the [[Battle of Tondibi]] and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, generals who constitute the children and grandchildren of the askia, in Mali they are scattered among their subjects and occupy the positions of village chief, and were under for some under the authority of the Moroccan arma chiefs (Gao Alkaydo of Gao, the Pasha of [[Pashalik of Timbuktu|Timbuktu]]) before [[France|French]] colonization, only [[Djenne]] royal house, [[Hombori]] royal house and Kikara royal house have Askyanid ruler in Mali. In western [[Niger]] where the great princes migrated with all the strong lineage they founded powerful [[Emirate]]s such as [[Dargol]], [[Téra|Tera]], [[Gothèye]], [[karma, Niger|Karma]], [[Namaro]], [[Sikié]], [[Kokorou]], larba Birno, Gounday next to the sunni emirs of [[Gorouol]], Anzourou, they are constantly at war with each other and against the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] ouelleminden and oudalan and the Fulani of [[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]], those who mi gre further south reigns in [[Gaya, Niger|Gaya]], [[Bana, Niger|Bana]], [[Tanda, Niger|Tanda]], [[Yelou]], [[Bengou]], loulami, [[Karimama, Benin|karimama]], [[Banikoara]] up to [[Djougou]] where they are in the majority and have formed the dendi where they are mixed and reign over the [[Bariba people|Bariba]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Gur languages|Gur]], [[Mandé people|Mandé]], Yom, their arrival at the [[Dendi (province)]] triggers the assimilation of non-Songhai populations to the Songhai culture and language and an Islamization of the bargou, they are in Niger integrated with the [[Za Dynasty|Za]] and [[Sunni Dynasty|Sunni]] with the ethnic name '''Zarma''', the most notable are the [[Emir]] '''Oumarou karma''' who fought against French colonization, '''Gabelinga Hama Kassa''' the military leader of goundey allied with '''wangugnya issa korombeyze moodi''' the mother of the war of '''zarmatarey''' during the wars against the caliphate of sokoto, they joined [[Babatu (warlord)|Babatu]] in [[Gurunsi people|Gurunsi]] and [[Kingdom of Dagbon|Dagbon]] to conquer the [[French Upper Volta|Upper Volta]] and the [[Northern Territories of the Gold Coast]]. The three members of the three dynasties on arrival Colonial was associated with the non-royal clans, their attached religious clans and their freedmen to form '''1/4''' of the Songhai population, '''3/4''' being made up of the servile mass that they had at their service. The Mamar haamey considering themselves uncles of the '''Djermas''' never enter into conflict with them and join forces with them to beat the sokoto, the [[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]], the Fulani of Dori and boboye and the Tuaregs. In Burkina they are overwhelmed by the Fulani and Tuareg masses and many were ethnically assimilated by the Fulani, they are in Darkoye, [[Markoye]] and [[Gorom Gorom]] with the [[Sunni Dynasty|Sunni]]. The descendants of the askia like that of sunni carry the title of '''Maiga''' associated with imperial power. === Songhai Djermas === {{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}} The descendants of the '''Askia''' are also to be found mainly among the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] subgroup of the [[Zarma people|Djermas]] descending from the previous [[Za Dynasty]] of the [[Sunni Dynasty]] and [[Askia Dynasty]] and who ruled over the [[Gao Empire]], the marriages between the members descending from the three powerful songhai dynasty was frequent and the princesses of blood and noble milk were only exchanged between these three dynasty, thus '''khaman Duksa''', [[Zarmakoy]] sambo ([[Mali Bero]]) and '''Tagour Gana''' of the 17th and 18th century descendants of the za all took wives from the descendants of the askia living with them in the dendi, the askia reigning in the dendi on the right bank of the river and the royal Za lineage of the '''waazi''', '''sega''', '''fahmey''', '''kogori''', '''kandi''', '''Manay''', '''Zem''' on the left bank, they bear the royal title of [[Zarmakoy|Djermakoy]] which does not It is to bear that to the descendant of the za, he reigns in the zarmaganda ([[Tondikiwindi]], [[Ouallam]], [[Simiri]] ) over the '''kalley''' and in the zarmatarey ([[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]], [[kiota]], yeni, [[Fakara]], [[kouré]], [[kollo, Niger|Kollo]], [[libore]], [[N'Dounga]], [[kirtachi]], babousaye, [[Tondikandia]], bogole, [[Hamdallaye, Niger|Hamdallaye]], [[Garankedey]], [[Fabidji]] ) over the '''Gooley'''. The [[Maouri people|Maouri]] ( Royale house of Mawrikoy of sokorbe and Mawrikoy of Moussadey), '''Gubey''' (Royale house of goubekoy of [[Loga, Niger|Loga]]) assimilated and having constituted royal houses married to the za. Matrimonial relations between the askia and the za are the basis of cousinhood between the Songhai djermas and the [[Songhai proper|Songhai Mamar Hamey]]. The Mamar Haamey consider themselves the maternal uncles of the Zarma, the same relationship is observed with the descendants of the [[Sunni Ali Ber]] . The descendants of the [[Za Dynasty]] have always occupied high positions in the empire in the [[Army]] and the administration, especially in the military province of dendi, where they held the position of '''Dendi Fari''' and their role was decisive in stopping the advance Moroccan in the dendi with generals of values like '''Hawa ize maali''' and '''yefarma ishak''' of the house of Manay. the Mamar Hamay occupy two djerma kingdoms by imposition during the French colonization in Niger, the French massacre to the last the royal house of the Zarmakoy of [[Ouallam]] and bring in a Mamar Haama from [[Hombori]] to occupy the vacant throne, same case in the '''Fakara''' where a mamar haama is imported from '''Yonkoto''' to occupy the throne, all within the framework of the armed revolt of mamar haama oumarou emir of karma against the [[Colony|Colonial]] administration, the saying between songhai'' we are only one family that will chew each other but never swallow each other'' is used so that the populations of these two principalities accept the taxes. the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] do not have a problem when an ethnic Songhai comes to usurp a throne from them but this revolts in the case of a non-Songhai and leaves the country when they cannot prevent the unknown . The Djerma, the mamar hamey and the si hamey all qualify as '''zaberbenda''' (the descendants of za the great, za el ayaman) and must support each other in the event of an enemy attack, when the mamar haama are attacked on the right bank, the '''Tubal''' [[War drum]] are struck to warn the left bank where the '''Djerma princes''' are beating theirs to gather their armies and cross the river to support their brother in the west and vice versa. === Hausa land === {{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}} '''Askia Mohamed I''' is the maternal ancestor of the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] [[Sultans]] of the [[Bagauda Dynasty]] through his daughter '''Awah''' married to [[Muhammad Rumfa]] Sultan of [[Sultanate of Kano|Kano]] during the conquest of the [[Hausa Kingdoms]] by the [[Songhai Empire]], they are replaced by the [[Fulani people|Fulani]] [[Sullubawa|Sullubawa clan]] [[Ibrahim Dabo|Dabo Dynasty]] during the conquest of [[Sultanate of Kano|kano]] by the [[Caliphate of Sokoto|Sokoto caliphate]], having many daughters the askia contracted diplomatic marriages with the kings subject to his power to ensure their loyalty, kano is certainly not the only Hausa state where this kind relationships were established. All Hausa descendants of Muhammad Rumfa sultan of Kano are matrilineal line descendants of Askia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epdf.tips/concubines-and-power-five-hundred-years-in-a-northern-nigerian-palace.html|title=Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace|website=epdf.tips|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> === Others === The [[Arma people|Arma]] who come from the marriage between the [[Spanish people|Spanish]] soldiers of [[Morocco]] and the [[Songhai people|Songhai]] women are also in matrilineal line descending from the [[Askiya]] for the most part. Throughout the '''Central Sahel''', the descendants in patrilineal or matrilineal line of the askia can be around Million drawn from the ethnic Songhai which amounts to nearly 11 million people and possible descendants among the [[Hausa people|Hausa]], The [[Fulani people|Fula]] and there are generally only than associated with royal houses. The pyramidal [[Tomb of Askia]] located in [[Gao]] has not been the subject of any excavation to examine his remains in order to carry out genetic examinations and these known descendants have no longer been the subject of study, only a genetic study can confirm the historical connection. Are sons the [[Askia Dawud]] also had Total '''333 children''' according to the [[Tarikh al-Sudan]]{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=184 n68}} while the [[Tarikh al-Fattash]] has 61 children, 30 of whom died at a young age.{{sfn|Hunwick|1999|p=184 n68}} the many princes died for the most part young because of the assassinations that occurred during the successions to the imperial throne, especially with the emperors [[Askia Musa]] the eldest of the sons of the askia born of his [[Dahomean]] concubine who carried out a coup and murdered a good number of these brothers and 25 to 35 of these cousins. The successions on the imperial [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] throne are generally preceded by a battle between the princes, the strongest generally takes power, it is this instability which favored the Moroccan invasion and the defeat of [[Battle of Tondibi|Tondibi]] due to a weak contribution of troops resulting from the cold between the emperor '''Ishaq II''' and the balama of the '''kurmina'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Invasion of Morocco in1591 and the Saadian Dynasty |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/morco_1591.html |publisher=University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center}}</ref> ==Legacy== Askia encouraged learning and literacy, ensuring that Songhai's universities produced the most distinguished scholars, many of whom published significant books and one of which was his nephew and friend Mahmud Kati. To secure the legitimacy of his usurpation of the [[Sonni dynasty]], Askia Muhammad allied himself with the scholars of [[Timbuktu]], ushering in a golden age in the city for [[scientific]] and [[Muslim]] [[scholarship]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vogel |first=Joseph O. |title=Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments |page=493 |year=1997 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=0-7619-8902-1 }}</ref> The eminent scholar [[Ahmad Baba al Massufi|Ahmed Baba]], for example, produced books on [[Sharia|Islamic law]] which are still in use today. Muhammad Kati published ''[[Tarikh al-fattash]]'' and Abdul-Rahman as-Sadi published ''[[Tarikh al-Sudan]]'' (''Chronicle of The Black Land''), two history books which are indispensable to present-day scholars reconstructing African history in the [[Middle Ages]]. The king's supposed tomb, the [[Tomb of Askia]], is now a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. ===In popular culture=== * The [[Nigerien]] musical group [[Mamar Kassey]] is named after Askia Muhammad. * In the turn-based strategy game ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization V]]'', Askia Muhammad is depicted as the leader of the [[Songhai Empire|Songhai]] civilization, one of the playable factions.{{sfn|Johnston|2010}} == See also == ==Footnotes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ===Primary sources=== {{refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{citation | author = al-Sadi | title = Taʾrīkh al-Sūdān }}, translated in {{harvnb|Hunwick|1999}} {{refend}} ===Other sources=== {{refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{cite book|title = Si Ali and Askia Mohammed: two interpretations: the Muslim chronicles vs. Songhay oral tradition | first1 = David | last1 = Bellama | date = 1970 }} *{{Cite journal| volume = 1| pages = 83–90| last = Bühnen| first = Stephan| title = Askiya Muḥammad I and his qabīla: name and provenance| journal = Sudanic Africa| date = 2005| jstor = 25653427}} *{{Cite book| publisher = Princeton University Press| isbn = 978-0-691-17742-7| last = Gomez| first = Michael A.| title = African dominion: a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa| location = Princeton| date = 2018|title-link=African Dominion}} *{{cite book | title = Tarikh el-Fettach ou Chronique du Chercheur, par Mahmoûd Kâti ben El-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel Kâti et l'un de ses petits-fils | first1 = O. | last1 = Houdas | first2 = M. | last2 = Delafosse | place = Paris | year = 1913 }} *{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 978-90-04-11207-0| last1 = Hunwick| first1 = John O.| title = Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and other contemporary documents| location = Leiden; Boston| series = Islamic history and civilization : studies and texts| date = 1999}} *{{cite book | editor-first1 = John William | editor-last1 = Johnson | editor-first2 = Thomas A. | editor-last2 = Hale | editor-first3 = Stephen | editor-last3 = Belcher | title = Oral epics from Africa: vibrant voices from a vast continent | year = 1997 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0-253-21110-7 }} *{{cite web | first1 = Casey | last1 = Johnston | title = Statecraft as entertainment: Ars reviews Civilization V | work = Ars Technica | url = https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/09/statecraft-as-entertainment-ars-reviews-civilization-v/ | access-date = 2022-02-07 | date = 2010-09-20 }} *{{Cite book| publisher = HSRC Press| isbn = 978-0-7969-2204-5| editor-first1 = Shamil | editor-last1 = Jeppie | editor-first2 = Souleymane Bachir | editor-last2 = Diagne | last = de Moraes Farias| first = Paulo F.| title = The meanings of Timbuktu| chapter = Intellectual innovation and reinvention of the Sahel: the seventeenth-century Timbuktu chronicles| location = Cape Town| date = 2008}} *{{cite book|author1=Josef W. Meri|author2=Jere L. Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA764|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-96692-4|page=764}} *{{cite book |last1=Levtzion |first1=Nehemiah |author1-link=Nehemiah Levtzion |editor1-last=Oliver |editor1-first=Ronald |title=The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600 |date=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139054577 |pages=331–462|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-africa/C022553858696B7F0FF6728ED795B8E1 |access-date=12 March 2024 |chapter= 5 - The western Maghrib and Sudan }} *{{Citation |last=Stoller |first=Paul |year=1992|title=The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch |publisher= University of Chicago Press|publication-place= |page=105|isbn=9780226775487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evrPTDsBoOYC&q=the+cinematic+griot |access-date=2021-06-04}} {{refend}} ==External links== *[http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Songhay/SunniAli01.html ''Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan'' – Xavier University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001190555/http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms/Songhay/SunniAli01.html |date=2018-10-01 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140357/http://www.africanlegends.info/ Ancient African Legends] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Askia Muhammad I}} [[Category:1440s births]] [[Category:1538 deaths]] [[Category:16th-century monarchs in Africa]] [[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]] [[Category:Songhai emperors]] [[Category:16th-century Muslims]] [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
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