Editing Askunu language

{{Short description|Nuristani language spoken in Afghanistan}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ashkun
| altname          = Âṣkuňu, Saňu-vīri
| states           = [[Afghanistan]]
| region           = [[Nuristan Province]]
| speakers         = 40,000
| date             = 2011
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Nuristani language|Proto-Nuristani]]
| script           = [[Arabic script]], [[Latin script]]
| iso3             = ask
| glotto           = ashk1246
| glottorefname    = Ashkun
| lingua           = 58-ACA-a
| notice           = Indic
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Ashkun is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}
'''Ashkun''' (''{{lang|ask|Âṣkuňu}}'') is a [[Nuristani language]] spoken by the [[Ashkun]] people – also known as the Âṣkun, Âṣkuňu, Askina, Saňu, Sainu, Yeshkun, Wamas, or Grâmsaňâ – from the region of the central [[Pech Valley]] around [[Wama, Afghanistan|Wâmâ]]  and in some eastern tributary valleys of the upper Alingar River in Afghanistan's [[Nuristan Province]]. Other major places where the language of Ashkun is spoken are Nuristan Province, Pech Valley in Wama District, eastern side of the Lower Alingar Valley in Nurgaram and Duab districts, Malil wa Mushfa, Titin, Kolatan and Bajagal valleys.

It is classified as a member of the [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] sub-family of the [[Indo-Iranian languages]].

==Name==
The name ''Ashkun'' comes from ''Âṣkuňu'' {{IPA|ask|aʂkuˈɽ̃u|}} in the local language. The alternative name ''Saňu'' {{IPA|ask|sɘˈɽ̃u|}} in Ashkun, denoting a group of people living in Wâmâ, has cognates in other [[Nuristani languages]], such as [[Kamviri dialect|Kamviri]] ''Ćâňu'' {{IPA|xvi|t͡saˈɽ̃u|}}, [[Kata-vari dialect|Katë]] ''Ćâvřu'' {{IPA|bsh|t͡saˈβɻu|}}, and [[Wasi-wari|Prasun]] ''Zünyu'' {{IPA|prn|zyn̪ˈju|}}.

==Demographics==
'''Current status:''' There are currently about 40,000 ethnic people who speak this language. None of the mentioned people are monolinguals. Illiteracy rate among this group of people is around 5%-15%.

'''Location:''' Upper-middle Pech Valley and over the watershed into the Bâźâigal, Mâsēgal, and Titin valleys of upper Laghmân.

'''Dialects/Varieties:''' Âṣkuňu-veri (Kolâtẫ, Titin, Bâźâigal), Gřâmsaňâ-vīri, Saňu-vīri (Wâmâî). Not intelligible with the other Nuristani languages.

==Dialects==
Ashkun can be split into several dialects spoken in southwestern Nuristan, including Âṣkuňu-veri (Kolâtẫ), Gřâmsaňâ-vīri, Saňu-vīri (Wâmâî), Titin, and Bâźâigal. The main body of the Âṣkuňu tribe inhabits the Aṣkũgal (Kolâtẫ, Mâsēgal) Valley, which drains southwestward into the Alingar River. These people speak a dialect which differs from that of their neighbors in the Titin Valley to the south (cf. Morgenstierne 1929). The inhabitants of the Bâźâigal Valley further up the Alingar are reported to speak a third dialect. Across a mountain ridge to the east of the Âṣkuňu two tribal groups, each with its own dialect, center on the villages of Wâmâ and Gřâmsaňâgřām (Ačaṇu) off the Pech River.<ref>Strand, R. F. (1973). Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages. Journal of the American Oriental Society, (3). 297.</ref> For this article, most cited forms will be based on the Wâmâ dialect (Saňu-vīri).

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-]])[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|<br>palatal]]
![[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-]]<br>[[Palato-alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|p
|t
|
|
|ʈ
|k
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|b
|d
|
|
|ɖ
|ɡ
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|
|(t͡s)
|t͡ɕ
|t͡ʃ
|t͡ʂ
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
|(d͡z)
|d͡ʑ
|d͡ʒ
|d͡ʐ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
![[Voicelessness|<small>voiceless</small>]]
|(f)
|s
|
|ʃ
|ʂ
|(x)
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|v
|z
|
|ʒ
|ʐ
|(ɣ)
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|
|
|ɳ
|ŋ
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|(ɾ)
|
|
|ɽ, (ɽ̃)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|l
|j
|
|
|
|}

*/ɽ/ can be heard as nasalized [ɽ̃] or as a nasal tap [ɳ̆], when within nasalized vowel positions, contrasting with a retroflex nasal [ɳ].
*/t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/ can have fronted allophones of [t͡s, d͡z] in free variation.
*The tap [ɾ] is in complementary distribution with /ɽ/.
*Sounds [f, x, ɣ, q, ħ, ʕ, ʔ, h] also may occur, but they are not fully integrated in the sound system.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|i
|(ɨ)
|u
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|ə
|o
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|a
|
|}

* Vowels may also be nasalized as /ĩ, ẽ, ə̃, ã, õ, ũ/
* /ə, ə̃/ can have allophones of [ɨ, ɨ̃].

== Orthography ==
The Ashkun language is strictly passed on orally and has no written resources that can be traced.

== Vocabulary ==
===Pronouns===
{|class=wikitable
!colspan=2|Person
!Nominative
!Accusative
!Genitive
|-
!rowspan=2|1st
!sg.
|''âi''
|''iũ''
|''imâ''
|-
!pl.
|colspan=2|''ima''
|''imbâ''
|-
!rowspan=2|2nd
!sg.
|''tu''
|''to''
|''toâ̄''
|-
!pl.
|''vi''
|''iã''
|''iâmbâ''
|}

===Numbers===
# ''âc̣''
# ''du''
# ''tra''
# ''ćâtâ̄''
# ''põć''
# ''ṣo''
# ''sōt''
# ''ōṣṭ''
# ''no''
# ''dos''

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* Cardona, G. (2014). Indo-Iranian languages. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.
* Grierson, G. A. (1927). Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. By Georg Morgenstierne. Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co.(W. Nygaard). 10× 6, 98 pp. and 3 maps. Price 2s. 9d. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series)'', ''59''(02), 368–375.
* Grierson, G. A. (1927). [Review of ''Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan'']. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', (2), 368–375.  {{JSTOR|25221151}}
* Klimburg, M. (1999). ''The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush: art and society of the Waigal and Ashkun Kafirs'' (Vol. 1). Franz Steiner Verlag.
* Morgenstierne, G. (1929). ''The language of the Ashkun Kafirs''. Aschehoug.
* Strand, Richard F. (1973). ''Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages''. Journal of the American Oriental Society.
* Turner, R. L. (1932). The Language of the Ashkun Kafirs. By G. Morgenstierne. Extract from Norsk Tidsshrift for Sprogvidenskap, Bind ii, 1929. pp.&nbsp;192–289. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series)'', ''64''(01), 173–175.
* Voegelin, C. F., & Voegelin, F. M.. (1965). Languages of the World: Indo-European Fascicle One. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''7''(8), 1–294. {{JSTOR|30022511}}
* Where on earth do they speak Ashkun? (2015, November 15). Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/Ashkun.html

== External links ==
{{incubator|ask}}
* [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1578 Endangered Languages profile for Askunu]
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/ | title=Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1997–2021| access-date=2012-01-16}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/AshkunEtc/ashkun.html| title=The âṣkuňu, saňu, and gřâmsaňâ | author=Strand, Richard F.| year=1998| accessdate=2012-01-16}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html| title=Saňu-vi:ri Lexicon| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2008| accessdate=2012-01-16}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/AshkunEtc/SaNu/SaNuLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html| title=The Sound System of Saňu-vi:ri| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2011| accessdate=2012-01-16}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nurestani-languages| title=Nurestâni Languages| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2010| publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition| accessdate=2012-01-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106105936/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nurestani-languages| archive-date=2016-11-06| url-status=dead}}

{{Nuristani languages}}
{{Languages of Afghanistan}}

[[Category:Nuristani languages]]
[[Category:Nuristani languages of Afghanistan]]