Editing Astronomical clock

{{Short description|Clock displaying astronomical information}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Czech-2013-Prague-Astronomical clock face.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=1.81|Face of the [[Prague astronomical clock]], in [[Old Town Square]]]]

An '''astronomical clock''', '''horologium''', or '''orloj''' is a [[clock]] with special [[mechanism (technology)|mechanisms]] and [[dial (measurement)|dials]] to display [[astronomical]] information, such as the relative positions of the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[zodiac]]al [[constellation]]s, and sometimes major [[planet]]s.

== Definition ==
[[File:Astrario Dondi 05869 01 dia - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[astrarium]] made by the Italian astronomer and physician [[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio]] showed the hour, the yearly calendar, and the movement of the planets, Sun and Moon.<br>Modern reconstruction in the [[Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Milan]], Italy; it is about three feet high.]]

The term is loosely used to refer to any clock that shows, in addition to the time of day, astronomical information. This could include the location of the Sun and Moon in the sky, the age and [[Lunar phases]], the position of the Sun on the [[ecliptic]] and the current zodiac sign, the [[sidereal time]], and other astronomical data such as the [[Lunar node|Moon's nodes]] for indicating [[eclipses]]), or a rotating star map. The term should not be confused with an ''astronomical regulator'', a high precision but otherwise ordinary [[pendulum clock]] used in observatories.

Astronomical clocks usually represent the [[Solar System]] using the [[geocentric]] model. The center of the dial is often marked with a disc or sphere representing the Earth, located at the center of the Solar System. The Sun is often represented by a golden sphere (as it initially appeared in the [[Antikythera mechanism]], back in the 2nd century BC), shown rotating around the Earth once a day around a [[24-hour analog dial]]. This view accorded both with the daily experience and with the philosophical world view of pre-[[Copernican Revolution|Copernican]] Europe.

== History ==
{{Main|History of timekeeping devices}}
[[File:Louis de Bruges in front of an astronomical clock Henri Suso, Horloge de Sapience 1470-1480.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The courtier and bibliophile [[Louis de Gruuthuse]] in front of an astronomical clock. Henri Suso, ''Horloge de Sapience'', 1470-1480]]
The [[Antikythera mechanism]] is the oldest known analog computer and a precursor to astronomical clocks. A complex arrangement of multiple gears and gear trains could perform functions such as determining the position of the [[sun]], [[moon]] and [[planet]]s, predict [[eclipse]]s and other astronomical phenomena and tracking the dates of [[Olympic Games]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Freeth |first1=Tony |last2=Higgon |first2=David |last3=Dacanalis |first3=Aris |last4=MacDonald |first4=Lindsay |last5=Georgakopoulou |first5=Myrto |last6=Wojcik |first6=Adam |date=2021-03-12 |title=A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=5821 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w |pmid=33712674 |pmc=7955085 |bibcode=2021NatSR..11.5821F |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Research in 2011 and 2012 led an expert group of researchers to posit that European astronomical clocks are descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism.<ref>PBS (2013). [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ancient-computer.html ''NOVA'': "Ancient Computer"]. Retrieved 4 April 2013.</ref>

In the 11th century, the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese horologist, mechanical engineer, and astronomer [[Su Song]] created a [[water clock|water-driven astronomical clock]] for his clock-tower of [[Kaifeng]] City. Su Song is noted for having incorporated an [[escapement]] mechanism and the earliest known endless power-transmitting [[chain drive]] for his clock-tower and [[armillary sphere]] to function. Contemporary [[Islamic astronomy|Muslim astronomers]] and [[Muslim inventions|engineers]] also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their [[Observatory|observatories]],<ref>Kasem Ajram (1992). ''Miracle of Islamic Science'', Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. {{ISBN|0-911119-43-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDejQaioG00C&pg=PA47|title=Early Orientalism|isbn=9781136578915|last1=Kalmar|first1=Ivan|date=17 June 2013|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hill |first=Donald R. |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East |journal=Scientific American |date = May 1991|volume=264 |issue=5 |pages=64–69 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0591-100 |bibcode=1991SciAm.264e.100H }} ([[cf.]] {{cite web|last=Hill |first=Donald R. |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |url=http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm |title=Mechanical Engineering |access-date=22 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm |archive-date=25 December 2007 |url-status=live  }})</ref> such as the [[Astrolabe|astrolabic]] clock by [[Ibn al-Shatir]] in the early 14th century.<ref>David A. King (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks", ''[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]'' '''74''' (4), p. 531-555 [545–546].</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Marks |first=William E. |title=Water Clocks |date=2005-04-15 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/047147844X.wh21 |encyclopedia=Water Encyclopedia |pages=704–707 |editor-last=Lehr |editor-first=Jay H. |place=Hoboken, NJ, USA |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |language=en |doi=10.1002/047147844x.wh21 |isbn=978-0-471-47844-7 |access-date=2022-11-08 |editor2-last=Keeley |editor2-first=Jack|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The early development of mechanical clocks in Europe is not fully understood, but there is general agreement that by 1300–1330 there existed mechanical clocks (powered by weights rather than by water and using an [[escapement]]) which were intended for two main purposes: for signalling and notification (e.g. the timing of services and public events), and for modelling the solar system. The latter is an inevitable development because the [[astrolabe]] was used both by astronomers and astrologers, and it was natural to apply a clockwork drive to the rotating plate to produce a working model of the solar system. American historian [[Lynn Townsend White Jr.|Lynn White Jr.]] of Princeton University wrote:<ref>{{cite book| last=White | first=Lynn Jr. | title=Medieval Technology and Social Change | year=1966 | publisher=Oxford Press}}, p.122-123</ref> {{cquote|Most of the first clocks were not so many chronometers as exhibitions of the pattern of the cosmos … Clearly, the origins of the mechanical clock lie in a complex realm of monumental planetaria, equatoria, and astrolabes.
}}
The astronomical clocks developed by the English mathematician and cleric [[Richard of Wallingford]] in [[St Albans]] during the 1330s,<ref>{{cite web|last=Whyte|first=Nicholas|title=The Astronomical Clock of Richard of Wallingford|publisher=personal website|url=http://www.nicholaswhyte.info/row.htm|access-date=24 April 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080504082935/http://www.nicholaswhyte.info/row.htm| archive-date= 4 May 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> and by medieval Italian physician and astronomer Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio in [[Padua]] between 1348 and 1364<ref name="Astrarium">{{cite web|last=Burnett-Stuart|first=George|title=De Dondi's Astrarium|work=Almagest|publisher=Computastat Group Ltd.|url=http://www.almagest.co.uk/middle/astrar.htm|access-date=21 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530194815/http://www.almagest.co.uk/middle/astrar.htm|archive-date=30 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> are masterpieces of their type. They no longer exist, but detailed descriptions of their design and construction survive, and modern reproductions have been made. Wallingford's clock may have shown the sun, moon (age, [[lunar phase|phase]], and [[lunar node|node]]), stars and planets, and had, in addition, a wheel of fortune and an indicator of the state of the tide at [[London Bridge]]. De Dondi's clock was a seven-faced construction with 107 moving parts, showing the positions of the sun, moon, and five planets, as well as religious feast days.<ref name="Astrarium" />

Both these clocks, and others like them, were probably less accurate than their designers would have wished. The gear ratios may have been exquisitely calculated, but their manufacture was somewhat beyond the mechanical abilities of the time, and they never worked reliably. Furthermore, in contrast to the intricate advanced wheelwork, the timekeeping mechanism in nearly all these clocks until the 16th century was the simple [[verge and foliot]] escapement, which had errors of at least half an hour a day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verge and Foliot Escapement |url=https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:29272029 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=digital.library.cornell.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mechanism for a bell tower clock with verge escapement and foliot |url=https://mostre.museogalileo.it/motoperpetuo/en/after-leonardo/between-uncertainty-and-fraud/mechanism-for-a-bell-tower-clock-with-verge-escapement-and-foliot.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=mostre.museogalileo.it}}</ref>

Astronomical clocks were built as demonstration or exhibition pieces, to impress as much as to educate or inform. The challenge of building these masterpieces meant that clockmakers would continue to produce them, to demonstrate their technical skill and their patrons' wealth. The philosophical message of an ordered, heavenly-ordained universe, which accorded with the Gothic-era view of the world, helps explain their popularity.

The growing interest in astronomy during the 18th century revived interest in astronomical clocks, less for the philosophical message, more for the accurate astronomical information that [[pendulum]]-regulated clocks could display.

== Generic description ==
Although each astronomical clock is different, they share some common features.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burnett-Stuart|first=George|title=Astronomical Clocks of the Middle Ages: A guided tour|work=Almagest|publisher=Computastat Group, Ltd.|url=http://www.almagest.co.uk/middle/astclk.htm|access-date=24 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402123301/http://www.almagest.co.uk/middle/astclk.htm|archive-date=2 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Time of day ===
[[File:Astroclock-24hourdial.svg|thumb|How the [[24-hour analog dial]] might be interpreted.]]
[[File:Astroclock-zodiac.png|thumb|Diagram showing how the [[zodiac]] is projected on to the ecliptic dial – the symbols are often drawn inside the dial.]]
[[File:Astroclock-stereographic.png|thumb|[[Stereographic projection]] from the North Pole.]]

Most astronomical clocks have a [[24-hour analog dial]] around the outside edge, numbered from I to XII then from I to XII again. The current time is indicated by a golden ball or a picture of the sun at the end of a pointer. Local noon is usually at the top of the dial, and midnight at the bottom. Minute hands are rarely used.

The Sun indicator or hand gives an approximate indication of both the Sun's [[azimuth]] and altitude. For azimuth (bearing from the north), the top of the dial indicates South, and the two VI points of the dial East and West. For altitude, the top is the zenith and the two VI and VI points define the horizon. (This is for the astronomical clocks designed for use in the northern hemisphere.) This interpretation is most accurate at the equinoxes, of course.

If XII is not at the top of the dial, or if the numbers are Arabic rather than Roman, then the time may be shown in [[Hour#Counting from sunset|Italian hours]] (also called Bohemian, or Old Czech, hours). In this system, 1 o'clock occurs at sunset, and counting continues through the night and into the next afternoon, reaching 24 an hour before sunset.

In the photograph of the Prague clock shown at the top of the article, the time indicated by the Sun hand is about 9am (IX in Roman numerals), or about the 13th hour (Italian time in Arabic numerals).

=== Calendar and zodiac ===
The year is usually represented by the 12 signs of the [[zodiac]], arranged either as a concentric circle inside the 24-hour dial, or drawn onto a displaced smaller circle, which is a projection of the [[ecliptic]], the path of the Sun and planets through the sky, and the plane of the Earth's orbit.

The ecliptic plane is projected onto the face of the clock, and, because of the Earth's tilted angle of rotation relative to its orbital plane, it is displaced from the center and appears to be distorted. The projection point for the [[stereographic projection]] is the North pole; on [[astrolabes]] the South pole is more common.

The ecliptic dial makes one complete revolution in 23 hours 56 minutes (a [[sidereal time|sidereal day]]), and will therefore gradually get out of phase with the hour hand, drifting slowly further apart during the year.

To find the date, find the place where the hour hand or Sun disk intersects the ecliptic dial: this indicates the current star sign, the sun's current location on the ecliptic. The intersection point slowly moves around the ecliptic dial during the year, as the Sun moves out of one [[astrological sign]] into another.

In the diagram showing the clock face on the right, the Sun's disk has recently moved into Aries (the stylized ram's horns), having left Pisces. The date is therefore late March or early April.

If the zodiac signs run around inside the hour hands, either this ring rotates to align itself with the hour hand, or there's another hand, revolving once per year, which points to the Sun's current zodiac sign.

=== Moon ===
A dial or ring indicating the numbers 1 to 29 or 30 indicates the moon's age: a new moon is 0, waxes become full around day 15, and then wanes up to 29 or 30. The phase is sometimes shown by a rotating globe or black hemisphere, or a window that reveals part of a wavy black shape beneath.

=== Hour lines ===
Unequal hours were the result of dividing up the period of daylight into 12 equal hours and nighttime into another 12. There is more daylight in the summer, and less night time, so each of the 12 daylight hours is longer than a night hour. Similarly in winter, daylight hours are shorter, and night hours are longer. These unequal hours are shown by the curved lines radiating from the center. The longer daylight hours in summer can usually be seen at the outer edge of the dial, and the time in unequal hours is read by noting the intersection of the sun hand with the appropriate curved line.

=== Aspects ===
Astrologers placed importance on how the Sun, Moon, and planets were arranged and aligned in the sky. If certain planets appeared at the points of a triangle, hexagon, or square, or if they were opposite or next to each other, the appropriate [[astrological aspect|aspect]] was used to determine the event's significance. On some clocks you can see the common aspects – triangle, square, and hexagon – drawn inside the central disc, with each line marked by the symbol for that aspect, and you may also see the signs for conjunction and opposition. On an [[astrolabe]], the corners of the different aspects could be lined up on any of the planets. On a clock, though, the disc containing the aspect lines can't be rotated at will, so they usually show only the aspects of the Sun or Moon.

On the [[Torre dell'Orologio, Brescia]] clock in northern Italy, the triangle, square, and star in the centre of the dial show these aspects (the third, fourth, and sixth phases) of (presumably) the moon.

=== "Dragon" hand: eclipse prediction and lunar nodes ===
The Moon's orbit is not in the same plane as the Earth's orbit around the Sun but crosses it in two places. The Moon crosses the ecliptic plane twice a month, once when it goes up above the plane, and again 15 or so days later when it goes back down below the ecliptic. These two locations are the ascending and descending [[lunar nodes]]. Solar and lunar eclipses will occur only when the Moon is positioned near one of these nodes because at other times the Moon is either too high or too low for an eclipse to be seen on the Earth.

Some astronomical clocks keep track of the position of the lunar nodes with a long pointer that crosses the dial, with its length extended out to both sides of the dial to pointing at two opposite points on the solar or lunar dial. This so-called "dragon" hand makes one complete rotation around the ecliptic dial every 19&nbsp;years. It is sometimes decorated with the figure of a serpent or lizard (''{{langx|el|drakon}}'') with its snout and tail-tip touching the outer dial, traditionally labelled ''{{langx|la|"caput draconam"}}'' and ''{{langx|la|"cauda draconam"}}'' even if the decorative dragon is omitted (not to be confused with the similar-seeming names of the two sections of the constellation [[Serpens]]).

During the two yearly [[eclipse season]]s the Sun pointer coincides with either the dragon's snout or tail. When the dragon hand and the full Moon coincide, the Moon is on the same plane as the Earth and Sun, and so there is a good chance that a [[lunar eclipse]] will be visible on one side of the Earth. When the new Moon is aligned with the dragon hand there is a moderate possibility that a [[solar eclipse]] might be visible somewhere on the Earth.

== Historical examples ==

=== Su Song's Cosmic Engine ===
The [[Science Museum (London)]] has a scale model of the 'Cosmic Engine', which [[Su Song]], a Chinese [[polymath]], designed and constructed in China in 1092. This great astronomical hydromechanical clock tower was about ten metres high (about 30 feet) and featured a clock [[escapement]] and was indirectly powered by a rotating wheel either with falling water and [[mercury (element)|liquid mercury]], which freezes at a much lower temperature than water, allowing operation of the clock during colder weather. A full-sized working replica of Su Song's clock exists in the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan)'s [[National Museum of Natural Science]], [[Taichung]] city. This full-scale, fully functional replica, approximately {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} in height, was constructed from Su Song's original descriptions and mechanical drawings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmns.edu.tw/nmns_eng/04exhibit/permanent/tower.htm|title=National Museum of Natural Science -> Exhibition -> Permanent Exhibits|work=nmns.edu.tw|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052953/http://www.nmns.edu.tw/nmns_eng/04exhibit/permanent/tower.htm|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio ===

The [[Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio]] was a complex astronomical clock built between 1348 and 1364 in [[Padova]], Italy, by the doctor and clock-maker [[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio]]. The Astrarium had seven faces and 107 moving gears; it showed the positions of the sun, the moon and the five planets then known, as well as religious feast days. The astrarium stood about 1 metre high, and consisted of a seven-sided brass or iron framework resting on 7 decorative paw-shaped feet. The lower section provided a 24-hour dial and a large calendar drum, showing the fixed feasts of the church, the movable feasts, and the position in the zodiac of the moon's ascending node. The upper section contained 7 dials, each about 30&nbsp;cm in diameter, showing the positional data for the [[Primum Mobile]], Venus, Mercury, the moon, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. Directly above the 24-hour dial is the dial of the [[Primum Mobile]], so called because it reproduces the diurnal motion of the stars and the annual motion of the sun against the background of stars. Each of the 'planetary' dials used complex clockwork to produce reasonably accurate models of the planets' motion. These agreed reasonably well both with Ptolemaic theory and with observations. For example, Dondi's dial for Mercury uses a number of intermediate wheels, including: a wheel with 146 teeth, and a wheel with 63 internal (facing inwards) teeth that meshed with a 20 tooth pinion.

== Interior clocks and watches ==
=== The Rasmus Sørnes Clock ===
[[File:RasmusSornesClock.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Rasmus Sørnes]] Clock.]]

Arguably the most complicated of its kind ever constructed, the last of a total of four astronomical clocks designed and made by Norwegian [[Rasmus Sørnes]] (1893–1967), is characterized by its superior complexity compactly housed in a casing with the modest measurements of 0.70 x 0.60 x 2.10 m. Features include locations of the sun and moon in the zodiac, [[Julian calendar]], [[Gregorian calendar]], [[sidereal time]], GMT, local time with daylight saving time and leap year, solar and lunar cycle corrections, eclipses, local sunset and sunrise, moon phase, tides, [[sunspot]] cycles and a [[planetarium]] including [[Pluto]]'s 248-year orbit and the 25 800-year periods of the polar ecliptics ([[precession]] of the Earth's axis). All wheels are in brass and gold-plated. Dials are silver-plated. The clock has an electromechanical pendulum.

Sørnes also made the necessary tools and based his work on his own astronomical observations. Having been exhibited at the Time Museum in Rockford, Illinois (since closed), and at the [[Chicago Museum of Science and Industry]], the clock was sold in 2002 and its current location is not known. The Rasmus Sørnes Astronomical Clock No. 3, the precursor to the Chicago Clock, his tools, patents, drawings, telescope, and other items, are exhibited at the [[Borgarsyssel Museum]] in [[Sarpsborg]], Norway.

=== Table clocks ===
There are many examples of astronomical table clocks, due to their popularity as showpieces. To become a master clockmaker in 17th-century [[Augsburg]], candidates had to design and build a 'masterpiece' clock, an astronomical table-top clock of formidable complexity. Examples can be found in museums, such as London's [[British Museum]].

Currently Edmund Scientific among other retailers offers a mechanical Tellurium clock, perhaps the first mechanical astronomical clock to be mass-marketed.

In Japan, [[Tanaka Hisashige]] made a [[Myriad year clock]] in 1851.

{{Clear}}

=== Watches ===
<!--Blatant unencyclopedic self-publicity-->
More recently, independent clockmaker {{Interlanguage link|Christiaan van der Klaauw|nl}} created a wristwatch astrolabe, the "Astrolabium" in addition to the "Planetarium 2000", the "Eclipse 2001" and the "Real Moon." [[Ulysse Nardin]] also sells several astronomical wristwatches, the "Astrolabium," "Planetarium", and the "Tellurium J. Kepler."
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:planetarium 2000.jpg|''{{Interlanguage link|Christiaan van der Klaauw|nl}}<br>Planetarium 2000''
File:Ulysse-Nardin MG 2565.jpg|[[Ulysse Nardin]] ''Astrolabium Galileo Galilei''
File:Cosmosign.jpg|''Citizen Cosmosign''
File:Moonsign.JPG|''Citizen Moonsign''
</gallery>

=== Other examples ===
Two of [[Holland America]]'s cruise ships, the ''MS Rotterdam'' and the ''MS Amsterdam'', both have large astronomical clocks as their main centerpieces inside the ships' atriums.

== Examples by country ==
===Austria===
* [[Innsbruck]]. The astronomical clock in the gable of 17–19 Maria-Theresien-Strasse is a 20th-century copy of the astronomical clock of the Ulm Rathaus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-horloge.fr/as-innsbruck.html|website=patrimoine-horloge.fr|title=Innsbruck (Autriche)|access-date=10 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Peuerbach]]. The facade of Peuerbach Town Hall features an astrolabe clock, an enlarged copy of [[Georg von Peuerbach]]'s original astrolabe of 1457.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peuerbach.at/Astrolabiumuhr|website=peuerbach.at|title=Astrolabiumuhr|access-date=15 March 2020|language=de}}</ref>

===Belgium===
* [[Lier, Belgium|Lier]]. The [[Zimmer tower]] houses an astronomical clock installed by [[Louis Zimmer]] in 1930. On twelve dials surrounding a central clockface, it gives indications including the time around the world, the date, the moon phase, and the [[equation of time]], and includes a [[tide clock]].
* {{Interlanguage link|Senzeilles|fr}}. The {{Interlanguage link|Senzeilles astronomical clock|fr|Horloge astronomique de Senzeilles}} was constructed by self-taught Lucien Charloteaux between 1896 and 1912. A domestic clock housed in a wooden case, it gives indications including the solar, mean and sidereal time around the world, the positions of the constellations and planets, and the appearance of [[Halley's Comet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-horloge.fr/as-senzeille.html|website=patrimoine-horloge.fr|title=Senzeille (Belgique)|access-date=10 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Sint-Truiden]]. The astronomical clock constructed by {{Interlanguage link|Kamiel Festraets|nl}} between 1937 and 1942 is now housed in the [[:nl:Sint-Agnesbegijnhof#Festraetsmuseum|Festraets Museum]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Zimmertoren in Lier Belgium.jpg|[[Zimmer tower]] in [[Lier, Belgium]]
File:Sint-Truiden, Begijnhof, museum02.jpg|[[Sint-Truiden]] clock
</gallery>

===Croatia===
* [[Dubrovnik]]. The [[Dubrovnik Bell Tower]] constructed in 1444 has housed a clock since its creation, though due to earthquake damage, both the tower and the clock were replaced in 1929. A rotating moon ball shows the lunar phase.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Dubrovnik (128).JPG|Dubrovnik
</gallery>

===Czech Republic===
{{Category see also|Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic}}
* [[Prague]]. The [[Prague astronomical clock]] at the Old Town Hall is one of the most famous astronomical clocks. The central section was completed in 1410, the calendar dial was added in 1490. The clock was renovated after damage during [[World War II]], and in 1979. On the hour, Death strikes the time, and the twelve apostles appear at the doors above the clock.
* [[Olomouc]]. The [[Olomouc astronomical clock]] at the Town Hall is a rare example of a [[heliocentric system|heliocentric]] astronomical clock. Dated 1422 by legend, but first mentioned in history in 1517, the clock was remodelled approximately once every century; in 1898 the astrolabe was replaced with a heliocentric model of the solar system. Badly damaged by the retreating German army in 1945, the clock was remodelled in [[socialist realism]] style in 1955, under the Communist government. The religious and royal figures were replaced with athletes, workers, farmers, scientists, and other members of the proletariat.
* [[Litomyšl]]. The tower of the Old Town Hall has an art nouveau astronomical clock, installed in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|website=Czech Tourism|title=Litomyšl astronomical clock|url=https://www.czechtourism.com/a/litomysl-astronomical-clock/|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Prostějov]]. The astronomical clock in the tower of the New Town Hall was installed in 1910.
* [[Kryštofovo Údolí]]. The [[Kryštofovo Údolí astronomical clock]] is a modern astronomical clock (inaugurated in 2008), built-in a former [[electrical substation]].
* [[Hojsova Stráž]]. An astronomical clock in the [[Bohemian Forest]] was inaugurated in 2017. It has a concentric dial showing the 24-hour time, the date and zodiac, and the moon phase, and a star map dial with a dragon hand, and indicates the time of sunrise and sunset.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orloj Šumava Hojsova Stráž|url=http://www.orloj-sumava-hojsovastraz.cz/en_GB/|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Třebíč]]. At the Třebíč Astronomical Observatory, a modern astronomical clock which shows the time in world cities, the time of sunrise and sunset, the date and zodiac, and the orbits of the planets.
* [[Žatec]]. The {{Interlanguage link|Temple to Hops and Beer|cs|Chrám chmele a piva}}, a museum and amusement complex dedicated to beer, has an astronomical clock on which the zodiac indication illustrates the annual processes of beer production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zamek-steknik.cz/en/tipy-na-vylet/37221-about-hop-and-beer-temple-in-zatec|website=zamek-steknik.cz|title=About Hop and Beer temple in Žatec|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Astronomical Clock (8341899828).jpg|[[Prague astronomical clock]]
File:Olomouc Astronomical Clock.jpg|[[Olomouc astronomical clock]]
File:Radnice Nová (Prostějov), hodiny.JPG|[[Prostějov]] clock
File:Krystofovo-Udoli-Orloj.jpg|[[Kryštofovo Údolí astronomical clock]]
File:Orloj Šumava.jpg|[[Hojsova Stráž]] clock
File:8 Chmelovy orloj www.fotospoust.cz.jpg|[[Žatec]] clock
</gallery>

===Denmark===
* [[Copenhagen]]. [[Jens Olsen's World Clock]] in [[Copenhagen City Hall]] was designed by [[Jens Olsen]] and assembled from 1948 to 1955.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Jens Olsens front.jpg|Jens Olsen's World Clock, Copenhagen
</gallery>

===France===
{{Category see also|Astronomical clocks in France}}
* [[Auxerre]]. The 15th-century clock in the {{Interlanguage link|Tour de l'Horloge, Auxerre|lt=Tour de l'Horloge|fr|Tour de l'Horloge d'Auxerre}} has a 24-hour sun hand and a moon hand which completes a revolution in a [[lunar day]] of 24 hours 50 minutes, and shows the lunar phase on a rotating moon ball.
* [[Beauvais]]. The [[Beauvais astronomical clock]] in [[Beauvais Cathedral]], constructed 1865–1868 by [[Auguste-Lucien Vérité]], has 52 dials that display the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, the phases of the moon, the solstices, the position of the planets, the current time in 18 cities around the world, and the tidal hours. Its 68 automata enact the [[Last Judgement]] on the hour.
* [[Besançon]]. The [[Besançon astronomical clock]] in [[Besançon Cathedral]] (1860) was also constructed by Auguste-Lucien Vérité. Its 70 dials provide 122 indications.
* [[Bourges]]. The [[Bourges astronomical clock]] in [[Bourges Cathedral]] was installed in 1424. It shows the zodiac, and the moon phase and age.
* [[Chartres]]. The {{Interlanguage link|Chartres astronomical clock|fr|Horloge astronomique de Chartres}} in [[Chartres Cathedral]] is an astrolabe clock, installed in 1528. It was overhauled, its mechanism replaced by an electric mechanism, in 2009.
* [[Haguenau]]. The facade of the [[Musée alsacien (Haguenau)|Musée alsacien]] displays an astronomical clock, a modern copy of the clock of the Ulm Rathaus.
* [[Lyon]]. The [[Lyon astronomical clock]] in [[Lyon Cathedral]] was constructed in 1661, replacing a 14th-century original. It has an astrolabe dial and a calendar dial.
* [[Munster, Haut-Rhin|Munster]]. The Church of Saint-Léger houses the Clock of Creation, installed in 2008. It shows the time, the day of the week, the month and zodiac, and the moon phase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.petit-patrimoine.com/fiche-petit-patrimoine.php?id_pp=68226_9|website=petit-patrimoine.com/|title=L'Horloge de la Création dans l'église Saint-Léger à Munster|access-date=10 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Ploërmel]]. The [[Ploërmel astronomical clock]], constructed 1850–1855, comprises an astronomical clock with 10 dials and an [[orrery]].
* [[Rouen]]. The [[Gros Horloge]] has a movement built in 1389, with a dial added in 1529. It indicates the moon phase on a rotating sphere above the dial, and the day of the week in an aperture at the base of the dial.
* [[Saint-Omer]]. The {{Interlanguage link|Saint-Omer astronomical clock|fr|Horloge astronomique de Saint-Omer}} in [[Saint-Omer Cathedral]] is an astrolabe clock of 1558.
* [[Strasbourg]]. The [[Strasbourg astronomical clock]] is the third clock housed in [[Strasbourg Cathedral]], following 14th-century and 16th-century predecessors. Constructed by [[Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué]] from 1838 to 1843, it shows many astronomical and calendrical functions (including what is thought to be the first complete mechanization of the [[computus]] needed to compute Easter) and several automata.
* [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]]. The [[Passemant astronomical clock]] in the [[Palace of Versailles]] near Paris is a [[rococo]] astronomical clock sitting on a formal low marble base. It took 12 years for a clockmaker and an engineer to build and was presented to [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]] in 1754.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:2012--DSC 0346-Tour-de-l'Horloge-à-Auxerre.jpg|Tour de l'Horloge, [[Auxerre]]
File:Bourges Cathédrale 1231.jpg|[[Bourges astronomical clock]] in [[Bourges Cathedral]]
File:Chartres - Horloge astro 03.jpg|Clock at [[Chartres Cathedral]]
File:Lyon - Cathédrale Saint-Jean - Horloge Astronomique.jpg|[[Lyon astronomical clock]] in [[Lyon Cathedral]]
Strasbourg Cathedral Astronomical Clock - Diliff.jpg|[[Strasbourg astronomical clock]] in [[Strasbourg Cathedral]]
File:Picardie Beauvais4 tango7174.jpg|[[Beauvais astronomical clock]] in [[Beauvais Cathedral]]
</gallery>

===Georgia===
* [[Batumi]]. The facade of the former National Bank Building on Europe Square has an astronomical clock based on the [[Torre dell'Orologio, Mantua|clock at Mantua]], which shows the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, and the moon phase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgiaabout.com/2014/04/03/astronomical-clock-in-batumi/|website=Georgia About|title=Astronomical Clock in Bantumi|date=3 April 2014 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

===Germany===
{{Category see also|Astronomical clocks in Germany}}
* A group of interior astronomical clocks of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries in churches of [[Hanseatic League]] towns in northern Germany, known as the Hanseatic clocks (the group also includes the [[Gdańsk astronomical clock|clock at Gdańsk]], now in Poland).
** [[Bad Doberan]]. At [[Doberan Minster]], an astrolabe clock was installed by [[Nikolaus Lilienfeld]] in 1390. Only the dial survives, now positioned above the west door.
** [[Lübeck]]. The astronomical clock of [[St. Mary's Church, Lübeck|St. Mary's Church]], constructed 1561–1566, was destroyed in the [[Bombing of Lübeck in World War II|bombing of Lübeck]] in 1942. The present clock is a replacement by [[Paul Behrens]], installed in 1967.
** [[Münster]]. The [[Münster astronomical clock]] of 1540 in [[Münster Cathedral]], adorned with hand-painted zodiac symbols, which traces the movement of the planets, plays a [[glockenspiel]] tune every noon.
** [[Rostock]]. The [[Rostock astronomical clock]] in [[St. Mary's Church, Rostock|St. Mary's Church]] dating from 1472, built by [[Hans Düringer]]. Clock with daily time, zodiac, moon phases, and month. With a dedicated electronic database<ref>[https://www.aur.uni-rostock.de/en/ Repository for the Rostock Astronomical Clock]</ref> this clock is particularly well documented.
** [[Stendal]]. At {{Interlanguage link|St. Mary's Church, Stendal|lt=St. Mary's Church|de|St. Marien (Stendal)}}, an astronomical clock of the 1580s, rebuilt in 1856 (and vandalized by the clockmaker), and restored in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|website=Stadtgemeinde Stendal|title=Die Astronomische Uhr|url=http://www.stadtgemeinde-stendal.de/gemeinden/st.-marien/die-astronomische-uhr/|access-date=14 March 2020|language=de}}</ref>
** [[Stralsund]]. The [[Astronomical clock, St. Nicholas Church, Stralsund|astronomical clock]] in [[St. Nicholas Church, Stralsund|St. Nicholas' Church]] is an astrolabe clock installed by Nikolaus Lilienfeld in 1394. It has not been in working order since the 16th century.
** [[Tangermünde]]. At {{Interlanguage link|St. Stephan, Tangermünde}}, an astronomical clock of the 2023 built by Volker Schulz and Thomas Leu.
** [[Wismar]]. The 15th-century astronomical clock in {{Interlanguage link|St. Mary's Church, Wismar|lt=St. Mary's Church|de|Marienkirche (Wismar)}} was destroyed by bombing in 1945.
* A group of 16th-century clocks on the facade of town halls in southern Germany, which have a 12-hour dial, a moon phase indication, and a calendar dial indicating the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, with a dragon hand:
** [[Esslingen am Neckar]]. The {{Interlanguage link|Clock of Esslingen Old Town Hall|de|Uhr am Alten Rathaus zu Esslingen}}, constructed 1581–1586.
** [[Heilbronn]]. The {{Interlanguage link|Kunstuhr (Heilbronn)|lt=Kunstuhr|de|Kunstuhr (Heilbronn)}} of {{Interlanguage link|Heilbronn Town Hall|de|Rathaus (Heilbronn)}} of [[Isaac and Josias Habrecht|Isaac Habrecht]], installed 1579–1580.
** [[Tübingen]]. The clock of {{Interlanguage link|Tübingen Town Hall|de|Rathaus Tübingen}}, installed in 1510.
** [[Ulm]]. The 16th-century astronomical clock of {{Interlanguage link|Ulm Town Hall|de|Rathaus (Ulm)}} has a 24-hour astrolabe format, although the zodiac is repeated as a rotating ring of gold sculptures, and the outer ring of the dial is a 12-hour chapter ring.
* [[Cologne]]. At the {{Interlanguage link|Cologne Planetarium|de|Planetarium Köln}}, a modern astronomical clock which shows the hour in regular and [[sidereal time]], the moon phase, positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, and the rotation of the earth according to the geocentric model.<ref>{{cite web|website=koelner-planetarium.de/|title=Astronomische Uhr|url=http://www.koelner-planetarium.de/tour/astrouhr.html|access-date=15 March 2020|language=de}}</ref>
* [[Esslingen am Neckar]]. At the headquarters of [[Festo]], Professor Hans Scheurenbrand has constructed the ''Harmonices Mundi'' (named after Kepler's [[Harmonices Mundi|book of the same name]]), which consists of an astronomical clock, a world time clock, and a 74 bell [[glockenspiel]].<ref>{{cite web|website=24hourtime.info|title=Festo Harmonices Mundi|date=27 June 2006 |url=https://24hourtime.info/2006/06/27/festo-harmonices-mundi/|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Görlitz]]. {{Interlanguage link|Görlitz Town Hall|de|Rathaus Görlitz}} and the {{Interlanguage link|Church of St Peter and St Paul, Görlitz|lt=Church of St Peter and St Paul|de|Pfarrkirche St. Peter und Paul (Görlitz)}} both have 16th-century clocks which indicate the lunar phase.
* [[Munich]]. The [[Old Town Hall, Munich|Old Town Hall]] and the [[Deutsches Museum]] both have clocks which indicate the moon phase on a rotating ball, and the zodiac on a fixed ring within a 12-hour dial.
* [[Schramberg]]. The Town Hall has an astronomical clock installed in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|website=schramberg.de|title=Die astronomische Uhr am Rathaus|url=https://www.schramberg.de/de/Unsere-Stadt/Die-Stadt/Sehenswertes/Architektur/Rathausuhr|access-date=14 March 2020|language=de}}</ref> Its indications are similar to the clock of Ulm (except that the outer hour ring is 24-hour), with an offset astrolabe ring repeated as a golden zodiac ring.
* [[Stuttgart]]. A modern clock in the tower of {{Interlanguage link|Stuttgart Town Hall|de|Rathaus Stuttgart}} shows the moon phase and the day of the week.
* [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]. The clock tower {{Interlanguage link|Worms Town Hall|de|Rathaus (Worms)}} has a modern calendar dial that shows the month, the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, the moon phase, and has a dragon hand.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Stralsund, Nikolaikirche, Astronomische Uhr (2012-12-29) 1, by Klugschnacker in Wikipedia.jpg|St. Nicholas' Church, Stralsund
File:Rostock Marienkirche Astronomische Uhr 2011-02-12.jpg|St. Mary's Church, Rostock
File:WLM-DE-NW-2018-Münster-Dom-Astronomische Uhr-4101.jpg|Münster Cathedral
File:Lübeck Marienkirche - Astronomische Uhr 070311.jpg|St. Mary's Church, Lübeck
File:Ulm - panoramio (14).jpg|Ulm
File:Astronomische Uhr Deutsches Museum Muenchen-1.jpg|Deutsches Museum, Munich
</gallery>

===Hungary===
* [[Budapest]]: A modern astronomical clock with automata, at the Clock Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turizmus.szekesfehervar.hu/catalog/details/223/lang/en|website=Székesfehérvár Turizmus|title=Clockworks and Clock Museum|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Szekesfehervar Historical Facade Clock Closeup 01.JPG|Budapest
</gallery>

===Italy===
{{Category see also|Astronomical clocks in Italy}}
* [[Arezzo]]. The clock of the {{Interlanguage link|Palazzo della Fraternita dei Laici|it}}, installed in 1552, shows the moon phase and age.<ref>{{cite web|website=Around Arezzo|title=The Astronomical Clock in Piazza Grande|url=http://www.aroundarezzo.it/en/the-astronomical-clock-in-piazza-grande/|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Bassano del Grappa]]. 24-hour dial with zodiac indication on the Palazzo del Municipio, first installed in 1430, reconstructed by Bartolomeo Ferracina in 1747.<ref>{{cite web|website=comune.bassano.vi.it|title=Municipio e loggetta municipale|url=http://www.comune.bassano.vi.it/Vivi-la-citta/Da-vedere/Architetture/Municipio-e-loggetta-municipale|access-date=8 March 2020|language=it}}</ref>
* [[Brescia]]. Astronomical clock dated {{circa|1540–1550}} in the [[Torre dell'Orologio, Brescia|Torre dell'Orologio]].<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/cienne/114273233/ Brescia, Italy – The clock tower] at flickr.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-95163037/stock-photo-renaissance-astronomical-clock-in-brescia-italy-displays-hours-moon-phases-and-the.html|title=Stock Photos, Royalty-Free Images and Vectors |work=shutterstock.com}}</ref>
* [[Clusone]]. [[Fanzago's astronomical clock]] at the {{Interlanguage link|Palazzo Comunale, Clusone|lt=Palazzo Comunale|it|Palazzo comunale (Clusone)}}, built by Pietro Fanzago in 1583.
* [[Cremona]]. The 16th-century astronomical clock of the [[Torrazzo of Cremona|Torrazzo]], the bell tower of [[Cremona Cathedral]], is the largest medieval clock in Europe.
* [[Macerata]]. An astronomical clock installed in the {{Interlanguage link|Torre Civica, Macerata|lt=Torre Civica|it|Torre civica (Macerata)}}, a modern replica of the original clock of 1571, which shows the orbits of the planets.
* [[Mantua]]. Astronomical clock was installed in 1473 in the [[Torre dell'Orologio, Mantua|Torre dell'Orologio]] of the Palazzo della Ragione.
* [[Merano]]. Clock tower at the entrance to [[:de:Friedhöfe in Meran|Merano town cemetery]], installed in 1908 by Philipp Hörz of Ulm,<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Meraner Stadtanzeiger|issue=21|date=31 October 2014|title=Ein Friedhofsrundgang|page=6|url=https://issuu.com/meraner/docs/2014_21|access-date=8 March 2020|language=de}}</ref> with a calendar dial showing the month, zodiac, and moon phase.
* [[Messina]]. The [[Messina astronomical clock]] in the tower of [[Messina Cathedral]]. Multi-dial clock equipped with complex automata. Constructed between 1930 and 1933 by the Ungerer Company of Strasbourg. It is one of the largest astronomical clocks in the world.
* [[Padua]]. 15th-century astronomical clock in the [[Torre dell'Orologio, Padua|Torre dell'Orologio]].
* [[Rimini]]. The clock tower on Piazza Tre Martiri has a calendar dial installed in 1750<ref>{{cite web|website=Rimini Turismo|title=Piazza Tre Martiri|url=https://www.riminiturismo.it/en/visitatori/scopri-il-territorio/arte-e-cultura/piazze/piazza-tre-martiri|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> showing the date, zodiac, and moon phase and age.
* [[Soncino, Lombardy|Soncino]]. 24-hour dial with zodiac indication in the town hall. The terracotta zodiac dial dates from 1977.<ref>{{cite web|website=Soncino Turismo|title=Palazzo comunale e Torre Civica|url=http://www.soncino.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=1|access-date=8 March 2020|language=it}}</ref>
* [[Trapani]]. Astronomical clock of 1596 in the Porta Oscura, with a dial for the hours and the zodiac, and a lunar dial.<ref>{{cite web|website=Turismo Trapani|title=Porta Oscura e Torre dell'Orologio|url=http://www.turismo.trapani.it/it/1542/porta-oscura-e-torre-dell-orologio.html|access-date=8 March 2020|language=it}}</ref>
* [[Venice]]. [[St Mark's Clock]], in the [[St Mark's Clocktower|clocktower]] on [[St Mark's Square (Venice)|St Mark's Square]], was built and installed by Gian Paulo and Gian Carlo Rainieri, father and son, between 1496 and 1499.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Cremona-Orologio astronomico sul Torrazzo perspec.jpg|Cremona
File:Torre dell'Orologio2.JPG|Mantua
File:Brescia astro clock.jpg|Brescia
File:Padova Piazza dei Signori Torre dell'Orologio Zifferblatt 1.jpg|Padua
File:Venezia Torre dell'Orologio Tierkreis 5.jpg|Venice
File:Messina duomo tower 2.JPG|Messina
</gallery>

===Japan===
* [[Tokyo]]: The Shinjuku I-Land clock tower features a clock face that is an exact replica of Prague's astronomical clock. On the other side of the tower is a more conventional analog clock face featuring a rotating planisphere disc that shows the current constellations seen in the night sky over Japan.

===Latvia===
* [[Riga]]: The clock on the facade of the [[House of the Blackheads (Riga)|House of the Blackheads]] shows the time, date, month, day of the week, and lunar phase.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Riga - House of the Blackheads - Astronomical clock.jpg|Rebuilt clock on the [[House of the Blackheads (Riga)]]
</gallery>

===Malta===
* [[Valletta]]. The clock of the [[Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)|Grandmaster's Palace]], installed in 1745, shows the hour, date, month, and lunar phase, and has bells struck by four jacquemarts.<ref name="vassallo-history">{{cite web|url=https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/time-keeping/clock-towers/|website=Maltese History & Heritage|title=Clock Towers|date=31 August 2013 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
* Malta has several church clocks that show calendar indications on separate dials, including those of [[Saint John's Co-Cathedral|St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta]]; [[St Paul's Cathedral, Mdina]]; the [[Rotunda of Mosta]]; and the [[Church of St Bartholomew, Għargħur]].<ref name="vassallo-history"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Großmeisterpalast Valletta Astronomische Uhr.jpg|Grandmaster's Palace, Valletta
</gallery>

===Netherlands===
* [[Arnemuiden]]. The 16th-century church clock at Arnemuiden indicates the lunar phase and the time of high tide.
* [[Franeker]]. The [[Eise Eisinga Planetarium]], built 1774–1781, is an orrery and astronomical clock which shows the movements of the solar system.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:AstroClockArnemuiden.jpg|[[Arnemuiden]] clock showing high and low water<br>(''hoog'' and ''laag'')
Planetarium Franeker (36) (29621381347).jpg|The [[Eise Eisinga Planetarium]] in [[Franeker]]
</gallery>

===Norway===
* [[Oslo]]. A 20th-century astronomical clock at [[Oslo City Hall]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Astronomical clock 0910.jpg|Oslo City Hall
</gallery>

===Poland===
* [[Gdańsk]]. In [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]] there is the [[Gdańsk astronomical clock]] dating from 1464 to 1470, and built by [[Hans Düringer]] of [[Toruń]]. It was reconstructed after 1945.
* [[Wrocław]]. A 16th-century clock showing the moon phase at [[Wrocław Town Hall]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:13 Danzig (36).jpg|Gdańsk
File:Ratusz3zegar.jpg|Wrocław Town Hall
</gallery>

===Slovakia===
* [[Stará Bystrica]]: An astronomical clock in the stylized shape of [[Our Lady of Sorrows]] was built in the town square in 2009. The astronomical part of the clock consists of an [[astrolabe]] displaying the astrological signs, positions of the Sun and Moon, and the lunar phases. Its statues and automata depict Slovakian historical and religious figures. The clock is controlled by computer using [[DCF77]] signals.<ref name="Slovak_clock">[http://www.starabystrica.sk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=204&Itemid=70 Slovenský orloj v Starej Bystrici] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210112729/http://www.starabystrica.sk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=204&Itemid=70 |date=10 December 2013 }}, municipality official website (in Slovak)</ref><ref>[http://www.orloj.eu/cs/orloje_2.htm Pražský orloj – Orloje v zahraničí] (Prague Astronomical Clock – Foreign clocks, in Czech)</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Stará Bystrica1.jpg|Stará Bystrica
</gallery>

===South Korea===
* [[Honcheonsigye]]: is an astronomical clock made by  Song Yi-Yeong ({{Korean|hangul=송이영|hanja=宋以潁|labels=no}}), a professor of Gwansanggam ({{Korean|hangul=관상감|hanja=觀象監|labels=no}}) (one of the scientific institution of [[Joseon dynasty]]) in 1669.<ref>{{Cite web |title=국보 혼천의 및 혼천시계 (渾天儀 및 渾天時計)|url=https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?VdkVgwKey=11,02300000,11&pageNo__=1_2_1_0&pageNo=1_1_2_0|language=ko}}</ref> It was designated as [[National treasures of South Korea|South Korean national treasure]] number 230 on August 9, 1985. The clock used the [[alarm clock]] technology created by [[Christiaan Huygens]] in 1657.<ref>{{Cite web
 |title = 340년 전 혼천시계 그대로 볼 수 있다
 |date = 18 August 2009
 |url = http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/371960.html
 |language=ko
}}</ref> This relic shows that Huygens' technology was spread to East Asia in just 12 years. Also, It demonstrates the astronomy and mechanical engineering technology of the [[Joseon dynasty]]. Korea has been making [[armillary sphere]] since the 15th century as part of [[King Sejong]]'s technology development policy, and this clock is an important historical document that shows the fusion of East Asian astronomy and European mechanical technology.

===Spain===
* [[Astorga, Spain|Astorga]]: The interior face of the clock of [[Astorga Cathedral]] has a 24-hour dial which shows the lunar phase and the date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariodeleon.es/articulo/cultura/cuando-leon-era-dueno-tiempo/201906230400001901082.html|website=Diario de León|title=Cuando León era dueño del tiempo|date=23 June 2019 |access-date=12 March 2020|language=es}}</ref>

===Sweden===
* [[Lund]]: [[Lund astronomical clock]] in [[Lund Cathedral]] in Sweden, (''Horologium mirabile Lundense'') was made around 1425, probably by the clockmaker Nicolaus Lilienveld in Rostock. After it had been in storage since 1837, it was restored and put back in place in 1923. Only the upper, astronomical part is original, while some of the other remaining medieval parts can be seen at the Cathedral museum. When it plays, one can hear ''[[In Dulci Jubilo]]'' from the smallest organ in the church, while seven wooden figures, representing the three [[magi]] and their servants, pass by.
* {{ill|Fjelie|sv}}: Emil Ahrent, the local priest, constructed and donated an astronomical clock to [[Fjelie Church]] in 1946.
* {{ill|Nottebäck|sv|Nottebäcks församling}}: K.L. Lundén, the local priest, installed an astronomical clock in {{ill|Nottebäck Church|sv|Nottebäcks kyrka}} in 1954.
* [[Rinkaby]]: An astronomical clock was installed in [[Rinkaby Church]] in the 1950s. Modelled on medieval clocks, it was made by a local electrician.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Lunds astronomiska ur-2.jpg|[[Lund astronomical clock]]
File:Nottebäcks kyrka 014.JPG|Nottebäck church clock
File:Rinkaby kyrka int15.jpg|[[Rinkaby]] church clock
</gallery>

===Switzerland===
{{Category see also|Astronomical clocks in Switzerland}}
* [[Bern]]. The [[Zytglogge]] is a famous 15-century astronomical clock housed in a medieval fortification tower.
* A set of 16th-century clocks which show the zodiac and the days of the week in concentric rings within a 12-hour clock face, with a moon phase ball above:
** [[Bremgarten, Aargau|Bremgarten]]. The clock of the {{Interlanguage link|Spittelturm, Bremgarten|lt=Spittelturm|de|Spittelturm (Bremgarten)}}, installed in 1558.
** [[Diessenhofen]]. The clock of the Siegelturm, installed in 1546.
** [[Mellingen]]. The clock of the {{Interlanguage link|Zeitturm, Mellingen|lt=Zeitturm|de|Zeitturm (Mellingen)}}, installed in 1554.
** [[Schaffhausen]]: The astronomical clock by {{Interlanguage link|Joachim Habrecht|de}} in the gable of the Fronwagturm, installed in 1564, has five hands, including indications of the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, and a dragon hand indicating the [[lunar node]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-horloge.fr/as-schaffhausen.html|website=patrimoine-horloge.fr|title=Schaffhausen (Suisse)|access-date=9 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]: The [[Sion astronomical clock]] on the town hall dates from 1667 to 1668. Its current mechanism was installed in 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-horloge.fr/as-sion.html|website=patrimoine-horloge.fr|title=Sion (Suisse)|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Solothurn]]. This astronomical clock, installed by {{Interlanguage link|Lorenz Liechti|de}} and {{Interlanguage link|Joachim Habrecht|de}} in 1545 to replace an original of 1452, shows the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-horloge.fr/as-solothurn.html|website=patrimoine-horloge.fr|title=Soleure – Solothurn (Suisse)|access-date=9 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Winterthur]]. This astrolabe astronomical clock was installed in 1529. The building which housed it was demolished in 1870. The clock is now an exhibit at the Museum Lindengut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-horloge.fr/as-winterthur.html|website=patrimoine-horloge.fr|title=Winterthur (Suisse)|access-date=9 March 2020|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Zug]]: The astronomical clock of the [[Zytturm, Zug|Zytturm]] was installed in 1574. Its calendar dial shows the zodiac, the lunar phase, the day of the week and the leap year cycle.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Zytglogge 04.jpg|Zytglogge, Bern
File:Zeitglockenturm 03.JPG|Solothurn
File:Detail Siegelturm Diessenhofen.jpg|Siegelturm, Diessenhofen
File:Schaffhausen - Fronwagplatz 2010-05-31 16-17-26.JPG|Fronwagturm, Schaffhausen
File:Zug - Zytturm 2010-06-18 18-00-00 ShiftN.jpg|Zytturm, Zug
File:Sion, hôtel de ville, horologe astronomique - ch.jpg|Sion
</gallery>

===United Kingdom===
{{Category see also|Astronomical clocks in the United Kingdom}}
* A group of four famous astronomical clocks in the [[West Country]], dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, all of which show the 24-hour time and the moon phase:
** [[Exeter]]. The [[Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock]] ({{circa|1484}})
** [[Ottery St Mary]]. The [[Ottery St Mary astronomical clock]] (15th century)
** [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]]. The [[Wells Cathedral clock]] (1386–1392)
** [[Wimborne Minster]]. The [[Wimborne Minster astronomical clock]] (14th century)
* [[Durham, England|Durham]]. [[Prior Castell's Clock]] in [[Durham Cathedral]], installed between 1494 and 1519.
* [[Hampton Court Palace]]. The [[Hampton Court astronomical clock]] (1540) is on the interior façade of the Main Gatehouse. It is a fine early example of a pre-[[Copernicus|Copernican]] astronomical clock.
* [[Leicester]]. The [[Leicester University astronomical clock]] (1989) is on the Rattray Lecture Theatre opposite the Physics department.
* [[London]]. The [[Astrology|astrological clock]] of [[Bracken House, London|Bracken House]] was installed in 1959, and depicts the [[Signs of the Zodiac]].
* [[Snowshill]]. The Nychthemeron Clock, installed in the garden of [[Snowshill Manor]] in [[Gloucestershire]].
* [[St Albans]]. A modern clock dating from 1995, built from notes by Richard of Wallingford held in the [[Bodleian Library]], Oxford. On display in [[St Albans Cathedral]].
* [[York]]. The [[York Minster astronomical clock]], an astronomical clock installed in 1955 as a memorial to airmen killed in [[World War II]], shows the positions of the sun and stars from the perspective of a pilot flying over York. It was damaged by fire in 1984, and is not currently working.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
File:Wells clock.jpg|[[Wells Cathedral clock]]
File:Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock.jpg|[[Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock]]
File:Astronomical clock, Ottery St Mary's.jpg|[[Ottery St Mary astronomical clock]]
File:Hampton Court Avri 2009 33.jpg|[[Hampton Court astronomical clock]]
File:Astronomical Clock (7569108538).jpg|[[York Minster astronomical clock]]
File:Clock-Calendar on Bracken House - geograph.org.uk - 1304709.jpg|[[Bracken House, London]] [[Astrology|astrological clock]], with its blue circle showing the [[Signs of the Zodiac]].
</gallery>

===United States===
* [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]]: The clock tower outside the National Czech and Slovak Museum and Library features an exact replica of Prague's astronomical clock.

== See also ==
* [[Astrolabe]]
* [[Astrarium]]
* [[Clock of the Long Now]], also called the ''10,000-year clock''
* [[Orrery]]
* [[Solar System model]]s
* [[Torquetum]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Needham|year=1986|series=[[Science and Civilization in China]]|volume=4|title=Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering|place=Taipei|publisher=Caves Books Ltd}}
* {{cite book|last=North|first=John|author-link=John North (historian)|year=2005|title=God's Clockmaker, Richard of Wallingford and the invention of time|publisher=Hambledon and London}}
* {{cite book|last=Sørnes|first=Tor|author-link=Tor Sørnes|year=2008|title=The Clockmaker Rasmus Sørnes}} [[Borgarsyssel Museum]], Sarpsborg, 2003 Norwegian edition, and 2008 English edition (available from the museum).
* {{cite book|last=King|first=Henry|year=1978|title=Geared to the Stars: the evolution of planetariums, orreries, and astronomical clocks|publisher=University of Toronto Press}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author2=Ling, Wang|author3=deSolla Price, Derek J. |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-32276-8 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.haveyouseenthisclock.com/ The search for Rasmus Sørnes 4th clock]
* [http://www.orloj600let.cz/ Prague Astronomical Clock]
* [https://astrologyclock.net/ A modern, online astronomical clock]
* [http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RELIE/Cadrans/ Les Cadrans Solaires (Sundials)], also showing European astronomical clocks {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110526125010/http://www.moonlightclock.com/ MoonlightClock.com – Handmade Astronomical Clocks]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160420190118/http://www.toerisme-sint-truiden.be/Festraets-astronomical-clock.html Festraets' astronomical clock]

{{Astronomical clocks|state=expanded}}
{{Solar System models}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Solar System}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek astronomy|Clock]]
[[Category:Astronomical clocks| ]]
[[Category:Astronomical instruments|Clock]]
[[Category:Astronomy in China|Clock]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:English inventions]]
[[Category:Greek inventions]]
[[Category:Arab inventions]]
[[Category:Hellenistic engineering]]
[[Category:History of astrology]]
[[Category:Historical scientific instruments]]
[[Category:Italian inventions]]