Editing Atlantic Revolutions

{{Short description|1765–1838 series of revolutions in the Atlantic World}}
{{merge to|Age of Revolution|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title             = Atlantic Revolutions
| partof            = the [[Age of Revolution]]
| image             = {{Multiple image 
| image1 = Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg  
| image2 = Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg
| image3 = Haitian Revolution.jpg
| image4 = Krayenhoff Daendels 1795.jpeg
| border=infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2
| total_width = 310
| footer_align = center
| footer = {{resize|113%|'''Clockwise from top''': {{flatlist|
* The [[Storming of the Bastille]] (1789)
* [[Battle of Vertières]] (1803)
* Patriot troops during the [[Batavian Revolution]] (1795)
* [[John Trumbull]]'s ''[[Declaration of Independence (painting)|Declaration of Independence]]'' (1776)
}}}}
}}
| date              = 22 March 1765 – 4 December 1838<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=22|year1=1765|month2=12|day2=4|year2=1838}})
| place             = [[Atlantic World]]
| causes            = 
* The [[Age of Enlightenment]]
| result            = Multiple revolutions and wars across the Atlantic world, including the [[American Revolutionary War]], [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], and the [[Spanish American wars of independence]]
}}
{{Revolution sidebar}}

The '''Atlantic Revolutions''' (19 April 1775 – 4 December 1838) were numerous revolutions in the [[Atlantic World]] in the late 18th and early 19th century. Following the [[Age of Enlightenment]], ideas critical of [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist monarchies]] spread. A [[revolutionary wave]] occurred, with the aim of ending monarchical rule, emphasizing the ideals of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and spreading [[liberalism]].

In 1755, early signs of governmental changes occurred with the formation of the [[Corsican Republic]] and [[Pontiac's War]]. The largest of these early revolutions was the [[American Revolution]] beginning in 1775, which founded the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline of the Revolution |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/americanrevolution/timeline.htm |website=nps.gov}}</ref> The American Revolution inspired other movements, including the [[French Revolution]] in 1789, the [[Haitian Revolution]] in 1791 and the [[Colombian War of Independence]] in 1810. These revolutions were based on the equivocation of personal freedom with the right to own property — a concept spread by [[Edmund Burke]] — and on the equality of all men, an idea expressed in [[constitution]]s written as a result of these revolutions.

==History==
[[File:Erster Freiheitsbaum Mainz.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Liberty Tree|tree of liberty]] topped with a [[Phrygian cap]] set up in [[Mainz]] in 1793. Such symbols were used by several revolutionary movements of the time.]]
It took place in both the Americas and Europe, including the [[United States]] (1775–1783), [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1788–1792), France and French-controlled Europe (1789–1814), [[Haiti]] (1791–1804), [[Ireland]] (1798) and [[Spanish America]] (1810–1825).<ref>Wim Klooster, ''Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History'' (2009)</ref> There were smaller upheavals in Switzerland, Russia, and Brazil. The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired by or emulated them.<ref>Laurent Dubois and Richard Rabinowitz, eds. ''Revolution!: The Atlantic World Reborn'' (2011)</ref>

Independence movements in the [[New World]] began with the [[American Revolution]], 1775&ndash;1783, in which France, the Netherlands and Spain assisted the new United States of America as it secured independence from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]. In the 1790s, the [[Haitian Revolution]] broke out. In 1810s, which marked Colombia became one of the first South American nation to declare independence from the Spanish at the beginning of the [[Colombian War of Independence]]. With Spain tied down in European wars, the mainland [[Spanish colonies]] secured independence around 1820.<ref>Jaime E. Rodríguez O., ''The Independence of Spanish America'' (1998)</ref>

[[File:Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg|upright=1.33|thumb|right|Bastille Day, 1792, Belfast, Ireland. Volunteer companies parade "The Colours of Five Free Nations, viz.: Flag of Ireland – motto, Unite and be free. Flag of America – motto, The Asylum of Liberty. Flag of France – motto, The Nation, the Law, and the King. Flag of Poland – motto, We will support it. Flag of Great Britain – motto, Wisdom, Spirit, and Liberality."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Madden |first1=Richard |title=The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times |date=1843 |publisher=J. Madden & Company |location=Belfast |page=179 |edition=30 May 2020 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s1unitedirishmen01madduoft/s1unitedirishmen01madduoft_djvu.txt}}</ref>]]

In long-term perspective, the revolutions were mostly successful. They spread widely the ideals of [[liberalism]], [[republicanism]], the overthrow of aristocracies, kings and established churches. '''For instance, the Genevan revolutionaries in Europe were under rebellion against their revolutionary government by noblemen of the Small Council. The revolutionaries confronted them by spreading the ideals of their republic like liberty to the whole world.'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Polasky |first=Janet |date=2016 |title=Revolutionaries Between Nations, 1776–1789 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44015366 |journal=Past & Present |issue=232 |pages= |issn=0031-2746}}</ref> They emphasized the universal ideals of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], such as the equality of all men, including equal justice under law by disinterested courts as opposed to particular justice handed down at the whim of a local noble. They showed that the modern notion of revolution, of starting fresh with a radically new government, could actually work in practice. Revolutionary mentalities were born and continue to flourish to the present day.

The common Atlantic theme breaks down to some extent from reading the works of [[Edmund Burke]]. Burke firstly supported the American colonists in 1774 in "[[On American Taxation]]", and took the view that their property and other rights were being infringed by the crown without their consent. In apparent contrast, Burke distinguished and deplored the process of the French revolution in ''[[Reflections on the Revolution in France]]'' (1790), as in this case property, customary and religious rights were being removed summarily by the revolutionaries and not by the crown. In both cases he was following [[Montesquieu]]'s theory that the right to own property is an essential element of personal freedom.

The American Revolution, a pivotal event in the broader context of Atlantic revolutions, led to the emergence of the United States as an independent nation. Its ripple effects resonated across the Atlantic, influencing subsequent independence movements and revolutions in Europe and the Americas. For instance, the Haitian Revolution erupted in the 1790s, challenging colonial rule and inspiring aspirations for freedom and equality. Similarly, mainland Spanish colonies secured their independence around 1820 amid the turmoil of European wars. '''In addition, the Dutch, people of the Netherlands in Europe, were called in 1781 by van der Capellen, a Dutch nobleman, to rise up against the [[Stadtholder|Stadholder]], their abusive ruler. Van der Capellen reminded readers in his work, "[[Aan het Volk van Nederland]]" (To the People of the Netherlands), that the Dutch managed to defeat their ruler and they gained power, ruling themselves.'''<ref name=":1" /> These interconnected revolutions, fueled by ideals of liberalism and republicanism, sought to overthrow entrenched aristocracies and establish governments based on the principles of the Enlightenment. The revolutionary fervor underscored the belief in the possibility of creating radically new governments founded on the principles of justice and equality, a sentiment that continues to resonate in modern times. However, the Atlantic theme of revolution faced complexities and nuances, as highlighted in the contrasting views of figures like Edmund Burke, who supported the American colonists' fight against unjust taxation but criticized the French Revolution for its perceived violation of property and religious rights.

==National revolutions==

=== Europe ===

* [[Corsican Republic|Corsican Revolution]] (1755–1769)
* [[Geneva Revolution of 1782|Geneva Revolution]] (1782)
* [[Patriottentijd|Revolt of Dutch Patriots]] (1785)
* '''[[French Revolution]]''' (1789&ndash;1799)
* [[Liège Revolution]] (1789&ndash;1795)
* [[Brabant Revolution]] (1790)
* Polish [[Polish–Russian War of 1792|War in the Defence of Constitution]] (1792) and [[Kościuszko Uprising]] (1794)
* [[Serbian Revolution]] (1804&ndash;1835)
* Stäfner Handel in [[Canton of Zürich]], Switzerland (1794–1795)
* [[Batavian Revolution]] (1795)
* [[Society of the United Scotsmen|Scottish Rebellion]] (1797)
* [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] (1798)
* [[French invasion of Switzerland|Helvetic Revolution]] (1798)
* [[Altamuran Revolution]] (1799)
* [[Norwegian War of Independence]] (1814)
* [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]] (1820, Portugal)
* [[Decembrist revolt]] (1825) and [[Chernigov Regiment revolt]] (1825–1826)

=== Americas ===
* [[Pontiac's War]] (1763–1766)
* '''[[American Revolution]]''' (1775&ndash;1783)
* [[Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)|Revolt of the Comuneros in New Granada]] (1781)
* [[Northwest Indian War]] (1785–1795)
* [[Inconfidência Mineira|Brazilian Revolutionary Movements]] (1789–1817)
** [[Inconfidência Mineira|Minas Conspiracy]] in [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil (1789)
** [[1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates|Bahian Revolt]] (''Conjuração Baiana'') in [[Salvador, Bahia|Bahia]], Brazil (1798)
** [[Pernambucan Revolt]] in [[Pernambuco]], Brazil (1817)
* '''[[Haitian Revolution]]''' (1791&ndash;1804)
* In the [[British Virgin Islands]], minor slave revolts occurred in 1790, 1823 and 1830.
* [[Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795|Slave revolt in Curaçao]] (1795)
* Bush War, Saint Lucia (1795)
* [[Fédon's rebellion]], Grenada (1796)
* [[Second Maroon War]], Jamaica (1795–1796)
* [[Second Carib War]], Saint Vincent (1795–1797)
* [[Spanish American wars of independence|'''Spanish American Wars of Independence''']] (1808–1833)
** Independence movements in [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]]
*** [[Colombian War of Independence]] (1810–1825)
*** [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] (1810–1823)
*** [[Ecuadorian War of Independence]] (1810–1822)
** Independence movements in [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Río de la Plata]]
*** [[Argentine War of Independence]] (1810–1818)
*** [[Bolivian War of Independence]] (1810–1825)
** Independence movements in [[New Spain]]
*** [[Mexican War of Independence]] (1810–1821)
** Independence movements in [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]]
*** [[Chilean War of Independence]] (1810–1826)
*** [[Peruvian War of Independence]] (1810–1826)
* [[1811 German Coast uprising]] (1811)
* '''[[Brazilian War of Independence]]''' (1821&ndash;1824)
* [[Rebellions of 1837–1838|Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions]] (1837–1838)

Various connecting threads among these varied uprisings include a concern for the "Rights of Man" and freedom of the individual; an idea (often predicated on [[John Locke]] or [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]) of [[popular sovereignty]]. '''Jean Jacques Rousseau along with other philosophers believe that support for equality and liberty in Europe can be done in the small states.'''<ref name=":1" /> '''Moreover, there were conflicting perspectives about popular sovereignty regarding slavery. [[Stephen A. Douglas]] and the Democratic Party promoted popular sovereignty in favor of the expansion of slavery in the U.S. [[Frederick Douglass]] believed that if Douglas stood up for women’s rights, the Southern white women would have the right to decide whether to put their black sisters under slavery or not.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynn |first=Joshua A. |date=2020 |title=Stephen Douglas's Enlightenment: Democracy, Race, and Rights in Civil War–Era Political Thought |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/764387 |journal=Civil War History |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=272–294 |issn=1533-6271}}</ref> '''Other concerns about human rights and freedom include''' the belief in a "[[social contract]]", which in turn was often codified in written [[constitution]]s; a certain complex of religious convictions often associated with [[deism]] and characterized by veneration of reason; abhorrence of [[feudalism]] and often of [[monarchy]] itself. The Atlantic Revolutions also had many shared symbols, including the name "[[patriotism|Patriot]]" used by so many revolutionary groups; the slogan of "[[Liberty]]"; the [[Phrygian cap|liberty cap]]; [[Liberty (personification)|Lady Liberty or Marianne]]; the [[Liberty Tree|tree of liberty]] or [[liberty pole]], and so on.

== Important individuals during the revolutions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Name of person or movement
!Allegiance
!Life
|-
|[[Benjamin Franklin]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1706–1790
|-
|[[Israel Putnam]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1718–1790
|-
|[[Samuel Adams]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1722–1803
|-
|[[Richard Price]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}<br />{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|1723–1791
|-
|[[Pasquale Paoli]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Corsica.svg}} [[Corsican Republic|Corsica]]
|1725–1807
|-
|[[Horatio Gates]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1727–1806
|-
|[[Guillaume de Bellecombe]]
|{{Flag|Haiti|1803}}
|1728–1792
|-
|'''[[George Washington]]'''
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1732–1799
|-
|[[Joseph Priestley]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1733–1804
|-
|[[John Adams]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1735–1826
|-
|[[Patrick Henry]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1736–1799
|-
|[[Thomas Paine]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1737–1809
|-
|[[Ethan Allen]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}<br />{{Flag|Vermont Republic|name=Vermont}}
|1738–1789
|-
|[[Nathanael Greene]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1742–1786
|-
|'''[[Toussaint Louverture]]'''
|{{Flag|Haiti|1803}}
|1743–1803
|-
|[[Thomas Jefferson]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1743–1826
|-
|[[John Jay]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1745–1829
|-
|[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]
|{{Flag|Poland–Lithuania}}<br />{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1746–1817
|-
|[[John Paul Jones]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1747–1792
|-
|[[Francisco de Miranda]]
|{{Flag|Venezuela|1810|name=Venezuela}}<br />{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}<br />{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1750–1816
|-
|[[Henry Knox]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1750–1806
|-
|[[James Madison]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1751–1836
|-
|[[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]
|{{Flagicon image|Doliente_de_Hidalgo.png}} [[Mexico]]
|1753–1811
|-
|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|1755–1804
|-
|[[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Marquis de Lafayette]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}<br />{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|1757–1834
|-
|'''[[Maximilien Robespierre]]'''
|{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|1758–1794
|-
|[[Georges Danton]]
|{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|1759–1794
|-
|[[Wolfe Tone]]
|{{Flagicon image|Green_harp_flag_of_Ireland.svg}} [[Society of United Irishmen|Ireland]]
|1763–1798
|-
|[[José Gervasio Artigas]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Artigas.svg}} [[Liga Federal]]<br />{{Flag|United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|name=Río de la Plata}}
|1764–1850
|-
|[[José María Morelos]]
|{{Flagicon image|Bandera_y_Estandarte_de_Morelos.svg}} [[Mexico]]
|1765–1815
|-
|[[Antonio Nariño]]
|{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg}} [[Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca|Cundinamarca]]<br />{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}
|1765–1823
|-
|[[Camilo Torres Tenorio]]
|{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}
|1766–1816
|-
|[[Francisco José de Caldas]]
|{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}
|1768–1816
|-
|[[Napoleon|'''Napoleon Bonaparte''']]
|{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|1769–1821
|-
|[[Manuel Belgrano]]
|{{Flag|United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|name=Río de la Plata}}
|1770–1820
|-
|[[Cristóbal Mendoza]]
|{{Flag|Venezuela|1810|name=Venezuela}}
|1772–1829
|-
|[[Manuel Piar]]
|{{Flag|Venezuela|1813|name=Venezuela}}
|1774–1817
|-
|[[José Félix Ribas]]
|{{Flag|Venezuela|1810|name=Venezuela}}
|1775–1815
|-
|[[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]]
|{{Flag|Chile|1817}}<br />{{Flag|Empire of Brazil|name=Brazil}}
|1775–1860
|-
|'''[[José de San Martín]]'''
|{{Flag|United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|name=Río de la Plata}}<br />{{Flag|Chile|1817}}<br />{{Flag|Peru|1821}}
|1778–1850
|-
|[[Bernardo O'Higgins]]
|{{Flag|Chile|1817}}
|1778–1842
|-
|[[Jørgen Jørgensen]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Jørgen_Jørgensen_(1809).svg}} [[Iceland]]
|1780–1841
|-
|[[Vicente Guerrero]]
|{{Flag|Mexico|1824}}
|1782–1831
|-
|[[Mariano Montilla]]
|{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}<br />{{Flag|Venezuela|1813|name=Venezuela}}<br />{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}
|1782–1851
|-
|'''[[Simón Bolívar]]'''
|{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}<br />{{Flag|Venezuela|1813|name=Venezuela}}<br />{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}<br />{{Flag|Peru|1822}}<br />{{Flag|Bolivia|1825}}
|1783–1830
|-
|[[Agustín de Iturbide]]
|{{Flag|First Mexican Empire||name=Mexico}}
|1783–1824
|-
|[[José Miguel Carrera]]
|{{Flag|Chile|1817}}
|1785–1821
|-
|[[Gregor MacGregor]]
|{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}<br />{{Flag|Venezuela|1813|name=Venezuela}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Green_Cross_flag_of_Florida.svg}} [[Republic of the Floridas|Florida]]
|1786–1845
|-
|[[Louis-Joseph Papineau]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Patriote_movement_(Lower_Canada).svg}} [[Patriote movement|Lower Canada]]
|1787–1871
|-
|[[Rafael Urdaneta]]
|{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}<br />{{Flag|Venezuela|1813|name=Venezuela}}
|1788–1845
|-
|[[Santiago Mariño]]
|{{Flag|Venezuela|1813|name=Venezuela}}<br />{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}
|1788–1854
|-
|[[Charles Deslondes]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Louisiana.svg}} [[History of slavery in Louisiana|Louisiana slaves]]
|1789–1811
|-
|[[José Antonio Páez]]
|{{Flag|Venezuela|1830|name=Venezuela}}<br />{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}
|1790–1873
|-
|[[Samuel Lount]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Canadian_Republic.svg}} [[Republic of Canada|Canada]]
|1791–1838
|-
|[[Francisco de Paula Santander]]
|{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}<br />{{Flag|United Provinces of New Granada|name=New Granada}}
|1792–1840
|-
|[[Antonio López de Santa Anna]]
|{{Flag|Mexico|1824}}
|1794–1876
|-
|[[Antonio José de Sucre]]
|{{Flag|Gran Colombia|name=Colombia}}<br />{{Flag|Peru|1822}}<br />{{Flag|Bolivia|1825}}
|1795–1830
|-
|[[William Lyon Mackenzie]]
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Canadian_Republic.svg}} [[Republic of Canada|Canada]]
|1795–1861
|-
|[[Pedro I of Brazil]]
|{{Flag|Empire of Brazil|name=Brazil}}
|1798–1834
|-
|[[Alexis de Tocqueville]]
|{{Flag|French Second Republic||name=France}}
|1805–1859
|}

== Important organizations or movements during the revolutions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Region
|-
|[[Society of the United Scotsmen]]
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain||name=Great Britain}}
|-
|[[Sons of Liberty]]
|{{Flag|United States|1776}}
|-
|[[Patriottentijd]]
|{{Flag|Dutch Republic||name=Netherlands}}
|-
|[[Jacobin Club]]
|{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|-
|[[Société des amis des Noirs]]
|{{Flag|French First Republic||name=France}}
|-
|[[Society of the Friends of the People]]
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain||name=Great Britain}}
|-
|[[London Corresponding Society]]
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain||name=Great Britain}}
|-
|[[Lautaro Lodge]]
|{{Flag|Spanish Empire||name=Hispanic America}}
|-
|[[Patriote movement]]
|{{Flag|Lower Canada||name=Lower Canada}}
|-
|{{lang|fr|[[Société des Fils de la Liberté]]|italic=no}}
|{{Flag|Lower Canada||name=Lower Canada}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Age of Revolution]]
* [[Atlantic history]], on historiography
* [[Atlantic World]]
* [[Piracy in the Atlantic World]]
* [[Revolutions of 1848]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* Canny, Nicholas, and Philip Morgan, eds. ''The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World: 1450–1850'' (Oxford UP, 2011).
* Donoghue, John. ''Fire under the Ashes: An Atlantic History of the English Revolution'' (U  of Chicago Press, 2013).
*Geggus, David P. ''The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World'' (2002)
*[[Jacques Godechot]]. ''France and the Atlantic revolution of the eighteenth century, 1770–1799'' (1965)
*Gould, Eliga H. and Peter S. Onuf, eds. ''Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World'' (2004)
*Greene, Jack P., Franklin W. Knight, Virginia Guedea, and Jaime E. Rodríguez O. "AHR Forum: Revolutions in the Americas", ''American Historical Review'' (2000) 105#1 92–152. Advanced scholarly essays comparing different revolutions in the New World. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i325440 in JSTOR]
*[[Jonathan I. Israel|Israel, Jonathan I.]] ''The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848''. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2017. {{ISBN|978-0-691-17660-4}}
*Klooster, Wim. ''Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History'' (2nd ed. 2018)
* Leonard, A.B. and David Pretel, eds. ''The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy''(2018)
*Palmer, Robert. ''The Age of Democratic Revolutions'' 2 vols. (1959, 1964)
* Perl-Rosenthal, Nathan. "Atlantic cultures and the age of revolution." ''William & Mary Quarterly'' 74.4 (2017): 667–696. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/675316 online]
* Peterson, Mark. "The Cambridge History of Age of Atlantic Revolutions" (2023) pp.&nbsp;159–541 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108567671.008
* Polasky, Janet L. ''Revolutions without Borders'' (Yale UP, 2015). 392 pp. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=44565 online review]
* Potofsky, Allan. "Paris-on-the-Atlantic from the Old Regime to the Revolution." ''French History'' 25.1 (2011): 89–107.
*Sepinwall, Alyssa G. "Atlantic Revolutions", in ''Encyclopedia of the Modern World'', ed. Peter Stearns (2008), I: 284 – 289
*Verhoeven, W.M. and Beth Dolan Kautz, eds. '' Revolutions and Watersheds: Transatlantic Dialogues, 1775–1815'' (1999)
* Vidal, Cécile, and Michèle R. Greer. "For a Comprehensive History of the Atlantic World or Histories Connected In and Beyond the Atlantic World?." ''Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales'' 67#2 (2012). [https://www.cairn-int.info/focus-E_ANNA_672_0391--for-a-comprehensive-history-of-the-atlan.htm online]

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[[Category:Atlantic Revolutions| ]]
[[Category:Revolutionary waves]]
[[Category:Age of Enlightenment]]
[[Category:Revolutions]]
[[Category:18th-century revolutions]]
[[Category:19th-century revolutions]]
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