Editing Attis

{{Short description|Phrygian and Greek god}}
{{Other uses|Atys (disambiguation)|Atthis (mythology)}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = greek
| name = Attis
| image = Statue of Attis, 2nd half of 2nd century AD, from the Hierapolis Agora, Hierapolis Archaeology Museum, Turkey (17234601835).jpg
| caption = Statue of Attis from Roman [[Hierapolis]]
| death_place = [[Castration|Castrated]]/[[Emasculation|Emasculated]] himself and died
| deity_of = Consort of [[Cybele]]
| mother = [[Nana (Greek mythology)|Nana]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maicar.com/GML/Attis.html |title=Attis |date= |website=maicar.com |access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Statue of a reclining Attis at the Shrine of Attis 2.jpg|thumb|Statue of a reclining Attis at the Shrine of Attis in [[Ostia Antica]] near [[Rome]].]]

'''Attis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|t|ɪ|s}}; {{langx|grc|Ἄττις}}, also {{lang|grc|Ἄτυς}}, {{lang|grc|Ἄττυς}}, {{lang|grc|Ἄττης}})<ref>
{{cite book
 |first=William |last=Smith
 |year=1873  |orig-year=1848
 |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
 |article=Atys, Attys, Attes, Attis
 |place=London, UK
 |publisher=John Murray via Spottiswoode and Co.
 |article-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D54%3Aentry%3Datys-attys-attes-attis-bio-1
 |via=[[Tufts University|Tufts U.]] / Perseus
}}</ref> was the consort of [[Cybele]], in [[Phrygians|Phrygian]] and [[Greek mythology]].{{efn|A connection to the [[Lydia]]n god Atys supposed by late 19th&nbsp;century scholars, based on a description of [[Atys (son of Croesus)|man named Atys]] by [[Herodotus]]<ref name=Herodotus-Histories/> was a mistake. The error is still repeated by most modern sources (with the notable exception of [[Walter Burkert|W. Burkert]]), even though it was explained and debunked by [[Jan N. Bremmer|Bremmer]] (2004).<ref name=Bremmer-2004/>}}

His priests were [[eunuch]]s, the ''[[Galli]]'', as explained by [[origin myth]]s pertaining to Attis [[castration|castrating]] himself. Attis was also a [[Phrygia]]n [[vegetation deity]]. His self-mutilation, death, and resurrection represents the fruits of the earth, which die in winter only to rise again in the spring.<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
 |title=Attis (Phrygian deity)
 |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia
|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42255/Attis
}}</ref>

According to [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', Attis transformed himself into a pine tree.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1=Roman |first1=Luke
 |last2=Roman |first2=Monica |name-list-style=amp
 |year=2010
 |title=Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology
 |page=94
 |publisher=Infobase Publishing
 |isbn=978-1-4381-2639-5  |language=en
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC
}}</ref>

== History ==
An Attis cult began around 1250&nbsp;BCE in [[Dindymon]] (today's Murat Dağı of [[Gediz, Kütahya]], Turkey). He was originally a local semi-deity of [[Phrygia]], associated with the great Phrygian trading city of [[Pessinos]], which lay under the lee of [[Mount Agdistis]]. The mountain was personified as a ''[[Daemon (mythology)|daemon]]'', whom foreigners associated with the Great Mother [[Cybele]].

In the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BCE, a cult of Attis became a feature of the Greek world. The story of his origins at [[Agdistis]] recorded by the traveller [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] have some distinctly non-Greek elements.<ref name=Pausanias-Desc-Greece/>

Pausanias was told that the ''daemon'' Agdistis initially bore both male and female sexual organs. The [[Olympian gods]] feared Agdistis and they conspired to cause Agditis to accidentally castrate itself, ridding itself of its male organs. From the hemorrhage of Agdistis germinated an almond tree. When the fruits ripened, Nana, daughter of the river Sangarius, took an almond, put it in her bosom, and later became pregnant with baby Attis, whom she abandoned.<ref name=Pausanias-Desc-Greece/>

The infant was tended by a [[he-goat]]. As Attis grew, his long-haired beauty was godlike, and his parent, Agdistis (as Cybele) then fell in love with him. But Attis' foster parents sent him to [[Pessinos]], where he was to wed the king's daughter.<ref name=Pausanias-Desc-Greece/>

According to some versions the king of Pessinos was [[Midas]]. Just as the marriage-song was being sung, Agdistis / Cybele appeared in her transcendent power, and Attis went mad and
[[castration|castrated]] himself under a pine. When he died as a result of his self-inflicted wounds, violets grew from his blood. Attis' father-in-law-to-be, the king who was giving his daughter in marriage, followed suit, prefiguring the self-castrating [[corybantes]] who devoted themselves to Cybele. The heartbroken [[Agdistis]] begged [[Zeus]], the Father God, to preserve Attis so his body would never decay or decompose.<ref name=Pausanias-Desc-Greece>
{{cite book
 |author=[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]
 |title=[[Description of Greece]]
 |at=7.17.9-12
}}
</ref>

At the temple of Cybele in Pessinus, the mother of the gods was still called Agdistis, the geographer [[Strabo]] recounted.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Strabo]] |title=[[Geography (Strabo)|Geography]] |at=12, 5, 3}}</ref>

As neighbouring [[Lydia]] came to control Phrygia, the cult of Attis was given a Lydian context too. Attis is said to have introduced to Lydia the cult of the Mother Goddess Cybele, incurring the jealousy of [[Zeus]], who sent a boar to destroy the Lydian crops. Then certain Lydians, with Attis himself, were killed by the boar. Pausanias adds, to corroborate this story, that the Gauls who inhabited Pessinos abstained from pork. This myth element may have been invented solely to explain the unusual [[dietary law]]s of the [[Galatia|Lydian Gauls]]. In Rome, the eunuch followers of Cybele were called ''[[galli]]''.

[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] describes the orgiastic cult of Cybele and its spread.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=[[Julian the Apostate]]
 |title=Oratio
 |at=5
}}
</ref>
It began in Anatolia and was adopted in Greece, and eventually [[Roman Republic|Republican Rome]]; the cult of Attis, her reborn eunuch consort, accompanied her.

== Religious worship ==

=== Priests ===
The temple of Cybele at Pessinus was the center of the cult of Cybele and Attis, and remained relevant during the Roman Empire. The [[Galli]] (priests of Cybele and Attis) held a theocracy here, with leaders perhaps creating succession by adoption. The highest ranking Gallus was known as "Attis", and his junior as "Battakes".<ref>Lancellotti, Maria Grazia, ''Attis, between myth and history: king, priest, and God,'' Brill, 2002, pp 101 – 104. This priestly "dynasty" may have begun around the 3rd century BC.</ref> At this time, the Galli were eunuchs, and some modern scholars have compared the mythology of the self-castration of Attis to the ritual castration of the Galli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denova |first=Rebecca I. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1243160502 |title=Greek and Roman religions |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78785-765-0 |oclc=1243160502}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bremmer |first=Jan N. |date=2004 |title=Attis: A Greek God in Anatolian Pessinous and Catullan Rome |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4433594 |journal=Mnemosyne |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=534–573 |doi=10.1163/1568525043057892 |issn=0026-7074 |jstor=4433594}}</ref> Later, during the [[Flavian dynasty|Flavian]] period, these followers took the form of a college of ten priests, who were Roman citizens and not castrated. However, they still used the title "Attis".<ref>Maarten J. Vermaseren, ''Cybele and Attis: the myth and the cult'', translated by A. M. H. Lemmers,  London: Thames and Hudson, 1977, p. 98.</ref>

Modern scholars have examined how the Galli subverted Roman gender norms. Because the Galli castrated themselves and wore women's clothing, accessories and makeup, some modern scholars have interpreted them as [[transgender]].<ref>Kirsten Cronn-Mills, ''Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices'' (2014, {{ISBN|0761390227}}), page 39</ref><ref>Teresa Hornsby, Deryn Guest, ''Transgender, Intersex and Biblical Interpretation'' (2016, {{ISBN|0884141551}}), page 47</ref> Another interpretation is that the Galli may have occupied a [[third gender]] in Roman society. Jacob Latham has examined how the foreignness of the cult and the priests' nonconforming gender presentation may have existed outside Roman constructions of masculinity and femininity altogether. Roman writers, often male citizens of Rome, who described the Galli often derided their gender presentation, and the priests' transgressions of Roman norms can explain this hostility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Latham |first=Jacob |date=2012 |title="Fabulous Clap-Trap": Roman Masculinity, the Cult of Magna Mater, and Literary Constructions of the galli at Rome from the Late Republic to Late Antiquity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/662205 |journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=84–122 |doi=10.1086/662205 |issn=0022-4189 |jstor=10.1086/662205 |s2cid=170360753|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
=== Festivals ===
The Romans, beginning with the [[Principate]], celebrated Attis and Cybele with a March festival week called the [[Hilaria]].<ref>Maria Grazia Lancellotti, ''Attis, Between Myth and History: King, Priest, and God'' (Brill, 2002), p. 81; [[Bertrand Lançon]], ''Rome in Late Antiquity'' (Routledge, 2001), p. 91; Philippe Borgeaud, ''Mother of the Gods: From Cybele to the Virgin Mary'', translated by Lysa Hochroth (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), pp. 51, 90, 123, 164.</ref> Citizens and freedmen who were members of specific priestly [[Collegium (ancient Rome)|colleges]] could participate in rites for Attis in constrained ways. The ''Cannophores'' ("reed bearers") and the ''Dendrophores'' ("tree bearers") each had ritual roles during the first days.<ref>Duncan Fishwick, "The Cannophori and the March Festival of Magna Mater", ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', Vol. 97, (1966), p. 195 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202192925/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936006|date=2016-12-02}}</ref>

On the 24th of March, the [[Dies sanguinis|Dies Sanguinis]] (Day of Blood), followers mourned Attis's death by flogging themselves until they bled on his altar. The Galli also performed their initiation ritual, which involved ritual castration. By night, Attis was ritually entombed.<ref>Salzman, ''On Roman Time,'' p. 167; Lancellotti, ''Attis, Between Myth and History'', p. 82.</ref> The next day, the Day of Joy (Hilaria), featured Attis' rebirth. It was also the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]] on the Roman calendar.<ref>Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.21.10; Forsythe, ''Time in Roman Religion,'' p. 88.</ref> Some early Christian sources associate this day with the [[resurrection of Jesus]].<ref>[[Tertullian]], ''Adversus Iudaeos'' 8; [[Lactantius]], ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'' 2.1; Forsythe, ''Time in Roman Religion,'' p. 88; Salzman, ''On Roman Time,'' p. 168.</ref>

== Literature ==
The first literary reference to Attis is the subject of one of the most famous poems by [[Catullus]] ([[Catullus 63]]),<ref>
{{cite journal
 |first=Grant |last=Showerman
 |year=1900
 |title=Poem&nbsp;63 – was Attis at Rome under the Republic?
 |journal=[[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]]
 |volume=31 |pages=46–59
 |doi=10.2307/282638
 |jstor=282638
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnTUrdpsV4gC
 |via=Google Books
|url-access=subscription
 }}
</ref> apparently before Attis had begun to be worshipped in Rome, as Attis' worship began in the early Empire.<ref>
{{cite book
 |first=P. |last=Lambrechts
 |year=1962
 |title=Attis: Van Herdersknaap tot God
 |trans-title=Attis: From shepherd-boy to god
 |place=Brussels, NL
 |publisher=Vlaamse Akademie}} [includes French language summary]
</ref>

In 1675, [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], who was attached to Louis XIV's court, composed an opera titled ''[[Atys (Lully)|Atys]].'' In 1780, Niccolo Piccinni composed his own [[Atys (Piccinni)|''Atys'']].

[[Oscar Wilde]] mentions Attis' self-mutilation in his poem ''[[The Sphinx (poem)|The Sphinx]]'', published in 1894:
:"And Atys with his blood-stained knife
: were better than the thing I am."<ref>
{{cite book
 |first=O. |last=Wilde  |author-link=Oscar Wilde
 |year=1881
 |article=The Sphinx
 |title=Poems   |edition=12th
 |place=London, UK
 |publisher=Methuen & Co.
 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1057 
 |via=Project Gutenberg
}}
</ref>

== Philosophy ==
Emperor Julian's "Hymn to the Mother of Gods"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Wilmer Cave|title=The Works of the Emperor Julian|publisher=William Heinemann, The Macmillan Co.|year=1913|volume=1|location=London, New York|pages=453–503|id=ark:/13960/t5gb32365}}</ref> contains a detailed [[Neoplatonic]] analysis of Attis. In that work Julian says: "Of him [Attis] the myth relates that, after being exposed at birth near the eddying stream of the river Gallus, he grew up like a flower, and when he had grown to be fair and tall, he was beloved by the Mother of the Gods. And she entrusted all things to him, and moreover set on his head the starry cap."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Wilmer Cave|title=The Works of the Emperor Julian|publisher=William Heinemann, The Macmillan Co.|year=1913|volume=1|location=London, New York|pages=461|id=ark:/13960/t5gb32365}}</ref> On this passage, the scholiast ([[Wilmer Cave Wright|Wright]]) says: "The whole passage implies the identification of Attis with nature...cf. 162A where Attis is called 'Nature,' φύσις."<ref name=":0" />

== Archaeological finds ==
The most important representation of Attis is the lifesize statue discovered at [[Ostia Antica]], near the mouth of Rome's river. The statue is of a reclining Attis, after the emasculation. In his left hand is a [[shepherd's crook]], in his right hand a [[pomegranate]]. His head is crowned with a [[Wreath (attire)|pine garland with fruits]], bronze rays of the sun, and on his Phrygian cap is a crescent moon. It was discovered in 1867 at the Campus of the [[Magna Mater]] together with other statues. The objects seem to have been hidden there in late antiquity. A plaster cast of it sits in the apse of the Sanctuary of Attis at the Campus of the [[Magna Mater]], while the original was moved to the [[Vatican Museums]].<ref>
{{cite web
 |title=Regio IV – Regio I – Santuario di Attis (IV, I, 3)
 |date=13 May 2006
 |website=ostia-antica.org
 |url=http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio4/1/1-3.htm
}}</ref>

A marble [[bas-relief]] depicting [[Cybele]] in her chariot and Attis, from [[Magna Graecia]], is in the archaeological museum in Venice. The pair also feature prominently on the silver [[Parabiago plate]].

A finely executed silvery brass Attis that had been ritually consigned to the [[Moselle (river)|Moselle River]] was recovered during construction in 1963 and is kept at the [[Rheinisches Landesmuseum of Trier]]. It shows the typically Anatolian costume of the god: trousers fastened together down the front of the legs with toggles and the [[Phrygian cap]].{{efn|
Images may be found
[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Attis.jpg at wikimedia], and
[http://www.summagallicana.it/lessico/a/Attis.htm at Summa Gallicana].
}}

In 2007, in the ruins of [[Herculaneum]] a wooden throne was discovered adorned with a relief of Attis beneath a sacred pine tree, gathering cones. Various finds suggest that the cult of Attis was popular in Herculaneum at the time of the eruption of [[Vesuvius]] in 79&nbsp;CE.<ref>
{{cite magazine
 |first=Mark |last=Merrony
 |date=March–April 2008
 |title=An ivory throne for Herculaneum
 |magazine=Minerva
 |url=http://minervamagazine.com/news.asp?min_issue=MAR_APR2008
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331183522/http://www.minervamagazine.com/news.asp?min_issue=MAR_APR2008
 |archive-date=2008-03-31
}} — A picture accompanies the article.
</ref>

== Conflation with the god Atys ==
Nineteenth century scholarship wrongly identified the god ''Attis'' with the similar-sounding name of the god ''Atys''. The [[Atys (disambiguation)|''name'' "Atys"]] is often seen in ancient [[Aegean civilizations|Aegean]] cultures; it was mentioned by [[Herodotus]],<ref name=Herodotus-Histories>
{{cite book
 |author=[[Herodotus]]
 |title=Ἱστορίαι ("Historíai̯")
 |trans-title=Histories
 |at=i.34–45
 |title-link=Histories (Herodotus)
}}
</ref>
however Herodotus was describing [[Atys (son of Croesus)|Atys]], the son of [[Croesus]], a human in a historical account. The 19th-century conflation of the man Atys's name with the mythology of the god he was presumably named after, "Atys the sun god, slain by the boar's tusk of winter",<ref name=Sayce-1883/> and hence a connection to similar-sounding Attis was a mistake, but the long-standing error is still found in modern sources.<ref name=Bremmer-2004/>{{rp|pages=536–539}}{{efn|The often-repeated Atys / Attis connection{{refn|name=Sayce-1883|
{{cite book
 |first=A.H. |last=Sayce
 |year=1883
 |title=The Ancient Empires of the East: Herodotos I-III
 |pages=21&nbsp;ff
}}
noted in Bremmer (2004)<ref name=Bremmer-2004/>{{rp|page=536 & note}}
}}
was a mistake; it is disentangled and debunked by Bremmer (2004).<ref name=Bremmer-2004>
{{cite journal
 |first=J.N. |last=Bremmer |author-link=Jan N. Bremmer
 |year=2004
 |title=Attis: A Greek god in Anatolian Pessinous and Catullan Rome
 |journal=Mnemosyne |series=Fourth Series
 |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=534–573, ''see esp.''536–539
|doi=10.1163/1568525043057892 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/32089726/Bremmer-Attis-1.pdf }}
</ref>{{rp|pages=536–539}}
}}

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery heights="220px">

Image:Statue of a reclining Attis at the Shrine of Attis 2.jpg|Plaster cast of the Attis statue at the [[Criobolium|Shrine of Attis]] situated in the Campus of the [[Magna Mater]] in [[Ostia Antica]], Italy.
Image:Attis thymiaterion Louvre Tarse61.jpg|Attis wearing the [[Phrygian cap]]. Terracotta [[thymiaterion]] at the [[Louvre]] from [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]]
Image:Attis Efes Museum.JPG|Sculpture of Attis. [[Ephesus Archaeological Museum]], [[Ephesus|Efes]], [[Turkey]].
File:The_great_mother_of_the_gods_(1901)_(14594571307).jpg|Ancient Roman statue of god Attis found at [[Ostia (Rome)]], now in the [[Lateran Museum]].
File:Figurine van Attis in brons, 75 tot 150 NC, vindplaats- Tongeren, Kielenstraat, 1992, collectie Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren, TO92-020-093.jpg|Bronze figurine of Attis, with typical attributes: Hare and shepherd's staff, 75-150&nbsp;CE, found in Tongeren, Belgium, [[Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren|Gallo-Roman Museum (Tongeren)]]
{{cite web|title=Figurine of Attis|department=Exploratorium|website=galloromeinsmuseum.be|place=Belgium|publisher=Gallo-Roman Museum|url=http://exploratorium.galloromeinsmuseum.be/Default.aspx?query=search=deeplink/record/uniqid=obj_3488&showtype=record}}
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

* {{EB1911|wstitle=Attis}}
* {{DGRBM|wstitle=Atys 1.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

* {{wikisource-inline|Work|single=true|links=[[s:The Golden Bough/The Myth and Ritual of Attis|"The myth and ritual of Attis"]]  [in] [[s:The Golden Bough|''The Golden Bough'']] }}
* {{wikisource-inline|Work|single=true|links=[[s:The Golden Bough/Attis as a God of Vegetation|"Attis as a god of vegetation"]]  [in] [[s:The Golden Bough|''The Golden Bough'']] }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
 |first=M.J. |last=Vermaseren 
 |year=1977
 |title=Cybele and Attis
 |place=London, UK
 |publisher=Thames & Hudson
}}

* {{cite book
 |first=P. |last=Lambrechts
 |year=1962
 |title=Attis: Van Herdersknaap tot God
 |trans-title=Attis: From shepherd-boy to god
 |place=Brussels, NL
 |publisher=Vlaamse Akademie
}} [includes French language summary]
** Reviewed by {{cite journal
 |first=J.A. |last=North
 |year=1965
 |title=[no title cited]
 |type=book review
 |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies
 |volume=55 |issue=1–2 |pages=278–279
|doi=10.2307/297462
 |jstor=297462
 |s2cid=163398548
 }}

* {{cite book
 |first=H. |last=Hepding 
 |year=1903
 |title=Attis seine Mythen und sein Kult
 |trans-title=Attis, his Myths and his Cult
 |series=Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten
 |volume=I
 |publisher=Giessen
 |url=https://archive.org/details/attisseinemythe01hepdgoog
 |via=Archive.org
}}

* {{cite book
 |editor-first=E.N. |editor-last=Lane 
 |year=1996
 |title=Cybele, Attis, and Related Cults: Essays in memory of M.J. Vermaseren
 |series=Religions in the Graeco-Roman World
 |volume=131
 |place=Leiden-Köln
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
 |title=Attis
 |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopædia
 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42255/Attis 
}}

* {{cite web
 |title=Attis: Phrygian eunuch god of vegetation
 |department=Phrygios
 |website=Theoi Project (theoi.com)
 |url=http://www.theoi.com/Phrygios/Attis.html 
}}

* [https://tertullian.org/rpearse/attis/attis_literary_testimonies.htm Attis: The Literary Testimonies] - at the Tertullian Project.

* {{cite web
 |title=The Poem of Catullus about Attis
 |translator-first=Eli |translator-last=Siegel
 |department=poetry
 |website=aestheticrealism.net
 |url=http://www.aestheticrealism.net/poetry/Attis-Catullus.htm 
}}

* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000471 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Attis)]

{{Greek mythology (deities)|state=collapsed}}
{{Metamorphoses in Greek mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Phrygian gods]]
[[Category:Cybele]]
[[Category:Life-death-rebirth gods]]
[[Category:Agricultural gods]]
[[Category:Castration]]
[[Category:Nature gods]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into trees in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in mythology]]
[[Category:Transgender topics and mythology]]