Editing August Beer

{{Short description|German Jewish mathematician, physicist, and chemist (1825–1863)}}
'''August Beer''' ({{IPA|de|beːɐ̯|lang}}; 31 July 1825 &ndash; 18 November 1863) was a German [[physicist]], [[chemist]], and [[mathematician]] of [[Jewish]] descent.<ref>Charles Archibald Stonehill, ''The Jewish contribution to civilization'', p. 23</ref>

==Biography==
Beer was born in [[Trier]], where he studied [[mathematics]] and [[natural science]]s.  Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to [[Bonn]] to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist [[Julius Plücker]], whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the [[University of Bonn]].

In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beer |title=Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten |journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie |date=1852 |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=78–88 |doi=10.1002/andp.18521620505 |bibcode=1852AnP...162...78B |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00321236o;view=1up;seq=96 |trans-title=Determination of the absorption of red light in colored liquids |language=German}}</ref> Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer's<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bouguer |first1=Pierre |title=Essai d'optique sur la gradation de la lumière |trans-title=Optics essay on the dimming of light |date=1729 |publisher=Claude Jombert |location=Paris, France |pages=[https://archive.org/details/UFIE003101_TO0324_PNI-2703_000000/page/16 16]–22 |url=https://archive.org/details/UFIE003101_TO0324_PNI-2703_000000 |language=French}}</ref> and Lambert's absorption laws,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=J.H. |title=Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae |trans-title=Photometry, or, On the measure and gradations of light, colors, and shade |date=1760 |publisher=Eberhardt Klett |location=Augsburg, (Germany) |url=https://archive.org/details/TO0E039861_TO0324_PNI-2733_000000 |language=Latin}}</ref> that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). The “Absorption Coëfficient” that Beer defined is actually the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I<sub>0</sub>.<ref name=Gerward>{{cite journal |last1=Gerward |first1=Leif |title=The Bouguer-Lambert-Beer absorption law |journal=International Radiation Physics Society Bulletin |date=2007 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=4–8 |url=http://www.canberra.edu.au/irps/archives/vol21no1/blbalaw.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010075953/http://www.canberra.edu.au/irps/archives/vol21no1/blbalaw.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In Beer's formulation: "the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution."<ref>cited by Gerward (2007)</ref>

The transmittance measured for any concentration and path length can be normalized to the corresponding transmittance for a standard concentration and path length. Beer conducted a number of experiments to confirm this empirical law, and to define a standard concentration of 10%, and a standard path length of 10&nbsp;cm.<ref name=Gerward/>  The [[photometer]], devised by Beer, is shown in the gallery below.

Beer continued to publish the results of his scientific labors, writing in 1854 ''Einleitung in die höhere Optik'' (Introduction to the Higher Optics).  His findings, together with those of [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]], make up the [[Beer–Lambert law]]. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the [[University of Bonn]]. Beer also wrote "Einheit in der Electrostatik," published two years after his death. He died in [[Bonn]] in 1863.<ref>Kölnische Zeitung, May 1, 1864; Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, ii. 245, 246.</ref>

== Beer's law==
Beer's law, also called the [[Beer-Lambert law]], in spectroscopy, is the physical law stating that the quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a nonabsorbing solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the solution. Beer's law is commonly written in the form A = εcl, where A is the absorbance, c is the concentration in moles per liter, l is the path length in centimeters, and ε is a constant of proportionality known as the [[molar extinction coefficient]]. The law is accurate only for dilute solutions; deviations from the law occur in concentrated solutions because of interactions between molecules of the solute, the substance dissolved in the solvent.<ref>The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2011, Columbia University Press.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Photometer devised by Beer.jpg|Photometer devised by Beer
File:Beer's Law Plot.jpg|Example plot displaying the Beer–Lambert Law
</gallery>

== Selected writings ==
* {{cite book | author = Beer, August | title = Einleitung in die Elektrostatik, die Lehre vom Magnetismus und die Elektrodynamik | year = 1865 | publisher = Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn | location = Braunschweig | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh0AAAAAQAAJ&q=physics+Beer+trier&pg=PR7 }}

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
* In Greenfield, E. V. (1922). [https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VMAAAAMAAJ Technical and scientific German]. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.

== External links ==
* {{cite web | author = Singer, Isidore |author2= Mels, Edgar | title = August Beer | url = http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=505 | accessdate = 2008-10-04}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=137028}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Beer, August}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:19th-century German physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:People from Trier]]
[[Category:19th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia]]