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{{Short description|Land warfare branch of the Australian Defence Force}} {{Use Australian English|date=July 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox military unit | unit_name = Australian Army | image = Australian Army Emblem.svg | image_size = 256px | caption = [[Rising Sun (badge)|Rising Sun Badge]] | start_date = 1 March 1901 | dates = 1901–present | country = {{flag|Australia}} | branch = [[Army]] | type = | website = {{URL|www.army.gov.au}} | role = [[Land warfare]] | size = 28,524 (Regular)<br />15,711 (Active Reserve)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defence.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/Defence-Annual-Report-2022-23.pdf|title=Department of Defence Annual Report 2022-23|last=Commonwealth of Australia|year=2023|publisher=Department of Defence|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> | command_structure = [[Australian Defence Force]] | garrison = | garrison_label = | nickname = | patron = | motto = | colours = | colours_labels = | march = "The Army March" | mascot = | equipment = | equipment_label = | battles = * [[Second Boer War]] * [[Boxer Rebellion]] * [[First World War]] * [[Second World War]] * [[Korean War]] * [[Malayan Emergency]] * [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Indonesian Confrontation]] * [[Vietnam War]] * [[Second Malayan Emergency]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Hannah |date=24 April 2022 |title=Second Malayan Emergency veteran reflects on little-known conflict, the communist insurgency |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-24/warriors-of-the-running-rat-second-malayan-emergency-veteran/101007958 |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425235715/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-24/warriors-of-the-running-rat-second-malayan-emergency-veteran/101007958 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[1999 East Timorese crisis]] * [[2006 East Timorese crisis]] * [[Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Iraq War]] | anniversaries = | decorations = | battle_honours = <!-- Commanders --> | commander1 = | commander1_label = | commander2 = [[Admiral (Australia)|Admiral]] [[David Johnston (admiral)|David Johnston]] | commander2_label = [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]] | commander3 = [[Lieutenant general (Australia)|Lieutenant General]] [[Simon Stuart (general)|Simon Stuart]] | commander3_label = [[Chief of Army (Australia)|Chief of Army]] | commander4 = [[Major General (Australia)|Major General]] [[Chris Smith (Australian Army officer)|Chris Smith]] | commander4_label = [[Deputy Chief of Army (Australia)|Deputy Chief of Army]] | commander5 = [[Major General (Australia)|Major General]] [[Susan Coyle]] | commander5_label = [[Commander Forces Command (Australia)|Commander Forces Command]] <!-- Insignia --> | identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|100px]] | identification_symbol_label = Australian Army flag | identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Roundel of Australia - Army Aviation.svg|100px]] | identification_symbol_2_label = Roundel <br /> (aviation) | identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Roundel of the Australian Army.svg|100px]] | identification_symbol_3_label = Roundel <br /> (armoured vehicles) | identification_symbol_4 = | identification_symbol_4_label = <!-- Aircraft --> | aircraft_attack = | aircraft_bomber = | aircraft_electronic = | aircraft_fighter = | aircraft_helicopter = | aircraft_interceptor = | aircraft_patrol = | aircraft_recon = | aircraft_trainer = | aircraft_transport = }} The '''Australian Army''' is the principal [[Army|land warfare force]] of [[Australia]]. It is a part of the [[Australian Defence Force]] (ADF), along with the [[Royal Australian Navy]] and the [[Royal Australian Air Force]]. The Army is commanded by the [[Chief of Army (Australia)|Chief of Army]] (CA), who is subordinate to the [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]] (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the [[Minister of Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]], with the [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] administering the ADF and the Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/da190356/s9.html |title=Defence Act (1903) – SECT 9 Command of Defence Force and arms of Defence Force |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |access-date=19 October 2010 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130015232/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/da190356/s9.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Australian Army was formed in 1901 as the Commonwealth Military Forces, through the amalgamation of the [[colonial forces of Australia]] following the [[Federation of Australia]]. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout Australia's history, only during the [[Second World War]] has Australian territory come under direct attack. The Australian Army was initially composed almost completely of part-time soldiers, where the vast majority were in units of the [[Citizens Military Force]] (CMF or Militia) (1901–1980) during peacetime, with limits set on the regular Army. Since all reservists were barred from forcibly serving overseas, volunteer expeditionary forces ([[1st AIF]], [[ANMEF]], [[2nd AIF]]) were formed to enable the Army to send large numbers of soldiers to serve overseas during periods of war.{{sfn|Grey|2008|pp=88 & 147}}{{sfn|Odgers|1988|p=5}} This period lasted from federation until post-1947, when a standing peacetime regular army was formed and the [[Australian Army Reserve]] (1980–present) began to decline in importance.{{sfn|Grey|2008|pp=200–201}}{{sfn|Odgers|1988|p=5}} During its history, the Australian Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the [[Second Boer War]], the [[First World War|First]] and [[World War II|Second]] World Wars, [[Korean War]], [[Malayan Emergency]], [[Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation]], [[Vietnam War]],{{sfn|Odgers|1988|p=}} the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] and the [[Iraq War]].{{sfn|Grey|2008|pp=284–285}} Since 1947, the Australian Army has also been involved in many peacekeeping operations, usually under the auspices of the [[United Nations]]. Today, it participates in multilateral and unilateral military exercises and provides emergency disaster relief and humanitarian aid in response to domestic and international crises. ==History== {{Main|History of the Australian Army|Military history of Australia}} === Formation === {{Further|Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War}} Formed in March 1901, following federation, the Australian Army initially consisted of the six, disbanded and separate, colonial military forces' land components. Due to the Army being continuation of the colonial armies, it became immediately embroiled in conflict as contingents had been committed to fight for the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] in the [[Second Boer War]]. The Army gained command of these contingents and even supplied federal units to reinforce their commitment at the request of the British government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/boer|url-status=live|access-date=6 April 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324185402/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/boer |archive-date=24 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Australian Army|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-structure/army|url-status=live|access-date=6 April 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514074231/https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-structure/army |archive-date=14 May 2018 }}</ref> The ''[[Defence Act 1903]],'' established the operation and command structure of the Australian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Act 1903|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00188|access-date=6 November 2020|website=Federal Register of Legislation|date=10 June 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822041605/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00188|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1911, the [[Defence Act 1909|Universal Service Scheme]] was implemented, introducing [[conscription]] for the first time in Australia, with males aged 14–26 assigned into cadet and CMF units; though the scheme did not prescribe or allow overseas service outside the [[states and territories of Australia]]. This restriction would be primarily, and continually, bypassed through the process of raising separate volunteer forces until the mid-20th century; this solution was not without its drawbacks, as it caused logistical dilemmas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Service Scheme, 1911–1929|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription/universal_service|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074436/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription/universal_service|url-status=live}}</ref> === World War I === {{Main|Australian Army during World War I}} After the declaration of war on the [[Central Powers]], the Australian Army raised the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which had an initial recruitment of 52,561 out of a promised 20,000 men. A smaller expeditionary force, the [[Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force]] (ANMEF), dealt with the issue of the German Pacific holdings. ANMEF recruitment began on 10 August 1914, and operations started 10 days later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian Naval & Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF)|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/anmef|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129025444/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/anmef|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 September, the ANMEF landed at [[Rabaul]] to secure [[German New Guinea]], with no German outposts in the Pacific left by November 1914.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=First World War 1914–18|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/first-world-war|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102093525/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/first-world-war|url-status=live}}</ref> During the AIF's preparations to depart Australia, the [[Ottoman Empire]] joined the Central Powers; thereby receiving declarations of war from the [[Allies of World War I]] in early November 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire enters the First World War|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/ottoman-empire/enters-the-war|access-date=13 December 2020|website=New Zealand History|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415085255/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/ottoman-empire/enters-the-war|url-status=live}}</ref> After initial recruitment and training, the AIF departed for Egypt where they underwent further preparations, and where the [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZAC) was formed. Their presence in Egypt was due to the planned [[Gallipoli campaign]], an invasion of the Ottoman Empire via [[Gallipoli]]. On 25 April, the AIF landed at [[ANZAC Cove]], which signaled the start of Australia's contribution to the campaign. Following little initial success, fighting quickly devolved into trench warfare, which precipitated a stalemate. On 15 December 1915, after eight months of fighting, the evacuation of Gallipoli commenced; it was completed 5 days later with no casualties recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2020|title=Evacuation from Gallipoli 1915|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/where-australians-served/gallipoli/evacuations-from-anzac|website=Australian Government: Department of Veteran's Affairs|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925042131/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/where-australians-served/gallipoli/evacuations-from-anzac|url-status=live}}</ref> After regrouping in Egypt, the AIF was split into two groups and further expanded with reinforcements. This division would see a majority of the [[Australian Light Horse]] fight the Ottomans in [[Arabia]] and the [[Levant]], whereas the rest of the AIF would go to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].{{Sfn|Moore|2018}} ==== Western Front ==== [[File:AWM E02834 Australian 58th and 59th Battalions Morlancourt July 1918.JPG|thumb|Australian troops on the Western Front, July 1918]] The AIF arrived in [[France]] with the [[1st Division (Australia)|1st]], [[2nd Division (Australia)|2nd]], [[4th Division (Australia)|4th]] and [[5th Division (Australia)|5th]] Divisions; which comprised, in part, [[I ANZAC Corps]] and, in full, [[II ANZAC Corps]]. The [[3rd Division (Australia)|3rd Division]] would not arrive until November 1916, as it underwent training in [[England]] after its transfer from Australia. In July 1916, the AIF commenced operations with the [[Battle of the Somme]], and more specifically with the [[Attack at Fromelles]]. Soon after, the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions became tied down in actions at the [[Battle of Pozières]] and [[Mouquet Farm]]. In around six weeks, the operations caused 28,000 Australian casualties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WWI The Western Front|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/wwi-western-front|access-date=9 December 2020|website=Australian Army|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113150552/https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/wwi-western-front|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to these losses and pressure from the United Kingdom to maintain the AIF's manpower, [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Billy Hughes]] introduced the [[1916 Australian conscription referendum|first conscription plebiscite]]. It was defeated by a narrow margin and created a bitter divide on the issue of conscription throughout the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conscription referendum|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/conscription-referendums|access-date=12 December 2020|website=National Museum Australia|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193820/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/conscription-referendums|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Frame|first=Tom|title=Conscription, Conscience and Parliament|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/Papers_on_Parliament_67/Conscription_Conscience_and_Parliament|access-date=13 December 2020|website=Parliament of Australia|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630092413/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/Papers_on_Parliament_67/Conscription_Conscience_and_Parliament|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the German withdrawal to the [[Hindenburg Line]] in March 1917, which was better defended and eased manpower restraints, the first Australian assault on the Hindenburg Line occurred on 11 April 1917 with the [[First Battle of Bullecourt]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Attack on Noreuil|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84290|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501125930/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84290 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |access-date=15 January 2021|website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tibbitts|first=Craig|date=3 April 2007|title=The Battles for Bullecourt|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/the-battles-for-bullecourt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110001145/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/the-battles-for-bullecourt |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=15 January 2021|website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Hindenburg Line|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84703|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623174929/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84703 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |access-date=15 January 2021|website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> On 20 September, the Australian contingent joined the [[Third Battle of Ypres]] with the [[Battle of Menin Road]], and continued on to fight in the [[Battle of Polygon Wood]], which lasted until 3 October; in total, these tow operations cost roughly 11,000 in Australian casualties. Until 15 November 1917, multiple attacks at the [[Battle of Broodseinde Ridge]] and the [[Battle of Passchendaele]] occurred, but, failed to take their objectives following the start of the rain and subsequent muddying of the fields.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2007|title=Battle of Passchendaele (Third Ypres)|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/battle-of-passchendaele-third-ypres|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012031627/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/battle-of-passchendaele-third-ypres |archive-date=12 October 2017 }}</ref> On 21 March 1918, the Germans attempted a breakout through the [[Michael Offensive]], which was part of the much larger [[German spring offensive]]; the AIF suffered 15,000 casualties due to this effort. During this operation, Australian troops conducted a series of local defences and offensives to [[First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux|hold]] and [[Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux|retake Villers–Brettoneux]] over the period 4 to 25 April 1918. After the cessation of offensives by the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]], the [[Australian Corps]] began participating in "[[Peaceful penetration]]" operations, which were localised raids designed to harass and gain small tracts of territory; these proved so effective that several major operational objectives were captured.{{Sfn|Brune|2019}} On 4 July 1918, the [[Battle of Hamel]] saw the first successful use of tanks alongside Australians, with the battleplan of [[John Monash]] completed three minutes over the planned 90 minute operation. Following this success, the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]] was launched on 8 August 1918, in conjunction with the [[Canadian Corps]] and the British [[III Corps (United Kingdom)|III Corps]], and concluded on 12 August 1918; General [[Erich Ludendorff]] described it as "the black day of the German Army". On 29 August 1918, following territorial advances and pursuits, the AIF attacked Pèronne and subsequently initiated the [[Battle of Mont St Quentin]]. Another [[Battle of Épehy|operation around Épehy]] was planned for 18 September 1918, which aimed to retake the British trenches and, potentially, capture their most ambitious objective of the Hindenburg's outpost line – which they achieved.{{Sfn|Brune|2019}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hampton|first=Meleah|date=5 August 2020|title=8 August 1918: The Black Day of the German Army|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/battle-amiens|url-status=live|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208082057/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/battle-amiens |archive-date=8 February 2021 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Cameron|2018}} Following news of a three-month furlough for certain soldiers, seven AIF battalions were disbanded; consequently, members of these battalions mutinied. Soon after the penetration of the Hindenburg Line, plans for the breakthrough of the main trench, with the Australian Corps as the vanguard, were completed. However, due to manpower issues, only the 3rd and 5th Divisions participated, with the [[American Expeditionary Forces]]' [[27th Infantry Division (United States)|27th]] and [[30th Infantry Division (United States)|30th]] Divisions given as reinforcements. On 29 September, following a three day long bombardment, the [[Battle of the Hindenburg Line]] commenced, wherein the corps attacked and captured more of the line. On 5 October 1918, after furious fighting, the Australian Corps was withdrawn from the front, as the entire corps had been operating continuously since 8 August 1918. They would not return to the battlefield, as Germany signed the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]] that ultimately ended the war on the Western Front.<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Cameron|2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutinies in the 1st Australian Imperial Force (AIF)|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/first_aif/mutinies|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|series=Encyclopedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515204219/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/first_aif/mutinies |archive-date=15 May 2018 }}</ref> ==== Middle East ==== [[File:Israel in World War I - Australian cavalry unit in Jerusalem H OP 044.JPG|alt=Australian light horse unit in Jerusalem during WWI|thumb|Australian light horse unit in Jerusalem during WWI]] The Australian mounted units, composed of the [[ANZAC Mounted Division]] and eventually the [[Australian Mounted Division]], participated in the [[Sinai and Palestine campaign]]. They were originally stationed there to protect the [[Suez Canal]] from the Turks, and following the threat of its capture passing, they started offensive operations and helped in the re-conquest of the [[Sinai Desert]]. This was followed by the Battles of Gaza, wherein on the 31 October 1917 the [[4th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)|4th]] and [[12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)|12th]] Light Horse took [[Beersheba]] through the last charge of the Light Horse. They continued on to capture [[Jerusalem]] on 10 December 1917 and then eventually [[Damascus]] on 1 October 1918 whereby, a few days later on 10 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire surrendered.<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Moore|2018}} === Interbellum === {{Further|Interwar years}} Repatriation efforts were implemented between the armistice and the end of 1919, which occurred after the disbandment of the Australian Imperial Force.{{Sfn|Payton|2018}} In 1921, CMF units were renumbered to that of the AIF, to perpetuate the honours and numerical identities of the units involved in WW1.{{sfn|Grey|2008|p=125}} During this period there was a complacency towards matters of defence, due to the devastating effects of the previous war on the Australian psyche.{{Sfn|Walker|1953}} Following the election of Prime Minister [[James Scullin]] in 1929, two events occurred that substantially affected the armed forces: conscription was abolished and the economic effects of the [[Great Depression]] started to be felt in Australia. The [[Great Depression in Australia|economic ramifications]] of the depression led to decisions that decreased defence expenditure and manpower for the army. Since conscription was repealed, to reflect the new volunteer nature of the [[Citizens Forces]], the CMF was renamed to the Militia.{{Sfn|Stockings|2007}}{{sfn|Palazzo |2001|p=110}} === World War II === {{Main|Australian Army during World War II}} Following the declaration of war on [[Nazi Germany]] and her allies by the [[United Kingdom]], and the subsequent confirmation by Prime Minister [[Robert Menzies]] on 3 September 1939,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Australia and the Second World War|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/australia-and-second-world-war|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Department of Veteran's Affairs|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001233234/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/australia-and-second-world-war|url-status=live}}</ref> the Australian Army raised the Second Australian Imperial Force, a 20,000-strong volunteer expeditionary force, which initially consisted of the [[6th Division (Australia)|6th Division]]; later increased to include the [[7th Division (Australia)|7th]] and [[9th Division (Australia)|9th]] Divisions, alongside the [[8th Division (Australia)|8th Division]] which was sent to [[Singapore]].{{sfn|Long|1961|pp=39, 43, 82, 86 & 123}}{{Sfn|Moore|2018}} In October 1939, compulsory military training recommenced for unmarried men aged 21, who had to complete three months of training.<ref name=":5" /> The 2nd AIF commenced its first operations in North Africa with [[Operation Compass]], that began with the [[Battle of Bardia]].{{Sfn|Moore|2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of Bardia|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84311|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125100624/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84311|url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by supplying Australian units to defend against the Axis in the [[Battle of Greece]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greek Campaign|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84661|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813075255/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84661|url-status=live}}</ref> After the evacuation of Greece, Australian troops took part in the [[Battle of Crete]] which, though more successful, still failed and another withdrawal was ordered.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crete Campaign|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84659|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205022902/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84659|url-status=live}}</ref> During the Greek Campaign, the Allies were pushed back to Egypt and the [[Siege of Tobruk]] began. Tobruk's primary defence personnel were Australians of the 9th Division; the so-called 'Rats of Tobruk'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battles for Tobruk|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84833|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103321/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84833|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the AIF participated in the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]].{{Sfn|Moore|2018}} The 9th Division fought in the [[First Battle of El Alamein|First]] and [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] before also being shipped home to fight the Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second World War, 1939–45|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/second-world-war|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123194230/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/second-world-war|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Pacific ==== [[File:Bardia AWM006083.jpg|thumb|Australian troops enter Bardia, January 1941]] In December 1941, following the [[Bombing of Pearl Harbor]], Australia declared war on [[Japan]]. Consequently, the AIF was requested to return home, as the subsequent rapid [[Malayan campaign|conquest]] of [[Southeast Asia]] extremely concerned Australian policymakers, and the militia was mobilised. After the [[Fall of Singapore]], and the consequent capture of the entire 8th Division as [[POW]]s, this concern only grew. These events hastened the relief of the Rats of Tobruk, while the other divisions were immediately recalled to reinforce New Guinea.<ref name=":1" /> General conscription was reintroduced, though service was again limited to Australian possessions, which caused tension between the AIF and Militia. This was in addition to the CMF's perceived inferior fighting ability, with these grievances earning the Militia their nicknames of "koalas"{{Efn|This was because Koalas were a protected species that could not be exported or shot|name=Koalas}} and "chocos"{{Efn|This was in the belief that they would melt in the heat of combat|Chocos}} or "chocolate soldiers".<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The offending 'M' – WW2 Army service numbers|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/offending-m-ww2-army-service-numbers|access-date=13 December 2020|website=Australian Army|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126171042/https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/offending-m-ww2-army-service-numbers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Second World War conscription|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/second-world-war-conscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142213/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/second-world-war-conscription |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=9 January 2021|website=National Museum of Australia}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Conscription|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120159/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription |archive-date=7 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 April 2020|title=Second World War conscription|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/second-world-war-conscription|url-status=live|access-date=24 April 2021|website=National Museum of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408142213/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/second-world-war-conscription |archive-date=8 April 2020 }}</ref> The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'s failure in the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]], was the impetus for the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] to try to capture [[Port Moresby]] via the [[Owen Stanley Range]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Battle of the Coral Sea|url=https://www.navy.gov.au/history/feature-histories/battle-coral-sea|access-date=15 December 2020|website=Royal Australian Navy|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119124455/https://www.navy.gov.au/history/feature-histories/battle-coral-sea|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 July 1942, the Japanese began the [[Kokoda Campaign]] after landing at Gona; attempts to defeat them by Australian battalions were met with eventual success. Resultant offensive operations concluded with the Japanese being driven out of New Guinea entirely.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Kokoda Trail Campaign|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84663|access-date=15 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=4 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404015350/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84663|url-status=live}}</ref> In parallel with these defences, the [[Battle of Milne Bay]] was waged, and when the Japanese were repulsed, it was considered their first significant reversal for the war.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Nicholas|date=|title=Milne Bay – Papua New Guinea|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/milne-bay-papua-new-guinea|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514213558/https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/milne-bay-papua-new-guinea |archive-date=14 May 2020 |access-date=9 January 2021|website=Australian Army}}</ref> In November 1942, the campaign ended after the Japanese withdrawal, with Australian advances leading to the [[Battle of Buna–Gona]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Battle of Buna|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84314|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525085506/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84314 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=20 January 2021|website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> [[File:Australian 39th Battalion after the Kokoda Track campaign 1942 (AWM 013289).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Soldiers of the Australian [[39th Battalion (Australia)|39th Battalion]] in September 1942]] In early 1943, the [[Salamaua–Lae campaign]] began, with operations against the entrenched Japanese aimed towards recapturing the eponymous towns.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Stanley|first=Peter|title=New Guinea Offensive|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/23/new-guinea-offensive|magazine=Wartime|issue=23|access-date=15 December 2020|publisher=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227072202/https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/23/new-guinea-offensive|url-status=live}}</ref> This culminated in the capture of Lae, held by the 7th Division in early September 1943, from a successful combined amphibious [[landing at Lae]] and an airborne [[landing at Nadzab]]. The seaborne assault was notable as it was the first large–scale amphibious operation since Gallipoli. Subsequently, Salamaua was taken days later on 11 September 1943, by a separate joint Australia–US attack.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Airborne landing at Nadzab|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/airborne-landing-nadzab|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515013456/https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/history/history-focus/airborne-landing-nadzab |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=13 February 2021|website=Australian Army}}</ref>{{Sfn|Johnston|2005}} The Battle of Lae was additionally part of the wider [[Huon Peninsula campaign]]. Following Lae's capture, the [[Battle of Finschhafen]] commenced with a relatively swift control of objectives, with subsequent Japanese counterattacks beaten off. On 17 November 1943, a major offensive that began with the [[Battle of Sattelberg]], continued with the [[Battle of Wareo]], and concluded with the [[Battle of Sio]] on 15 January 1944, was unleashed. The momentum of this advance was continued by the [[8th Brigade (Australia)|8th Brigade]], as they pursued the enemy in retreat, which culminated with the [[Battle of Madang]].{{Sfn|Johnston|2005}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Huon Peninsula—Rats in New Guinea|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/events/japanese-retreat-1943-1944/huon-peninsula-rats-new-guinea|url-status=live|access-date=24 April 2020|website=Department of Veteran Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407025139/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/events/japanese-retreat-1943-1944/huon-peninsula-rats-new-guinea |archive-date=7 April 2020 }}</ref> In mid-1944, Australian forces took over the garrisoning of [[Torokina]] from the US with this changeover giving Australian command responsibility over the [[Bougainville campaign]]. Soon after arriving in November of the same year, the commander of [[II Corps (Australia)|II Corps]], Lieutenant-General [[Stanley Savige]], began an offensive to retake the island with the 3rd Division alongside the [[11th Brigade (Australia)|11th]] and [[23rd Brigade (Australia)|23rd]] Brigades. The campaign lasted until the [[Japanese surrender]], with controversy surrounding its little apparent significance to the war's conclusion, and the number of casualties incurred; this was one of Australia's most costliest campaigns in the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2021|title=In the shadows of Bougainville|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/events/last-battles/shadows-bougainville|url-status=live|access-date=6 March 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407025757/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/events/last-battles/shadows-bougainville |archive-date=7 April 2020 }}</ref> In October 1944, Australian participation in the [[Aitape–Wewak campaign]] began with the replacement of US forces at [[Aitape]] with the Australian 6th Division. US forces had previously captured the position, and had held it passively, though Australian command found this unsuitable. On 2 November 1944, the [[2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)|2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment]] was tasked with patrolling the area, wherein minor engagements were reported. In early December, the commandos were sent inland to establish access to the [[Torricelli Range]], while the [[19th Brigade (Australia)|19th Brigade]] handled patrolling, consequently, the amount of fierce fighting and territory secured increased. Following this success, thought was given for the capture of [[Maprik District|Maprik]] and [[Wewak]], though supply became a major issue in this period. On 10 February 1945, the campaign's major offensive was underway, which resulted in both falling in quick succession on 22 April 1945. Smaller operations to secure the area continued, and all significant actions ceased by July.{{Sfn|Johnston|2008}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aitape-Wewak Campaign|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84658|url-status=live|access-date=26 February 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222115339/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84658 |archive-date=22 December 2018 }}</ref> [[File:Infantry Balikpapan (AWM 110383).jpg|thumb|Members of the 7th Division at Balikpapan]] The [[Borneo campaign]] was a series of three distinct amphibious operations that were undertaken by the 7th and 9th Divisions. The campaign began with the [[Battle of Tarakan (1945)|Battle of Tarakan]] on 1 May 1945, followed six weeks later by the [[Battle of Labuan]], and concluded with the [[Battle of Balikpapan (1945)|Battle of Balikpapan]]. The purpose of capturing [[Tarakan]] was to establish airfields, and the island was taken seven weeks following the initial amphibious landing. On 10 June 1945, the operation at [[Labuan]] commenced, and was tasked to secure resources and a naval base, and would continue until Japan's surrender. On 1 July 1945, the [[Balikpapan]] engagement commenced, with all its major objectives being acquired by war's end; this operation remains the largest amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces, with 33,000 Australian servicemen participating. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, ending the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Borneo The End in the Pacific, 1945|url=https://www.awmlondon.gov.au/battles/borneo|url-status=live|access-date=27 February 2021|website=Australian War Memorial, London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409073818/http://www.awmlondon.gov.au/battles/borneo |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=The landings at Borneo|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/events/last-battles/landings-borneo#:~:text=The%20Borneo%20campaign%20of%201945,to%20be%20planned%20and%20undertaken.&text=During%201942%20and%201943%2C%20many,various%20locations%20on%20the%20island.|url-status=live|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Department of Veteran's Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407025848/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/world-war-ii-1939-1945/events/last-battles/landings-borneo |archive-date=7 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The war's last drama: Japan's surrender in World War II|url=https://www.naa.gov.au/blog/wars-last-drama-japans-surrender-world-war-ii|url-status=live|access-date=20 April 2021|website=National Archives of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130948/https://www.naa.gov.au/blog/wars-last-drama-japans-surrender-world-war-ii |archive-date=1 October 2020 }}</ref> === Cold War === ==== Korean War ==== {{Further|Australia in the Korean War}} After the surrender of Japan, Australia provided a contingent to the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]] (BCOF) which included the [[34th Brigade (Australia)|34th Brigade]]. The units that composed the brigade would eventually become the nucleus of the regular army, with the battalions and brigade being renumbered to reflect this change. Following the start of the [[Korean War]], the Australian Army committed troops to fight against the North Korean forces; the units came from the Australian contribution to BCOF. The [[3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (3RAR) arrived in [[Pusan]] on 28 September 1950. Australian troop numbers would increase and continue to be deployed up until the armistice, with 3RAR being eventually joined by the [[1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (1RAR).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Out in the Cold: Australia's involvement in the Korean War|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/korea#:~:text=It%20was%20the%20Korean%20War.&text=From%201950%2D53%2C%2017%2C000%20Australians,four%20years%20as%20military%20observers.|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023112634/https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/korea#:~:text=It%20was%20the%20Korean%20War.&text=From%201950%2D53%2C%2017%2C000%20Australians,four%20years%20as%20military%20observers.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Korean War, 1950–1953|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/korea|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193921/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/korea|url-status=live}}</ref> For a brief period, between 1951 and 1959, the [[Menzies Government (1949–1966)|Menzies Government]] reinstituted conscription and compulsory military training with the [[National Service Act 1951|National Service Scheme]], which required all males of eighteen years of age to serve for specified period in either the Australian Regular Army (ARA) or CMF.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=22 September 2020|title=National Service Scheme|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription/vietnam|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221200136/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription/vietnam |archive-date=21 December 2018 }}</ref> ==== Malayan Emergency ==== {{Further|Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency}} The Australian military entered the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960) in October 1955, committing the [[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (2RAR) to fight alongside Commonwealth forces. The 2RAR fought against the [[Malayan National Liberation Army]] (MNLA), a communist led guerrilla army whose goal was to turn Malaya into a socialist republic, and whose leaders had previously been trained and funded by Britain to resist the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]]. Australian military operations in Malaya consisted of patrolling actions and guarding infrastructure, though they rarely saw combat as the emergency was nearly over by the time of their deployment. All three original Royal Australian Regiment battalions would complete at least one tour before the end of operations. In August 1963, Australia ended deployments to Malaya, three years after the emergency's official end.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayan Emergency|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/malayan-emergency|access-date=5 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312111513/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/malayan-emergency|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation ==== {{Further|Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation}} In 1962, the [[Borneo Confrontation]] began, due to Indonesia's opposition to the formation of [[Malaysia]]. It was an undeclared war that entailed a series of border conflicts between Indonesian-backed forces and British–Malaysian allies. Initial Australian support in the conflict began, and continued throughout, with the training and supply of Malaysian troops; Australian soldiers only saw combat during defensive operations. In January 1965, permission was granted for the deployment of 3RAR, with extensive operations conducted in [[Sarawak]] from March until their withdrawal in July 1965. The subsequent deployment of [[4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (4RAR), in April 1966, was less intensive, with the battalion withdrawn in August. This is not to mention the efforts of several other corps and units in the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesian Confrontation |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/indonesian-confrontation |access-date=5 December 2020 |website=National Museum of Australia |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027072118/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/indonesian-confrontation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesian Confrontation, 1963–66|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/indonesian-confrontation|website=Australian War Memorial|date=3 June 2021|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704065605/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/indonesian-confrontation|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Vietnam War ==== {{Further|Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War}} The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army was augmented with the [[National Service Act 1964|reintroduction of conscription]], which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20-year-old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vietnam War 1962–75|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/vietnam|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190917/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/vietnam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Australian troops committed to Vietnam|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/Australian-troops-committed-to-Vietnam|access-date=10 December 2020|website=National Museum Australia|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117123615/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/Australian-troops-committed-to-Vietnam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> In March 1966, the Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement of 1RAR with the [[1st Australian Task Force]], a force in which all nine battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment would serve. One of the heaviest actions of the war occurred in August 1966, with the [[Battle of Long Tan]], wherein D Company, [[6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]] (6RAR) successfully fended off an enemy force, estimated at 2,000 men, for four hours. In 1968, Australian forces defended against the [[Tet Offensive]], a [[Viet Cong]] military operation, and repulsed them with few casualties. The contribution of personnel to the war was gradually wound down, starting in late-1970 and ending in 1972; the official declaration of the end of Australia's involvement in the war was made on 11 January 1973.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> ==== Activities in Africa ==== Following the Vietnam War, there was a significant hiatus of operational activity by the Australian Army. In late 1979, in the largest deployment of the decade, the Army committed 151 troops to the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, which monitored the transition of [[Rhodesia]] to universal suffrage. A decade later in 1989, Australia deployed 300 army engineer personnel as the [[Australian contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group]] in [[Namibia]]. The mission helped transition the country to independence from South African control.{{Sfn|Blaxland|2014}} === Recent history (1990–present) === ==== Peacekeeping ==== Following the invasion of [[Kuwait]] by [[Iraq]] in August 1990, a coalition of countries sponsored by the [[United Nations Security Council]], of which Australia was a part, gave a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait of the 15 January 1991. Iraq refused to retreat and thus full conflict and the [[Gulf War]] began two days later on 17 January 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gulf War 1990–91|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/gulf/#second|access-date=8 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023120956/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/gulf#second|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 1993, the Australian Army deployed 26 personnel on an ongoing rotational basis to the [[Multinational Force and Observers]] (MFO), as part of a non-United Nations peacekeeping organisation that observes and enforces the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MFO – Contingents|url=https://mfo.org/contingents?id=AUS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815002810/https://mfo.org/contingents?id=AUS |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021|website=Multinational Force Observers}}</ref> Australia's largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 with the [[International Force for East Timor]], while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping in the Sinai (as part of MFO), and the [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] (as part of [[Operation Paladin]] since 1956).{{sfn|Dennis|1995|p=458}} Humanitarian relief after the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] in [[Aceh]] Province, [[Indonesia]], [[Operation Sumatra Assist]], ended on 24 March 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/peacekeeping/ |title=Australian War Memorial Official History of Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722153657/https://www.awm.gov.au/peacekeeping/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Afghanistan and Iraq ==== Following the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]], Australia promised troops to any military operations that the US commenced in response to the attacks. Subsequently, the Australian Army committed combat troops to Afghanistan in [[Operation Slipper]]. This combat role continued until the end of 2013 when it was replaced by a training contingent operating under [[Operation Highroad]] until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan, 2001–present|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/afghanistan|access-date=6 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129024638/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Histories – Iraq, Afghanistan and East Timor|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-history/official-histories/iraq-afghanistan-timor|access-date=6 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201200346/https://www.awm.gov.au/learn/understanding-military-history/official-histories/iraq-afghanistan-timor|url-status=live}}</ref> After the Gulf War the UN imposed heavy restrictions on Iraq to stop them producing any [[Weapon of mass destruction]]. In the early 21st century, the US accused Iraq of possessing these weapons, and requested that the UN invade the country in response, a motion which Australia supported. The UN denied this motion, however, it did not stop a coalition, that Australia joined, invading the country; thus starting the [[Iraq War]] on 19 March 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australians in Iraq 2003 – War in Iraq|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/iraq|access-date=9 December 2020|website=Australian War Memorial|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125405/https://www.awm.gov.au/visit/exhibitions/iraq|url-status=live}}</ref> Between April 2015 and June 2020, the Army deployed a 300-strong element to Iraq, designated as Task Group Taji, as part of [[Operation Okra]]. In support of a capacity building mission, Task Group Taji's main role was to provide training to Iraqi forces, during which Australian troops have served alongside counterparts from New Zealand.<ref>{{cite press release|author=Department of Defence|title=Troops to deploy to Iraq|date=15 April 2015|url=http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/04/15/troops-to-deploy-to-iraq/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403034719/http://news.defence.gov.au/2015/04/15/troops-to-deploy-to-iraq/|archive-date=3 April 2016|access-date=3 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=Roger |title=Task Group Taji operation a success |url=https://news.defence.gov.au/international/task-group-taji-operation-success |publisher=Department of Defence |access-date=10 June 2020 |date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610113514/https://news.defence.gov.au/international/task-group-taji-operation-success |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 an investigation of allegations of war crimes committed during Australian military operations in Afghanistan was concluded with the release of the [[Brereton Report]]. The report identified 25 ADF personnel that were involved directly or indirectly in the murder of 39 civilians and prisoners, with 19 referred to the [[Australian Federal Police]] to be criminally investigated. A 'warrior culture' in the [[Australian SAS|SAS]] was specifically criticised with investigators 'frustrated by outright deceit by those who knew the truth and, not infrequently, misguided resistance to inquiries and investigations by their superiors'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doran |first=Matthew |date=2020-11-19 |title=Afghanistan war crimes report released by Defence Chief Angus Campbell includes evidence of 39 murders by special forces |language=en-AU |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-19/afghanistan-war-crimes-report-igadf-paul-brereton-released/12896234 |access-date=2023-06-14}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Organisation== {{further|Structure of the Australian Army|Australian Army Reserve|List of Australian Army Corps}} [[File:Australian Army organization 2025.png|thumb|none|720px|{{center|Australian Army organisation 2025}}]] === [[1st Division (Australia)|1st (Australian) Division]] === Beginning 1 July 2023, the division was renamed the 1st Australian Division. The [[1st Brigade (Australia)|1st]], [[3rd Brigade (Australia)|3rd]] and [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th]] Brigades were placed under the direct control of the division's headquarters. This reform aimed to improve the connections between the divisional headquarters and the brigades it commands during deployments.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Chief of Army {{!}} Mid Year Message |url=https://www.army.gov.au/news-and-events/speeches-and-transcripts/2023-07-07/mid-year-video-message-chief-army-07-july-2023|language=en}}</ref> * [[1st Brigade (Australia)|1 Brigade]] – Light Combat Brigade based in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-27 |title=Townsville emerges as new 'capital' of Army in Defence Force shake up |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-28/townsville-biggest-winner-of-defence-force-shake-up/102909694 |access-date=2023-10-18}}</ref> * [[3rd Brigade (Australia)|3 Brigade]] – Armoured Combat Brigade based in [[Townsville]].<ref name=":3" /> * [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7 Brigade]] – Motorised Combat Brigade based in [[Brisbane]].<ref name=":3" /> * [[10th Brigade (Australia)|10 Brigade]] – Fires Brigade based in [[Adelaide]]. * [[17th Sustainment Brigade (Australia)|17 Sustainment Brigade]] – Logistic brigade based in [[Sydney]].[[Adelaide]] === Forces Command === [[File:1st Commando Regiment soldier jumping out of an Australian Army blackhawk helicopter in 2013.jpg|thumb|A [[1st Commando Regiment (Australia)|1st Commando Regiment]] soldier jumping from a [[16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)|16th Aviation Brigade]], [[171st Special Operations Aviation Squadron]] [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk]] helicopter]][[Forces Command (Australia)|Forces Command]] controls for administrative purposes all non-combat assets of the Australian Army. Its focus is on unifying all training establishments to create a base for scaling and mobilisation:<ref name=":0" /> * [[2nd Brigade (Australia)|2 Brigade]] – Health Brigade based across [[Australia]]. *[[8th Brigade (Australia)|8 Brigade]] – training brigade with units around [[Australia]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Robert |date=2023-10-16 |title=2nd Australian Division transitions to security and response role |url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/land/12974-2nd-australian-division-to-transition-to-security-and-response-from-2025 |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.defenceconnect.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, Forces Command includes the following training and support establishments: * [[Army Recruit Training Centre]] at [[Kapooka, New South Wales|Kapooka]], [[New South Wales|NSW]]; * [[Royal Military College, Duntroon]] in the [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]]; * [[Combined Arms Training Centre (Australia)|Combined Arms Training Centre]] at [[Puckapunyal]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]; * [[Army Logistic Training Centre]] at [[Bonegilla]] and [[Bandiana]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command |title=Forces Command |website=Australian Army |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907084336/http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Forces-Command |archive-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * [[Defence Command Support Training Centre]] at [[Macleod, Victoria|Macleod]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]; * [[Combat Training Centre (Australia)|Combat Training Centre]] at [[Townsville]], Queensland. * [[39th Operational Support Battalion]] at [[Sydney]], NSW. === [[2nd Division (Australia)|2nd (Australian) Division]] === Administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in [[Sydney]]. * [[4th Brigade (Australia)|4 Brigade]] – based in [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] and [[Tasmania]]. *[[5th Brigade (Australia)|5 Brigade]] – based in [[New South Wales]]. *[[9th Brigade (Australia)|9 Brigade]] – based in [[South Australia]].<ref name=":10" /> * [[11th Brigade (Australia)|11 Brigade]] – based in [[Queensland]]. * [[13th Brigade (Australia)|13 Brigade]] – based in [[Western Australia]]. === Aviation === [[Army Aviation Command (Australia)|Army Aviation Command]] is responsible for the Australian Army's helicopters and training, aviation safety and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAV). Army Aviation Command comprises:<ref>{{cite news |title=For the soldier |url=https://defence.gov.au/news/armynews/ |work=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper |edition=1503 |publisher=Department of Defence |location=Canberra |page=17 |issn=0729-5685 |date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108235609/https://defence.gov.au/news/armynews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[16th Aviation Brigade (Australia)|16 Aviation Brigade]] – brigade based in [[Gallipoli Barracks]] at [[Enoggera, Queensland|Enoggera]], [[Brisbane]]. * [[Oakey Army Aviation Centre|Army Aviation Training Centre]] at [[Oakey, Queensland|Oakey]], [[Queensland]] [[File:Australian SOTG patrol Oct 2009.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Australian special forces in Afghanistan, 2009]] === Special Forces === [[Special Operations Command (Australia)|Special Operations Command]] is a command formation of equal status to the other commands in the ADF and includes all of Army's [[special forces]] units.<ref name="SOCOMDbooklet">{{Cite web|title=Special Operations Command Booklet|author=Australian Army|url=https://www.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-11/20703%20Defence%20-%20Special%20Operations%20Command%20Booklet-accessible_0.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-11/20703%20Defence%20-%20Special%20Operations%20Command%20Booklet-accessible_0.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website=Australian Army|date=November 2020|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Hilltpl.cfm?CurrentId=2689|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602112926/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Hilltpl.cfm?CurrentId=2689|title=New Special Operations Command|author=Senator [[Robert Hill (Australian politician)|Robert Hill]], Minister for Defence|publisher=Department of Defence|date=5 May 2003|archive-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> Special Operations Command comprises:<ref name="SOCOMDbooklet"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Special Forces Group |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/special-forces-group |website=Australian Army |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231170335/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/special-forces-group |archive-date=31 December 2019 |date=18 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Special Forces Group (Australia)|Special Forces Group]] - a brigade-level headquarters. ==Colours, standards and guidons== {{Main|Colours, standards and guidons}} [[File:AustArmyColours.jpg|thumb|left|300px|All colours of the Army were on parade for the centenary of the Army, 10 March 2001.]] Infantry, and some other combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the King's Colour and the Regimental Colour, known as "the Colours".{{sfn|Jobson|2009|p=53}} Armoured units carry Standards and Guidons – flags smaller than Colours and traditionally carried by Cavalry, Lancer, Light Horse and Mounted Infantry units. The [[1st Armoured Regiment (Australia)|1st Armoured Regiment]] is the only unit in the Australian Army to carry a Standard, in the tradition of heavy armoured units. Artillery units' guns are considered to be their Colours, and on parade are provided with the same respect.{{sfn|Jobson|2009|pp=55–56}} Non-combat units (combat service support corps) do not have Colours, as Colours are battle flags and so are only available to combat units. As a substitute, many have Standards or Banners.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Flags, Military Flags, & Queens and Regimental Colours |publisher=Digger History |url=http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-flags/0-flag-cat-index.htm |access-date=3 April 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070405154849/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-flags/0-flag-cat-index.htm| archive-date= 5 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Units awarded [[battle honours]] have them emblazoned on their Colours, Standards and Guidons. They are a link to the unit's past and a memorial to the fallen. Artillery do not have Battle Honours – their single Honour is "Ubique" which means "Everywhere" – although they can receive Honour Titles.{{sfn|Jobson|2009|p=58}} The Army is the guardian of the [[Flag of Australia|National Flag]] and as such, unlike the [[Royal Australian Air Force]], does not have a flag or Colours. The Army, instead, has a banner, known as the Army Banner. To commemorate the centenary of the Army, the Governor-General [[Sir William Deane]], presented the Army with a new Banner at a parade in front of the [[Australian War Memorial]] on 10 March 2001. The banner was presented to the [[Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (Australia)|Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A)]], Warrant Officer Peter Rosemond.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian flags|url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/government/australian-national-symbols/australian-flags|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2021|website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041858/https://www.pmc.gov.au/government/australian-national-symbols/australian-flags |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Centenary Banner for Army|url=http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-flags/army-banner.htm|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2021|website=Digger History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405023249/http://www.diggerhistory.info:80/pages-flags/army-banner.htm |archive-date=5 April 2003 }}</ref> The Army Banner bears the [[Coat of arms of Australia|Australian Coat of Arms]] on the obverse, with the dates "1901–2001" in gold in the upper hoist. The reverse bears the [[Rising Sun (badge)|Rising Sun badge]] of the Australian Army, flanked by seven [[Battle honours|campaign honours]] on small gold-edged scrolls: [[Second Boer War|South Africa]], [[World War I]], [[World War II]], [[Korean War|Korea]], [[Malayan Emergency|Malaya-Borneo]], [[Vietnam War|South Vietnam]], and Peacekeeping. The banner is trimmed with gold fringe, has gold and crimson cords and tassels, and is mounted on a pike with the usual British royal crest finial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Army Flags (Australia) |publisher=Flags of the World |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/au%5Earmy.html |access-date=3 April 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070403011109/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/au%5Earmy.html| archive-date= 3 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> ==Personnel== ===Strength=== As of June 2022 the Army had 28,387 permanent (regular) members{{sfn|Department of Defence|2022|p=265}} and 20,742 reservists (part-time);{{sfn|Department of Defence|2022|p=266}} all of whom are volunteers. As of June 2022, women made up 15.11% of the Army, with a target set for 18% 2025.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2022|p=105}} Gender based restrictions for frontline combat or training roles were lifted in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2014-06-03 |title=Women in combat: 63 Australians sign up for frontline military roles |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/03/women-in-combat-63-sign-up-for-frontline-military-roles |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Also as of June 2022, Indigenous Australians made up 3.7% of the Army.{{sfn|Department of Defence|2022|p=107}} ===Rank and insignia=== {{Main|Australian Army officer rank insignia|Australian Army enlisted rank insignia}} The ranks of the Australian Army are based on the ranks of the [[British Army]], and carry mostly the same actual [[Australian Army officer rank insignia|insignia]]. For [[officer (armed forces)|officers]] the ranks are identical except for the shoulder title "Australia". The [[Non-Commissioned Officer]] [[Australian Army enlisted rank insignia|insignia]] are the same up until [[Warrant Officer]], where they are stylised for Australia (for example, using the Australian, rather than the British coat of arms).{{sfn|Jobson|2009|pp=8–17}} The ranks of the Australian Army are as follows: {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; text-align:center; padding:5px;" |-bgcolor=#CCCCCC !Width=12%|[[NATO|NATO Code]] |Width=7%|OF-10 |Width=7%|OF-9 |Width=7%|OF-8 |Width=7%|OF-7 |Width=7%|OF-6 |Width=8%|OF-5 |Width=8%|OF-4 |Width=8%|OF-3 |Width=8%|OF-2 |Width=14% colspan=2|OF-1 |Width=14% colspan=2|[[Officer candidate|OF(D)]] |- !{{flagdeco|Australia}} Australia ''Officer rank insignia'' |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-10.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-9.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-8.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-7.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-6.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-5.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-4.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-3.svg|50px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OF-2.svg|50px]] |Width=7%|[[File:Australian_Army_OF-1b.svg|50px]] |Width=7%|[[File:Australian_Army_OF-1a.svg|50px]] |Width=7%|[[File:Australian_Army_OF_(D)_(OCDT).svg|50px]] |Width=7%|[[File:Australian_Army_OF_(D)_(SCDT).svg|50px]] |- !Rank title: |[[Field Marshal (Australia)|Field Marshal]] |[[General (Australia)|General]] |[[Lieutenant general (Australia)|Lieutenant General]] |[[Major General (Australia)|Major General]] |[[Brigadier (Australia)|Brigadier]] |[[Colonel (Australia)|Colonel]] |[[Lieutenant Colonel (Australia)|Lieutenant Colonel]] |[[Major (Australia)|Major]] |[[Captain (Australia)|Captain]] |[[Lieutenant (Australia)|Lieutenant]] |[[Second Lieutenant#United Kingdom and Commonwealth|Second Lieutenant]] |[[Officer Cadet#United Kingdom|Officer Cadet]] |[[Royal Military College Duntroon|Staff Cadet]] |- !Abbreviation: |FM |GEN |LTGEN |MAJGEN |BRIG |COL |LTCOL |MAJ |CAPT |LT |2LT |OCDT |SCDT |} {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; text-align:center; padding:5px;" |-bgcolor=#CCCCCC !Width=10%|[[NATO|NATO Code]] |Width=27% colspan=2|OR-9 |Width=18% colspan=1|OR-8 |Width=9%|OR-7 |OR-6 |OR-5 |Width=9%|OR-4 |OR-3 |OR-2 |OR-1 |- !{{flagdeco|Australia}} Australia ''Other Ranks Insignia'' |[[File:Australian_Army_OR-9b.svg|70px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OR-9a.svg|70px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OR-8.svg|70px]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OR-7.svg|70px|Staff Sergeant]] |colspan=1 width=9%|[[File:Australian_Army_OR-6.svg|70px|Sergeant]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OR-5.svg|70px|Corporal]] |[[File:Australian_Army_OR-4.svg|70px|Lance corporal]] |colspan=3 width=9%|''No insignia''{{hr|4}} |- !Rank Title: |[[Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army]] |colspan=1|[[Warrant Officer#Australia|Warrant Officer class 1]] |colspan=1|[[Warrant Officer#Australia|Warrant Officer class 2]] |[[Staff Sergeant]] {{Nowrap|(Phased out as of 2019)}} |colspan=1|[[Sergeant]] |[[Corporal]] |[[Lance corporal|Lance Corporal]] |colspan=2|[[Private (rank)|Private]] {{Nowrap|(or equivalent)}} |[[Army recruit|Recruit]] |- !Abbreviation: |RSM-A |colspan=1|WO1 |colspan=1|WO2 |SSgt |colspan=1|Sgt |Cpl |LCpl |colspan=2|Pte |Rec |} === Uniforms and Dress === {{further|Uniforms of the Australian Army|Slouch hat}} The Australian Army uniforms are detailed in the Australian Army Dress Manual<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-08/Army-Dress-Manual-AL5.pdf |title=Army Dress Manual - Australian Army |publisher=Australian Army |year=2013 |edition=AL5 |language=en}}</ref> and are grouped into nine general categories, each ranging from ceremonial dress, to general duties dress, to [[battle dress]] (in addition there are a number of special categories specific to uniforms that are only worn when posted to specific locations, like ADFA or RMC-D), these are further divided into individual 'Dress Orders' denoted by alphabetical suffixes that detail the specific items of clothing, embellishment and accoutrements, i.e. ''Dress Order No. 1A - 'Ceremonial Parade Service Dress','' Dress Order No. 2G - 'General Duty Office Dress', Dress Order No 4C 'Combat Dress ([[Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform|AMCU]])' . The [[slouch hat]] or beret are the regular service and general duties hat, while the [[Giggle hat|field hat]], or combat helmet is for use in the field while training, on exercise, or on operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Army Dress Manual|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/uniforms/army-dress-manual|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Army|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207133449/https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/uniforms/army-dress-manual|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2013 the Chief of Army reversed a previous ban on berets as general duties headwear for all personnel except Special Forces personnel (SASR, CDO Regiments).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army chief approves wearing of berets |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/army-chief-approves-wearing-of-berets/lmtk4dygf |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=SBS News |language=en}}</ref> [[Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform|Australian Multi-cam Camouflage Uniform]] is the camouflage pattern for Australian Army camouflage uniforms, and was introduced in 2014, replacing the [[Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform|Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform (DPCU)]], and [[DPDU|Disruptive Pattern Desert Uniform (DPDU)]] for all Australian Army orders of dress. ==Equipment== [[File:Australian SOTG wait for extraction 2011.jpg|thumb|right|200px|SR-25 rifle, Heckler & Koch USP sidearm]] [[File:Australian Army Abrams tanks during Exercise Koolendong at Bradshaw Training Area, Aug 21, 2014.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Australian [[M1 Abrams]], the main battle tank used by the Army]] {{further|List of equipment of the Australian Army}} === Firearms and artillery === {| class="wikitable" |- | [[Small arms]] | [[EF88|Enhanced F88 Austeyr (EF88)]] ([[service rifle]]), [[F89 Minimi]] ([[squad automatic weapon|support weapon]]), [[Browning Hi-Power]] ([[service pistol|sidearm]]), [[FN MAG|MAG-58]] ([[general purpose machine gun]]), [[HK417]], [[SR-98]] ([[sniper rifle]]), [[FN Minimi#Minimi 7.62|Maximi]] and [[AW50F]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Small Arms|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/equipment/small-arms|url-status=live|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Australian Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503150624/https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/equipment/small-arms |archive-date=3 May 2020 }}</ref> |- | [[Special forces]] | [[M4 carbine]], [[Heckler & Koch USP]], [[SR-25]], [[F89 Minimi]], [[MP5]], [[SR-98]], [[FN Minimi#Minimi 7.62|Maximi]], [[HK416]], [[HK417]], [[Blaser R93 Tactical]], [[Barrett M82]] and [[Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle|Mk14 EBR]]. |- | [[Artillery]] | 48 [[M777 howitzer|M777A2]] {{nowrap|155 mm}} Howitzer,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=M777 155mm lightweight towed howitzer |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/equipment/artillery/m777-155mm-lightweight-towed-howitzer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503061538/https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/equipment/artillery/m777-155mm-lightweight-towed-howitzer |archive-date=3 May 2020 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=Australian Army}}</ref> 176 [[M252 mortar|M252A1]] 81mm Mortar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dillon |first=Louis |date=2019-07-12 |title=Army prepares for rollout of new handheld mortar computers |url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/land-amphibious/4406-army-prepares-for-rollout-of-new-handheld-mortar-computers |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=www.defenceconnect.com.au |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704025158/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/land-amphibious/4406-army-prepares-for-rollout-of-new-handheld-mortar-computers |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[M224 mortar|M224A1]] 60mm Mortar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Donnell |first1=MAJ Robert |title=Platforms and Effectors |url=http://artilleryhistory.org/todays_gunline/joint_fires/joint_fires_circular_2019.pdf |journal=Joint Fires Circular |issue=1|publisher=Army Joint Fires Cell Combat Support Program |access-date=13 December 2020 |page=7 |date=2019}}</ref> |} === Vehicles === {| class="wikitable" |- | [[Main battle tank]]s | 59 [[M1A1 Abrams]], to be replaced by 75 M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams. |- | [[Armoured recovery vehicle]]s | 13 [[M88 Recovery Vehicle|M88A2 Hercules]] Armoured Recovery Vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=M1 Abrams Tank – Australian Army|url=http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Equipment-and-clothing/Vehicles/M1-Abrams-tank|website=Australian Army |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012194904/http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Equipment-and-clothing/Vehicles/M1-Abrams-Tank|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Industry Christopher Pyne |title=HERCULES armoured recovery vehicles delivered |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/christopher-pyne/media-releases/hercules-armoured-recovery-vehicles-delivered |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=Department of Defence Ministers |date=20 April 2017}}</ref> |- | [[Reconnaissance vehicle]]s | 257 [[ASLAV]]s, to be replaced beginning in 2019 with 211 [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxers]]. |- | [[Armoured Personnel Carrier]]s | 431 [[M113]]s upgraded to [[M113 armoured personnel carriers in Australian service#M113AS4 variants|M113AS3/4]] standard, to be replaced with the [[K21|Hanwha Redback]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Redback to bring Army some bite |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/news/2023-07-27/redback-bring-army-some-bite |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Defence.gov.au}}</ref> |- | [[Motorised infantry|Infantry Mobility Vehicles]] | [[Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle|Bushmaster]] (Protected Mobility Vehicle - Medium), 31 [[SC Group#High Mobility Transporter|HMT Extenda Mk1]] Nary vehicles and 89 HMT Extenda Mk2. |- | [[Military light utility vehicle|Light Utility Vehicle]]s | [[G-Wagon]] 4x4 and 6x6 and [[Hawkei]] (Protected Mobility Vehicle - Light). |- | [[Truck]]s | [[Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles|Rheinmetall MAN]] [[RMMV HX range of tactical trucks|HX series]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Max Blenkin |url = https://adbr.com.au/major-projects/|title = Major Projects|work=Australian Defence Business Review |date = 21 January 2022|access-date = 25 January 2022|archive-date = 25 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220125211649/https://adbr.com.au/major-projects/|url-status = live}}</ref> |} === Support === {| class="wikitable" |- | [[Radar]] | [[AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar]], AMSTAR Ground Surveillance RADAR, AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar, GIRAFFE FOC, Portable Search and Target Acquisition Radar – Extended Range. |- | [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]] |[[AAI RQ-7 Shadow|RQ-7B Shadow 200]], [[AeroVironment Wasp III|Wasp AE]], and [[Black Hornet Nano|PD-100 Black Hornet]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicles|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/equipment/surveillance/unmanned-aerial-vehicles|access-date=2020-06-05|website=Australian Army|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604132625/https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/equipment-uniforms/equipment/surveillance/unmanned-aerial-vehicles|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian Army tests out drones for surveillance|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/australian-army-tests-out-drones-for-surveillance-406069|access-date=2020-06-05|website=iTnews|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726115201/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/australian-army-tests-out-drones-for-surveillance-406069|url-status=live}}</ref> |} === Aircraft === {| class="wikitable" |[[Military transport aircraft#Rotary wing|Transport helicopters]] |14 [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Boeing CH-47F Chinook]] heavy transport helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heanue|first=Siobha |date=2021-07-07 |title=Spectacular delivery of extra Chinooks, as ADF's newest helicopters remain grounded |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-08/chinook-fleet-boost-adf-ahead-of-war-games/100276144 |access-date=2021-07-13 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707221711/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-08/chinook-fleet-boost-adf-ahead-of-war-games/100276144 |url-status=live }}</ref> 12 [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk]] helicopters for medium lift/utility. A further 7 are to be delivered in 2025, with a total of 40 to be delivered by 2030.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=Minister for Defence Richard Marles |author2=Minister for Defence Industry and Capability Delivery Pat Conroy |title=Black Hawk fleet bolsters Australia's security |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2025-02-19/black-hawk-fleet-bolsters-australias-security |website=Department of Defence Ministers |access-date=20 February 2025 |date=19 February 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Attack helicopter]]s |22 [[Eurocopter Tiger]] Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters (ARH), to be replaced with 29 [[Boeing AH-64 Apache#AH-64E| Boeing AH-64E v6 Apache Guardians]] from 2025.<ref name="adbr_apache">{{cite news |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Andrew |title=Apache confirmed as Tiger ARH replacement |work=Australian Defence Business Review |url=https://adbr.com.au/apache-confirmed-as-tiger-arh-replacement/ |access-date=14 Jan 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331132544/https://adbr.com.au/apache-confirmed-as-tiger-arh-replacement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |[[Military helicopter|Training helicopters]] |15 [[Eurocopter EC135|Eurocopter EC-135T2+]] training helicopters, jointly shared with Navy.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2014 |title=Minister for Defence – New training system for ADF helicopter crews |agency=Department of Defence Ministers |format=Media Release |url=http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2014/10/23/new-training-system-for-adf-helicopter-crews/ |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825183833/http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/2014/10/23/new-training-system-for-adf-helicopter-crews/ |archive-date=25 August 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Beurich |first1=Cpl Sebastian |date=28 July 2016 |title=A story of innovation and commitment |work=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper |issue=1378 ed |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Publications/NewsPapers/Army/editions/1378/1378.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823031553/http://www.defence.gov.au/Publications/NewsPapers/Army/editions/1378/1378.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} <gallery widths="160" style="font-size:92%; line-height:130%"> File:Australian Army (A38-017) Eurocopter Tiger ARH display at the 2015 Australian International Airshow.jpg|Australian Army Tiger ARH File:CH-47F Chinook A15-303 operating with watercraft in June 2018.jpg|Australian Army CH-47F Chinook </gallery> ==Bases== {{Main|List of Australian military bases}} The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney|Victoria Barracks]] in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command |title=Forces Command |work=Our people |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306065855/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Australian Army's three regular brigades are based at [[Robertson Barracks]] near [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command/1st-brigade |title=1st Brigade |work=Our people |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306071830/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command/1st-brigade |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Lavarack Barracks]] in [[Townsville]], and [[Gallipoli Barracks]] in [[Brisbane]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command/7th-brigade |work=Our people |title=7th Brigade |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306062001/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/forces-command/7th-brigade |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Deployable Joint Force Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/1st-division |title=1st Division |work=Our people |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914094248/https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/1st-division |archive-date=14 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other important Army bases include the [[Oakey Army Aviation Centre|Army Aviation Centre]] near [[Oakey, Queensland]], [[Holsworthy Barracks]] near Sydney, [[Lone Pine Barracks]] in [[Singleton, New South Wales]] and [[Woodside Barracks]] near [[Adelaide]], South Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defence Bases|url=https://www.defence.gov.au/bases/|access-date=9 June 2020|website=Department of Defence|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203838/https://www.defence.gov.au/bases/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|SASR]] is based at [[Campbell Barracks (Australia)|Campbell Barracks]] [[Swanbourne, Western Australia|Swanbourne]], a suburb of [[Perth]], Western Australia.{{sfn|Lee|2007|p=30}} [[Puckapunyal]], north of [[Melbourne]], houses the Australian Army's [[Combined Arms Training Centre (Australia)|Combined Arms Training Centre]],<ref name=AASAM>{{cite web |url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/dchester/media-releases/australian-army-skills-arms-meet-2018 |title=Australian Army skills at Arms Meet 2018 |work=Media Releases |publisher=Department of Defence |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928034138/https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/dchester/media-releases/australian-army-skills-arms-meet-2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Land Warfare Development Centre, and three of the five principal Combat Arms schools. Further barracks include [[Steele Barracks (Moorebank)|Steele Barracks]] in Sydney, [[Keswick Barracks]] in Adelaide, and [[Irwin Barracks]] at [[Karrakatta, Western Australia|Karrakatta]] in Perth. Dozens of [[Australian Army Reserve]] depots are located across Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://army.defencejobs.gov.au/about-the-army/locations?page=1&perPage=500&query= |title=About the Army: Locations |website=Defence Jobs |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814210701/https://army.defencejobs.gov.au/about-the-army/locations?page=1&perPage=500&query= |url-status=live }}</ref> ==''Australian Army Journal''== Since June 1948, the Australian Army has published its own journal titled the ''Australian Army Journal''. The journal's first editor was Colonel [[Eustace Graham Keogh|Eustace Keogh]], and initially, it was intended to assume the role that the ''Army Training Memoranda'' had filled during the Second World War, although its focus, purpose, and format has shifted over time.{{sfn|Dennis|1995|p=60}} Covering a broad range of topics including essays, book reviews and editorials, with submissions from serving members as well as professional authors, the journal's stated goal is to provide "...the primary forum for Army's professional discourse... [and]... debate within the Australian Army... [and improve the]... intellectual rigor of that debate by adhering to a strict and demanding standard of quality".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Publications/Australian-Army-Journal |title=Australian Army Journal |work=Publications |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153200/https://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Publications/Australian-Army-Journal |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1976, the journal was placed on hiatus as the ''Defence Force Journal'' began publication;{{sfn|Dennis|1995|p=60}} however, publishing of the ''Australian Army Journal'' began again in 1999 and since then the journal has been published largely on a quarterly basis, with only minimal interruptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Publications/Australian-Army-Journal/Archive |title=Past editions: Australian Army Journal |work=Publications |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312150357/http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Publications/Australian-Army-Journal/Archive |archive-date=12 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Military history of Australia}} * [[Australian Defence Force ranks and insignia]] * [[wikt:Appendix:Australian military slang|Australian military slang]] * [[Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army]] * [[Conscription in Australia]] * [[List of Australian Army units]] * [[List of Australian military memorials]] *[[List of military weapons of Australia]] *[[Army (newspaper)|''Army'' (newspaper)]] ==References== * {{cite report |author=Department of Defence |author-link=Department of Defence (Australia) |title= Defence Annual Report 2021–22| url=https://www.defence.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-11/2021-22-Defence-Annual-Report.pdf |publisher= Commonwealth of Australia |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-925890-48-8 |access-date=29 July 2023}} === Citations === {{reflist}} === Notes === {{Notelist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Australian National Audit Office|title=Army Reserve Forces|publisher=Australian National Audit Office|location=Canberra|year=2009|series=Audit Report No. 31 2008–09|isbn=978-0-642-81063-2|url=http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/2008-09_Audit_Report_No.31.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515021310/http://www.anao.gov.au/uploads/documents/2008-09_Audit_Report_No.31.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2009|df=dmy-all}} * {{Cite book|last=Blaxland|first=John|title=The Australian Army from Whitllam to Howard|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107043657|location=Port Melbourne}} * {{Cite book|last=Brune|first=Peter|title=Our Great-Hearted Men: The Australian Corps and the 100 Days|publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers|year=2019|isbn=9781460756515|location=Australia}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=David W.|title=Australian on the Western Front: 1918|publisher=Penguin Random House Australia|year=2018|isbn=9780670078288|volume=two:Spearheading the Great British Offensive|pages=377–466}} *{{cite book|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|last2=Grey|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Morris|first3=Ewan|last4=Prior|first4=Robin|year=1995|author2-link=Jeffrey Grey|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne|isbn=0-19-553227-9|ref=CITEREFDennis1995}} * {{cite book|last=Grey|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Grey|title=A Military History of Australia|edition=3rd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Melbourne, Victoria|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-69791-0}} * {{cite book|last=Horner|first=David|author-link=David Horner|year=2001|title=Making the Australian Defence Force|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Victoria|isbn=0-19-554117-0}} * {{cite book|last=Jobson|first=Christopher|year=2009|title=Looking Forward, Looking Back: Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army|publisher=Big Sky Publishing|location=Wavell Heights, Queensland|isbn=978-0-9803251-6-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Mark|title=Huon Peninsula 1943–1944|publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs|date=1 September 2005|isbn=1-920720-55-3|series=Australians in the Pacific War|location=Canberra|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/resources/media/file/huon-peninsula-1943-1944|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424234855/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/resources/media/file/huon-peninsula-1943-1944|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Johnston|first=Mark|title=Aitape-Wewak 1944–1945|publisher=Department of Veteran's Affairs|date=June 2008|isbn=978-1-920720-54-4|edition=Second|series=Australians in the Pacific War|location=Canberra|url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/resources/media/file/aitape-wewak-1944-1945|access-date=25 April 2021|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425072827/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/resources/media/file/aitape-wewak-1944-1945|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Lee|first=Sandra|title=18 Hours: The True Story of an SAS War Hero|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Pymble, New South Wales|isbn=978-0-73228-246-2|year=2007}} * {{Cite book|last=Long|first=Gavin|date=1961|title=Volume I – To Benghazi|edition=1961 reprint|series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1 – Army|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070200/|access-date=7 November 2020|publisher=Australian War Memorial|oclc=480402381|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080847/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070200/|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Jonathan J.|title=A History of the Australian Military: From the First Fleet to the Modern Day|publisher=New Holland Publishers|year=2018|isbn=9781760790479}} * {{cite book|last=Odgers|first=George|title=Army Australia: An Illustrated History|year=1988|publisher=Child & Associates|location=Frenchs Forest, New South Wales|isbn=0-86777-061-9}} * {{cite book|last=Palazzo|first=Albert|title=The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901–2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne, Victoria|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-551506-0}} * {{cite book|author=Payton|year=2018|first=Philip|url=https://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/publications/corporate/P03428.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dva.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/publications/corporate/P03428.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-09|url-status=live|title=Repat: A Concise History of Repatriation in Australia|publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs|isbn=978-0-9876151-8-3|access-date=8 November 2020}} * {{Cite book|last=Stockings|first=Craig|title=The Torch and the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia|publisher=UNSW Press|year=2007|isbn=9780868408385|pages=86}} * {{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Allan S.|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417325|publisher=Australian War Memorial|year=1953|isbn=978-0-642-99366-3|editor-last=Long|editor-first=Gavin|edition=1962 reprint|series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 5 – Medical|title=Volume II – Middle East and Far East|location=Canberra|access-date=8 December 2020|oclc=462978520|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426132743/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417325|url-status=live}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Australian Department of Defence|title=Defence Annual Report 2008–09|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/budget/08-09/dar/index.htm|year=2009|publisher=Defence Publishing Service|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|isbn=978-0-642-29714-3|access-date=15 January 2010|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421145030/http://www.defence.gov.au/budget/08-09/dar/index.htm|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Grey |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Grey |title=The Australian Army |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=South Melbourne, Victoria |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19554-114-4}} * {{cite book|last1=Terrett|first1=Leslie|last2=Taubert|first2=Stephen|title=Preserving our Proud Heritage: The Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army|date=2015|publisher=Big Sky Publishing|location=Newport, New South Wales|isbn=9781925275544}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} * [https://www.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-08/Army-Dress-Manual-AL5.pdf Australian Army Dress Manual – AL5 (2013)] (PDF) {{Australian Army}} {{Australian Defence Force}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Australian Army| ]] [[Category:1901 establishments in Australia]] [[Category:Cold War history of Australia]]
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