Editing Automatic baud rate detection

{{Short description|Determining speed and configuration of a serial connecgion by examining the first character}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}

'''Automatic baud rate detection''' ('''ABR''', '''autobaud''') refers to the process by which a receiving device (such as a [[modem]]) determines the speed, code level, start bit, and [[stop bit]]s of incoming data by examining the first [[character (computing)|character]], usually a preselected sign-on character ([[syncword]]) on a [[UART]] connection. ABR allows the receiving device to accept data from a variety of transmitting devices operating at different speeds without needing to establish data rates in advance.

==Process==
During the autobaud process, the [[Symbol rate|baud rate]] of received character stream is determined by examining the received pattern and its timing, and the length of a start bit. These type of baud rate detection mechanism are supported by many hardware chips including processors such as STM32<ref>[https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/technical/document/application_note/group0/66/fa/62/a2/5c/75/48/a8/DM00327191/files/DM00327191.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.DM00327191.pdf STM32 USART automatic baud rate detection]</ref> MPC8280,  MPC8360, and so on.  

When start bit length is used to determine the baud rate, it requires the character to be odd since UART sends [[least-significant bit|LSB]] bit first{{snd}}this particular bit order scheme is referred to as [[Endianness|little-endian]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT — 6.111 Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory |url=https://web.mit.edu/6.111/volume2/www/f2019/handouts/lpset_2.pdf |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=MIT 6.111 Fall 2019}}</ref> Often [[ASCII]] symbols 'a' or 'A' (0x61 or 0x41) are used. For example, the MPC8270 SCC tries to detect the length of the UART start bit for autobaud.

Many protocols begin each frame with a preamble of alternating 1 and 0 bits that can be used for automatic baud rate detection. For example, the TI PGA460 uses a ASCII ''U'' ({{Hexadecimal|85}} or {{Binary|85}}) sync byte for automatic baud rate detection as well as [[frame synchronization]],<ref>
"Sync Field" section of
[https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/pga460.pdf "PGA460 Ultrasonic Signal Processor and Transducer Driver"].
2017.
p. 35.
</ref> and so does the LIN header ([[Local Interconnect Network#Header]]).

For example, the UART-based FlexWire protocol begins each frame with a ''U'' ({{Hexadecimal|85}}) [[sync byte]]. FlexWire receivers use the sync byte to precisely set their UART bit-clock frequency without a high-precision oscillator.<ref>
Texas Instruments.
[https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tps929121-q1.pdf "TPS929121-Q1 12-Channel Automotive 40-V High-Side LED Driver With FlexWire"].
2021.
p. 37 and p. p. 39.
</ref> For example, the [[Ethernet frame#Preamble and start frame delimiter | Ethernet preamble]] contains 56 bits of alternating 1 and 0 bits for synchronizing bit clocks.

==Support==
Most [[modem]]s currently on the market support autobaud. Before receiving any input data, most modems use a default baud rate of 9600 for output. For example, the following modems have been verified for autobaud and default output baud rate 9600: 
* USRobotics USR5686G 56K Serial Controller Fax modem
* Hayes V92 External modem
* Microcom DeskPorte 28.8P
The baud rate of modems are adjusted automatically after receiving input data by the autobaud process.

==See also==
* [[Autonegotiation]]
* [[Telecommunications]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* "17.2 Autobaud Operation on a UART in MPC8280 PowerQUICC™ II Family Reference Manual"   http://www.nxp.com/files/netcomm/doc/ref_manual/MPC8280RM.pdf
* "Automatic Baud Rate Detection on the MSP430"    https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080239/http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa215/slaa215.pdf
* "How to implement “auto baud rate detection” feature on Cortex-M3"  https://stackoverflow.com/q/38979647
*  "mpc8270 SCC2 UART issue"   https://community.nxp.com/message/906833
{{refend}}

[[Category:Data transmission]]
[[Category:Units of measurement]]
[[Category:Telecommunications techniques]]