Editing Automatic writing

{{Short description|Claimed psychic ability}}
{{Distinguish|Free writing}}
{{other uses}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
[[Image:Leonora Piper automatic writing.png|thumb|A piece of automatic writing produced by trance medium [[Leonora Piper]], claimed to be a message from the spirit of [[Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)|Richard Hodgson]]|upright=1.35]]
'''Automatic writing''', also called '''psychography''', is a claimed [[List of psychic abilities|psychic ability]] allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing. Practitioners engage in automatic writing by holding a writing instrument and allowing alleged spirits to manipulate the practitioner's hand. The instrument may be a standard writing instrument, or it may be one specially designed for automatic writing, such as a [[planchette]] or a [[ouija]] board. 

Religious and spiritual traditions have incorporated automatic writing, including [[Fuji (planchette writing)|Fuji]] in [[Chinese folk religion]] and the [[Enochian]] language associated with [[Enochian magic]]. In the modern era, it is associated with [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Spiritualism]] and the [[occult]], with notable practitioners including [[W. B. Yeats]] and [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. There is no evidence supporting the existence of automatic writing, and claims associated with it are [[Unfalsifiability|unfalsifiable]]. Documented examples are considered to be the result of the [[ideomotor phenomenon]].<ref name="Burgess"/><ref name="Heap"/><ref name="Erickson"/><ref name="Karen"/>

==History==
===Early history===
{{Spiritualism sidebar}}
{{Paranormal}}
Spirit writing, later called ''[[Fuji (planchette writing)|Fuji]]'' (扶乩/扶箕), has a long tradition in China, where messages from various deities and spirits were received by mediums since the [[Song dynasty]]. In the 19th century, messages received through spirit writing led to the foundation of several [[Chinese salvationist religions]].<ref>Wang Chien-ch'uan, "Spirit Writing Groups in Modern China (1840–1937): Textual Production, Public Teachings, and Charity." In ''Modern Chinese Religion II 1850–2015'', edited by Vincent Goossaert, Jan Kiely and John Lagerwey, Leiden: Brill, vol. 2, 651–684.</ref> The spread of Chinese cultural techniques, such as printing and painting, introduced the influence of "spirit writing", practised by Japanese Zen [[Ōbaku]] monks, who were said to communicate with an ancient [[Taoist]] sage credited with creating the [[kung fu]] system.<ref>{{cite book| last =Haskel| first =Peter| title =Letting Go: The Story of Zen Master Tōsui| publisher =University of Hawaii Press| url =http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=0824824407| isbn = 0-8248-2440-7| year =2001| pages=37–38}}</ref>

In the West, an early example of the practice is the 16th-century [[Enochian]] language, allegedly dictated to [[John Dee]] and [[Edward Kelley]] by Enochian angels and integral to the practice of [[Enochian magic]].<ref name="Karen2"/> The language is said to be extremely detailed and complex in its grammar and rules.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Musings of a Thelemite|last=Da'Neos|first=Frater|publisher=Alchemy Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0977691104|location=Wright City, MO|pages=152}}</ref> Dee also claimed that the Enochian instruction included information regarding the [[elixir of life]] in the ruins of [[Glastonbury Abbey]].<ref name=":0" />

===Approach===
Parapsychologist [[William Fletcher Barrett]] wrote that "automatic messages may take place either by the writer passively holding a pencil on a sheet of paper, or by the [[planchette]], or by an 'ouija board'."<ref name="Barrett"/> In [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]], spirits are claimed to take control of the hand of a [[mediumship|medium]] to write messages, letters, and even entire books.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf7OCwAAQBAJ&q=automatic+writing+spiritualism+take+control+hand&pg=PT102|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism and the Occult|last=Kontou|first=Tatiana|date=2016-03-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317042273|language=en}}</ref> Automatic writing can happen in a trance or waking state.<ref name="Dictionary"/> Some [[psychical researchers]] such as [[Thomson Jay Hudson]] have claimed no spirits are involved in automatic writing and the [[subconscious mind]] is the explanation.<ref name="Hudson"/>

===Hoaxes===

Paranormal investigator [[Harry Price]] exposed the supposed automatic writing in the [[Borley Rectory]] as the wall-scrawling of a housewife attempting to hide an extramarital affair.<ref name="Karen"/>

A prominent alleged example of automatic writing is the Brattleboro hoax. When [[Charles Dickens]] died in 1870, he left ''[[The Mystery of Edwin Drood]]'' unfinished. According to the itinerant printer [[T. P. James]], this angered Dickens' spirit so much that he channelled the rest of the novel through James's hand. This is supposed to have begun on Christmas Eve 1872 and continued in tri-weekly sessions until completion.<ref name="Heller"/>

==Practitioners==

Automatic writing as a spiritual practice was reported by [[Hyppolyte Taine]] in the preface to the third edition of his ''De l'intelligence'', published in 1878.<ref name="Taine" /> Besides "ethereal visions" or "magnetic auras", [[Fernando Pessoa]] claimed to have experienced automatic writing. He said he felt "owned by something else", sometimes feeling a sensation in the right arm he claimed was lifted into the air without his will.<ref name="Pessoa" /> Georgie Hyde-Lees, the wife of [[William Butler Yeats]], also claimed she could write automatically.<ref name="Marjorie" /> [[Sri Aurobindo]] and his follower, The Mother ([[Mirra Alfassa]]), regularly practiced Automatic writing.

Shortly after his 1917 marriage to [[Georgie Hyde-Lees]], the poet [[W. B. Yeats]] came to be heavily influenced by her delving into what they referred to as "the automatic script".<ref name="Yeats"/>

In his 1918 book ''The New Revelation'', [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] wrote that automatic writing occurs either by the writer's subconscious or by external spirits operating through the writer.<ref name="Doyle"/> Doyle and his wife led an automatic writing séance with [[Harry Houdini]] wherein Lady Doyle wrote 15 pages of purported messages from Houdini's mother, although this information was immediately discounted as fraudulent by Houdini.<ref name="Houdini"/>

The essay ''[[The Automatic Message]]'' (1933), first published in the magazine ''[[Minotaure]]'', No. 3-4, (Paris), was one of [[André Breton]]'s significant theoretical works about [[Surrealist automatism|automatism]].  In 1919, Breton and [[Philippe Soupault]] had used what later became the [[Surrealist automatism]] method to compose ''[[Les Champs Magnétiques]]'' (The Magnetic Fields).<ref name="DictionaryOfArt">Chilvers, Ian and Glaves-Smith, John, ''A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art'', second edition (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 45-46. {{ISBN|0199239665}}.</ref> In 1997, "The Magnetic Fields" was also the title of a compilation of surrealist writing of André Breton, Paul Éluard, Philippe Soupault, and others. It included the authorized translation of Breton's [[The Automatic Message]] in English by the poet [[David Gascoyne]], whose ''Man's Life is This Meat'' (1936) (a collection of his own surrealist writings and translations of the French surrealists) and ''Hölderlin's Madness'' (1938) established Gascoyne's reputation as one of a small group of English surrealists. Gascoyne's 1935 ''A Short Survey of Surrealism'' for the 1936 [[London International Surrealist Exhibition]] also expanded the movement to the English-speaking world. The [[Surrealist]] poet [[Robert Desnos]] claimed he was among the most gifted in automatic writing.<ref name="Thacker"/> Surrealist automatists, most notably [[André Masson]], adapted these methods to art-making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway. Prior to the Surrealists, [[Dada]]ists, such as [[Hans Arp]], made some use of this method through chance operations.<ref>The Surrealists: Revolutionaries in art & writing 1919–1935, Jemma Montagu</ref>

The [[Mediumship|medium]] [[Pierre L. O. A. Keeler]] had an alleged spirit writing communication from [[Abraham Lincoln]] currently exhibited at the Lily Dale Museum.<ref>[https://lilydaleassembly.org/place-to-see-points-of-interest/lily-dale-museum/ Lily Dale Museum]</ref> Despite Lincoln being well-known for his skepticism and Keeler having been known to employ magician's tricks, this is used as one of the many examples of skeptics purportedly endorsing Spiritualism posthumously.<ref name="Nickell4"/> Skeptical investigator [[Joe Nickell]] who conducted a detailed examination of the "spirit" writing, concluded it had no resemblance to Lincoln's handwriting and described the message as "bogus".<ref>[[Joe Nickell|Nickell, Joe]]. (2007). ''Adventures in Paranormal Investigation''. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 42–47. {{ISBN|978-0-8131-2467-4}}.</ref>

There was an apocalyptic cult led by a lapsed [[Scientologist]] named Dorothy Martin. She and her followers were waiting for an alien ship to take them to the nonexistent planet Clarion and save them from a worldwide flood that was to commence at midnight on December 20, 1954. When that did not occur, Martin allegedly got an automatic writing message from God calling the whole thing off.<ref name="Sharp"/><ref name="Jeffrey"/>

===Since 1975===

In 1975, Wendy Hart of [[Maidenhead]] claimed she wrote automatically about Nicholas Moore, a sea captain who died in 1642.<ref name="Rabey"/> Also in 1975, the [[CIA]] attempted to employ [[remote viewing]] through the [[Stargate Project (U.S. Army unit)|Stargate Project]]. In the spring of 1989, Angela Dellafiora, a member of [[Stargate Project (U.S. Army unit)|Stargate Project]]'s remote viewing unit, claimed to be guided by spirits moving her hand in writing responses about the location of a fugitive DEA agent named Charlie Jordan. In reviewing the matter, Joe Nickell states, "[T]he Charlie Jordan case, touted as one of the most successful examples... in the U.S. government's psychic-spying project is not convincing evidence of anything — save perhaps folly. ...[I]t also illustrates the limitations of anecdotal evidence: conflicting versions, selective reporting, and lack of documentation, together with additional manifestations of faulty memory, bias, and other human foibles."<ref name="Nickell3"/>

Conspiracy theorist [[David Icke]] said he first became aware of being "Son of the Godhead" via automatic writing.<ref name="Icke"/> [[Vassula Ryden]] claims to receive and transcribe messages from her guardian angel Daniel, Jesus, Yahweh.<ref name="Curty"/> She has provoked both skepticism and credulity from Catholic laity and clergy, as well as the skeptical community at large.<ref name="Nickell2"/> Alleged cases of automatic writing have included [[Joseph Smith]],<ref name="Apocrypha"/> [[Patience Worth]],<ref name="Karen"/> [[Aleister Crowley]],<ref name="Booklaw"/> [[Jane Roberts]],<ref name="Seth"/> [[Helen Schucman]]<ref name="Miracles"/> and author [[Neale Donald Walsch]].<ref name="Conversations"/><ref name="Lim"/> Crowley, for instance, compiled the ''Collected Works'' over time, which included ''The Book of the Law'' as well as transcripts of his visions of the first two Enochian Aethyrs (planes).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aleister Crowley: The Biography – Spiritual Revolutionary, Romantic Explorer, Occult Master and Spy|last=Churton|first=Tobias|date=2012|publisher=Watkins Media Limited|isbn=9781780283845|location=London|pages=148}}</ref>

==Scientific analysis and skepticism==

Scientists and skeptics consider automatic writing to be the result of the [[Ideomotor phenomenon|ideomotor effect]].<ref name="Burgess"/><ref name="Heap"/><ref name="Erickson"/><ref name="Karen"/>

According to skeptical investigator [[Joe Nickell]], "automatic writing is produced while one is in a dissociated state. It is a form of motor automatism, or unconscious muscular activity."<ref name="Nickell"/> Neurologist [[Terence Hines]] has written "automatic writing is an example of a milder form of [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociative state]]".<ref name="Hines"/> In 1900, Swiss psychologist [[Théodore Flournoy|Theodore Flournoy]] studied the case of the French medium [[Hélène Smith|Helene Smith]], particularly her handwriting during seances.<ref name=":1" /> He concluded that the automatic writing phenomenon was an effect of autosuggestion produced by autohypnotization, leading to the emergence of a secondary self.<ref name=":1"/>

Paranormal researcher [[Ben Radford]] writes in his 2017 book ''Investigating Ghosts'' that there is no real way to know if the writing is coming from "outside their bodies," you "must take their word for it. Because the source of the information is at issue and the medium cannot be validated, we must turn to the content of the material." Various psychic mediums have claimed to channel famous dead people. For example, Susan Lander claimed that [[Betsy Ross]] contacted her to say, "I am gay and I fly the flag of pride and liberty for all of us." According to Radford, historians say that there is "no credible historical evidence that Ross&nbsp;... either made or had a hand in designing the American flag." Without some kind of validation, "anyone can claim to communicate with the spirit of anyone." Radford argues that "Automatic writing should logically hinder, not help spirit communication," given that spelling and grammar are more difficult than direct speech. <ref name="Radford 2017">{{cite book |last1=Radford |first1=Ben|author-link=Ben Radford |title=Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits |date=2017 |publisher=Rhombus Publishing Company |location=Corrales, New Mexico |isbn=9780936455167 |pages=182–185}}</ref>

===Scientific studies===

In an 1890 paper on hypnotism, [[Morton Prince]] claims, "automatic writing is not a purely unconscious reflex act, but, the product of conscious individuality," and further claims that the hand that is writing is under the control of a separate hypnotic personality during trances.<ref name="Prince1"/><ref name="Prince2"/> Physician [[Charles Arthur Mercier]], in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' (1894), criticized the spiritualist interpretation of automatic writing, concluding, "there is no need nor room for the agency of spirits, and the invocation of such agency is the sign of a mind not merely unscientific, but uninformed."<ref name="Mercier"/>

Psychology professor [[Théodore Flournoy]] investigated the claim by nineteenth-century medium [[Hélène Smith]] (Catherine Müller) that she did automatic writing to convey messages from [[Mars]] in Martian language. Flournoy concluded that her "Martian" language had a strong resemblance to Ms. Smith's native language of French and that her automatic writing was "romances of the subliminal imagination, derived largely from forgotten sources (for example, books read as a child)." He invented the term [[cryptomnesia]] to describe this phenomenon.<ref name="Randi1"/>

In 1927, psychiatrist [[Harold Dearden]] wrote that automatic writing is a psychological method of "tapping" the unconscious mind and that there is nothing mysterious about it.<ref name="Deardon"/>

In 1986, A.B. Joseph investigated two female patients who were found to exhibit [[ictal]] [[hypergraphia]].<ref name="Joseph"/>

Automatic writing behavior was discovered by Dilek Evyapan and Emre Kumral in three patients with [[Cerebral hemisphere|right hemispheric]] damage.<ref name="Dilek"/>

A 2012 study of ten [[psychograph]]ers using [[single photon emission computed tomography]] showed differences in brain activity and writing complexity during alleged trance states vs. normal state writing.<ref name="PECT"/>

==Pop culture and media==

Automatic writing is touted by medium [[Bonnie Page]] in a ''Sentinel and Enterprise'' article as a method of accessing [[claircognizance]] abilities.<ref name="Page"/>

Automatic writing is featured prominently in a 1961 episode of ''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'', ''The Case of the Meddling Medium'', and is also depicted in the 1980 film ''[[The Changeling (film)|The Changeling]]'' and the 1999 film ''[[The Sixth Sense]]''.

Portions of [[Van Morrison]]'s album ''[[Astral Weeks]]'' supposedly are inspired by dreams, reveries, and automatic writing.<ref name="Van"/>

Czech director [[Jan Švankmajer]] claims he concocted the screenplay for his hybrid film ''Insect (Hmyz)'' in a fit of automatic writing.<ref name="Jan"/>

[[William S. Burroughs]] has described his book ''[[Naked Lunch]]'' as "automatic writing gone horribly wrong" and believed he found his subconscious taken over by a hostile entity.<ref name="William"/><ref name="Wills"/>

In an interview in ''GQ'', [[David Byrne]] indicated an interest in automatic writing due to the influence of [[Brian Eno]].<ref name="Alex"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Mina Crandon automatic writing.png|Automatic writing of [[Mina Crandon]]
Image:HélèneSmith martien01.jpg|Automatic writing of [[Hélène Smith]]
Image:Mrs Thomas Everitt automatic writing.png|Automatic writing of Mrs [[Thomas Everitt]]
Image:William Marriott automatic writing.png|Example of automatic writing cited by magician William Marriott
Image:Francis Ward Monck psychograph 2.png|Automatic writing of [[Francis Ward Monck]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Alien hand syndrome}}
* [[Spiritualist art#Automatic drawing|Automatic drawing]]
* [[Artistic inspiration]]
* [[Asemic writing]]
* [[Automatic speech]]
* ''[[Memoirs of a Suicide]]''
* [[Chico Xavier]]
* [[Joseph Sieber Benner]]
* {{annotated link|Bicameral mentality}}
* [[Divided consciousness]]
* [[Dowsing]]
* [[Dual consciousness]]
* [[Graphology]]
* [[Left brain interpreter]]
* [[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]]
* {{annotated link|Matthew Manning}}
* [[Oahspe|''Oahspe: A New Bible'']] – claimed to be written via automatic writing
* [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
* ''[[Spiritism (book)|Spiritism]]''
* [[Spiritualist art]]
* [[Speaking in tongues]]
* [[Surrealist automatism]]
* {{annotated link|Table-turning}}
* [[Xenoglossy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Wills">{{cite web|last1=Wills|first1=David S.|title=What the Beats can teach us about writing|url=http://www.beatdom.com/beats-can-teach-us-writing/|website=beatdom.com|access-date=25 April 2018|date=2017-09-21}}</ref>

<ref name="Nickell4">{{cite web|last1=Nickell|first1=Joe|author-link=Joe Nickell|title=Abraham Lincoln: An Instance of Alleged 'Spirit Writing'|url=https://www.csicop.org/sb/show/abraham_lincoln_an_instance_of_alleged_spirit_writing|website=csicop.org|publisher=Skeptical Inquirer|access-date=25 April 2018|date=September 2004}}</ref>

<ref name="Jeffrey">{{cite web|last1=Debies-Carl|first1=Jeffrey S.|title=Pizzagate and Beyond: Using Social Research to Understand Conspiracy Legends|url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/pizzagate_and_beyond|website=csicop.org|publisher=Skeptical Inquirer|access-date=25 April 2018|date=November 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Sharp">{{cite web|last1=Sharps|first1=Matthew J.|last2=Liao|first2=Schuyler W.|last3=Herrera|first3=Megan R.|title=Remembrance of Apocalypse Past: The Psychology of True Believers When Nothing Happens|url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/remembrance_of_apocalypse_past|website=csicop.org|publisher=Skeptical Inquirer|access-date=25 April 2018|date=November 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Nickell2">{{cite web|last1=Nickell|first1=Joe|author-link=Joe Nickell|title=Heaven's Stenographer: The 'Guided' Hand of Vassula Ryden|url=https://www.csicop.org/si/show/heavens_stenographer_the_guided_hand_of_vassula_ryden|website=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|publisher=Center for Inquiry|access-date=25 April 2018|date=March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Yeats">{{cite web|last1=Hedayati-Rad|first1=Arjang|title=W. B. Yeats, George Hyde-Lees, and the Automatic Script|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hceng029/yeats/hedayatirad.html|website=CSUN.edu|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="William">{{cite web|title=William S. Burroughs & Surrealist Writing Methods|url=http://www.knowledgelost.org/tag/automatic-writing/|website=knowledgelost.org|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Nickell3">{{cite web|last1=Nickell|first1=Joe|author-link=Joe Nickell|title=Remotely Viewed? The Charlie Jordan Case|url=https://www.csicop.org/sb/show/remotely_viewed_the_charlie_jordan_case|website=csicop.org|publisher=Skeptical Inquirer|access-date=25 April 2018|date=March 2001}}</ref>

<ref name="Jan">{{cite web|last1=Mintzer|first1=Jordan|title='Insect' ('Hmyz'): Film Review - Rotterdam 2018|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/insect-hmyz-review-1081201|website=hollywoodreporter.com|date=2 February 2018|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Van">{{Cite magazine|last1=Michaud|first1=Jon|title=The Miracle of Van Morrison's "Astral Weeks"|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-miracle-of-van-morrisons-astral-weeks|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=24 April 2018|date=2018-03-07}}</ref>

<ref name="PECT">{{cite journal|last1=Perez|first1=Julio Fernando|last2=Moreira-Almeida|first2=Alexander|last3=Caixeta|first3=Leonardo|last4=Leao|first4=Frederico|last5=Newberg|first5=Andrew|title=Neuroimaging during Trance State: A Contribution to the Study of Dissociation|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=11|pages=e49360|date=16 November 2012|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049360|pmid=23166648|pmc=3500298|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749360P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Page">{{cite news|last1=Page|first1=Bonnie|title='Know' something without knowing why? You could be claircognizant|url=http://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/lifestyle/ci_31811042/know-something-without-knowing-why-you-could-be|access-date=24 April 2018|agency=Sentinel & Enterprise|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Heller">{{cite web|last1=Heller|first1=Paul|title=DICKENS in the SPIRIT WORLD — the Brattleboro hoax|url=http://www.rutlandherald.com/articles/dickens-in-the-spirit-world-the-brattleboro-hoax/|website=rutlandherald.com|date=25 November 2017 |publisher=The Rutland Herald|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Karen">{{cite news|last1=Stollznow|first1=Karen|author-link=Karen Stollznow|title=Bad Language|issue=3|publisher=Skeptic Magazine|date=2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Curty">{{cite web|last1=Curty|first1=Christian|title=A Letter of Our Lord to His Church|url=http://www.tlig.org/en/background/handwriting/curty/|website=True Life in God|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Icke">{{cite web|last1=Richardson|first1=Andy|author-link=Andy Richardson (writer)|title=Controversial conspiracy theorist David Icke is doing a secret gig in Birmingham|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/controversial-conspiracy-theorist-david-icke-14467082|website=birminghammail.co.uk|access-date=24 April 2018|date=2018-03-28}}</ref>

<ref name="Alex">{{cite news|last1=Pappademas|first1=Alex|title=This Must Be David Byrne|url=https://www.gq.com/story/david-byrne-talking-heads-icon-profile|newspaper=Gq|access-date=24 April 2018|date=2018-04-16}}</ref>

<ref name="Houdini">{{cite news|last1=Loxton|first1=James|last2=Loxton|first2=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Loxton|title=Great American Skeptics|url=https://www.skeptic.com/junior_skeptic/downloads/JrS32-PDF-grey.pdf|access-date=24 April 2018|work=Skeptic.com|publisher=Pat Linse}}</ref>

<ref name="Prince1">{{cite book|last1=Prince|first1=Morton|author-link=Morton Prince|title=Psychotherapy and Multiple Personality: Selected Essays, Volume 2|date=1975|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674722255|pages=37–60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePvbulGYe3MC&q=Some+of+the+Revelations+of+Hypnotism+%E2%80%94+Post-Hypnotic+Suggestion,+Automatic+Writing+and+Double+Personality&pg=PA37|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Prince2">{{cite journal|last1=Prince|first1=Morton|author-link=Morton Prince|title=Some of the Revelations of Hypnotism – Post-Hypnotic Suggestion, Automatic Writing and Double Personality|journal=Boston Medical and Surgical Journal|date=15 May 1890|volume=CXXII|issue=20|pages=463–467|doi=10.1056/NEJM189005151222001}}</ref>

<ref name="Joseph">{{cite journal|last1=Joseph|first1=A. B.|title=A hypergraphic syndrome of automatic writing, affective disorder, and temporal lobe epilepsy in two patients|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=1986|volume=47|issue=5|pages=255–257|pmid=3084454|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-22017-001|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Thacker">{{cite web|last1=Thacker|first1=Eugene|author-link=Eugene Thacker|title=THE PERIOD OF THE SLEEPING FITS|url=http://www.metamute.org/editorial/occultural-studies-column/period-sleeping-fits|website=Metamute.org|date=16 October 2013|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Taine">{{cite book|last1=Taine|first1=Hippolyte|author-link=Hippolyte Taine|title=De l'intelligence|date=1870|page=[https://archive.org/details/delintelligenc01tain/page/252 252]|url=https://archive.org/details/delintelligenc01tain|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Dilek">Evyapan, Dilek; Kumral, Emre, (2001). ''Visuospatial Stimulus-Bound Automatic Writing Behavior: A Right Hemispheric Stroke Syndrome''. Neurology 56: 245–247.</ref>

<ref name="Hines">[[Terence Hines|Hines, Terence]]. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 48. {{ISBN|1-57392-979-4}}</ref>

<ref name="Nickell">[[Joe Nickell|Nickell, Joe]]. (2007). [http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/case_of_automatic_writing_from_robert_g._ingersollrsquos_spirit/ "A Case of Automatic Writing From Robert G. Ingersoll's Spirit?"]. Csicop.org. Retrieved 2014-10-11.</ref>

<ref name="Deardon">[[Harold Dearden|Dearden, Harold]]. (April 9, 1927). ''How Spiritualists are Deluded''. ''[[The Graphic]]'' pp. 50–51.</ref>

<ref name="Mercier">{{Cite journal |first=Charles Arthur |last=Mercier |author-link=Charles Arthur Mercier|pmc=2403845|year=1894|title=Automatic Writing|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=1726|pages=198–199|pmid=20754638|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.1726.198 }}</ref>

<ref name="Randi1">[[James Randi|Randi, James]]. (1995). ''[[An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural]]''. St. Martin's Press. p. 22. {{ISBN|0-312-15119-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Karen2">[[Karen Stollznow|Stollznow, Karen]]. (2014). ''Language Myths, Mysteries and Magic''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 114. {{ISBN|978-1-137-40484-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Erickson">Erickson, Milton H; Hershman, Seymour: Secter, Irving I. (2014). ''The Practical Application of Medical and Dental Hypnosis''. Routledge. pp. 68–69. {{ISBN|0-87630-570-2}}</ref>

<ref name="Heap">Heap, Michael. (2002). ''Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect)''. In [[Michael Shermer]]. ''The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–129. {{ISBN|1-57607-654-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Burgess">Burgess, C.A., Kirsch, I., Shane, H., Niederauer, K.L., Graham, S.M., & Bacon, A. (1998). ''Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response''. Psychological Science 9: 71-74.</ref>

<ref name="Rabey">{{cite book|last1=Rabey|first1=Arthur Ivan|author-link=Ivan Rabey|title=The book of St Columb & St Mawgan - the story of two ancient parishes|date=1979|publisher=Buckingham - Barracuda Books|isbn=978-0860230588|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10136639?q&versionId=11783774|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Lim">Sue Lim ''Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them'' 2002, p. 82</ref>

<ref name="Conversations">{{cite book|last1=Walsch|first1=Neale D.|author-link=Neale Donald Walsch|title=Conversations with God: An Uncommon Dialogue Book 1|date=29 October 1996|publisher=Tarcher Perigee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_nYCwAAQBAJ|access-date=23 April 2018|isbn=9780399142789}}</ref>

<ref name="Miracles">{{cite book|title=A Course in Miracles|date=1975|publisher=A Course in Miracles (1975)|isbn=9780670869756|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/173673.A_Course_in_Miracles|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Seth">{{cite book|last1=Seth (Spirit)|last2=Roberts|first2=Jane|last3=Butts|first3=Robert F.|title=Seth Speaks: The Eternal Validity of the Soul|date=1994|publisher=New World Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h-YL3Ths70C|access-date=23 April 2018|isbn=9781878424075}}</ref>

<ref name="Booklaw">{{cite web|last1=Crowley|first1=Aleister|author-link=Aleister Crowley|title=The Book of the Law|url=https://archive.org/stream/CrowleyBookOfLaw/CrowleyBookOfLaw_djvu.txt|website=Archive.org|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Apocrypha">{{Cite book|title=American Apocrypha: Essays on the Book of Mormon|last=Dunn|first=Scott C.|date=2002|publisher=Signature Books|others=Vogel, Dan, and Metcalfe, Brent Lee, Eds.|isbn=978-1560851516|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|chapter=Automaticity and the Dictation of the Book of Mormon|oclc=47870060}}</ref>

<ref name="Doyle">[[Arthur Conan Doyle]] ''The New Revelation'' 2010 Reprint Edition, p. 47</ref>

<ref name ="Pessoa">{{citation | last = Pessoa | first = Fernando |author-link=Fernando Pessoa| year = 1999 | title = Correspondência 1905–1922 | publisher = Assírio & Alvim | pages= 214–219 | isbn = 978-85-7164-916-3}}.</ref>

<ref name="Barrett">[[William Fletcher Barrett]] ''On the Threshold of the Unseen'' Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 162</ref>

<ref name="Dictionary">{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Automatic+writing|title=Dictionary Definition|access-date=May 13, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Marjorie">Marjorie Elizabeth Howes, John S. Kelly, ''The Cambridge Companion to W.B. Yeats'', 2006, p. 11</ref>

<ref name="Hudson">[[Thomson Jay Hudson]], ''The Law of Psychic Phenomena'', Wildhern Press, 2009, p. 252</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.sgipt.org/medppp/psymot/carp1852.htm |title=On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition | last=Carpenter | first=William Benjamin | date=March 12, 1852 |access-date=2011-03-02 |author-link=William Benjamin Carpenter |journal=Notices of the Meetings |publisher=[[Royal Institution of Great Britain]]}} (The document is in English but the linked website is in German.)
* {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1413248|jstor = 1413248|title = Automatic Writing|journal = [[American Journal of Psychology]]|volume = 26|issue = 2|pages = 161|year = 1915|last1 = Downey|first1 = June E.|last2 = Anderson|first2 = John E.}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Joseph|first=A. B.|date=1986|title=A hypergraphic syndrome of automatic writing, affective disorder, and temporal lobe epilepsy in two patients|journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry]]|volume=47|issue=5|pages=255–257|issn=0160-6689|pmid=3084454}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Walsh|first1=E. |last2=Mehta|first2=M.A. |last3=Oakley|first3=D.A. |last4=Guilmette|first4=D.N. |last5=Gabay|first5=A. |last6=Halligan|first6=P.W. |last7=Deeley|first7=Q. |date=2014 |title=Using suggestion to model different types of automatic writing |journal=[[Consciousness and Cognition]] |volume=26 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2014.02.008 |pmid=24657632 |s2cid=5200153 |issn=1053-8100}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Zusne|first1=Leonard |title=Anomalistic psychology: a study of magical thinking |date=1989|publisher=[[L. Erlbaum Associates]] |last2=Jones|first2=Warren H. |isbn=0-8058-0507-9 |edition=2nd |location=Hillsdale, N.J. |oclc=19264110}}
* {{Cite book|last=Carroll|first=Robert Todd|title=The skeptic's dictionary: a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions |date=2003 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=0-471-48088-6|location=Hoboken, NJ|oclc=55751218}}
* {{Cite book|last=Randi|first=James|title=An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: James Randi's decidedly skeptical definitions of alternative realities |date=1997 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]] |isbn=0-312-15119-5 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=35978760}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Houdini's Skeptical Advice: Just Because Something's Unexplained Doesn't Mean It's Supernatural |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/houdinis-skeptical-advice/ |last=Shermer |first=Michael |date=February 1, 2011 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=304|issue=2|page=89 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0211-89 |pmid=21319549 |access-date=May 13, 2020|url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Automatic Writing}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Automatic Writing}}
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