Editing Automotive navigation system

{{short description|Part of the automobile controls}}
[[File:Gosmore in berlin with winCE on transonic 6000.jpg|thumb|Navigation with Gosmore, an [[open source]] [[Satellite navigation software|routing software]], on a personal navigation assistant with free map data from [[OpenStreetMap]]]]
An '''automotive navigation system''' is part of the [[automobile controls]] or a third party add-on used to find direction in an automobile. It typically uses a [[satellite navigation]] device to get its position data which is then correlated to a position on a road. When directions are needed routing can be calculated. On the fly traffic information (road closures, congestion) can be used to adjust the route.

[[Dead reckoning]] using distance data from sensors attached to the [[Powertrain|drivetrain]], an [[accelerometer]], a [[Inertial guidance system#Vibrating gyros|gyroscope]], and a [[magnetometer]] can be used for greater reliability, as GNSS signal loss and/or [[Multipath propagation|multipath]] can occur due to [[urban canyon]]s or [[tunnels]].

Mathematically, automotive navigation is based on the [[shortest path problem]], within [[graph theory]], which examines how to identify the path that best meets some criteria (shortest, cheapest, fastest, etc.) between two points in a large network.

Automotive navigation systems are crucial for the development of [[self-driving cars]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Jianfeng|last2=Liang|first2=Bodong|last3=Chen|first3=Qiuxia|date=2018-01-02|title=The key technology toward the self-driving car|journal=International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=2–20|doi=10.1108/IJIUS-08-2017-0008|issn=2049-6427|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
Automotive navigation systems represent a convergence of a number of diverse technologies, many of which have been available for many years, but were too costly or inaccessible. Limitations such as batteries, display, and processing power had to be overcome before the product became commercially viable.<ref>''Cartographies of Travel and Navigation'', [[James R. Akerman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=4S-UaFxGVL8C&pg=PA280&dq=honda+electro+navigation&sig=J6xeR0c5DYK0cRatgdExKClGTjw#PPA278,M1 p.277]</ref>
*1961: [[Hidetsugu Yagi]] designed a wireless-based navigation system. This design was still primitive and intended for military-use. 
*1966: [[General Motors]] Research (GMR) was working on a non-satellite-based navigation and assistance system called DAIR (Driver Aid, Information & Routing). After initial tests GM found that it was not a scalable or practical way to provide navigation assistance. Decades later, however, the concept would be reborn as [[OnStar]] (founded 1996).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpspower.net/gps-news/330038-evolution-car-navigation-technology-pictures.html|title=This is the evolution of in-car navigation technology (pictures)|website=www.gpspower.net}}</ref>
*1971: Compact Cassette based navigation following pre-determined routes, instructious would be read followed by a tone that would tell a controller to continue the cassette after the distance (denoted by the tone) had been reached. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qqnHtH1RAs |title=Sat nav - without a satellite - in 1971? |publisher=BBC Archive Youtube |date= 21 December 2021|accessdate=2023-12-31}}</ref>
*1973: Japan's [[Ministry of International Trade and Industry]] (MITI) and [[Fuji Heavy Industries]] sponsored CATC (Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control), a Japanese research project on automobile navigation systems.<ref name="akerman279">''Cartographies of Travel and Navigation'', James R. Akerman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4S-UaFxGVL8C&pg=PA279 p.279]</ref>
*1979: MITI established JSK (Association of Electronic Technology for Automobile Traffic and Driving) in Japan.<ref name="akerman279"/>
*1980: Electronic Auto Compass with new mechanism on the [[Toyota Crown]].
*1981: The earlier research of CATC led to the first generation of automobile navigation systems from Japanese companies [[Honda]], [[Nissan]] and [[Toyota]]. They used [[dead reckoning]] technology.<ref name="akerman279"/>
*1981: Honda's [[Electro Gyrocator]] was the first commercially available car navigation system. It used inertial navigation systems, which tracked the distance traveled, the start point, and direction headed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/13/world/gallery/japanese-inventions-changed-how-we-live/index.html |title=Japanese inventions that changed the way we live |publisher=CNN |date= 13 June 2017|access-date=2022-04-12}}</ref> It was also the first with a map display.<ref name="akerman279"/>
*1981: Navigation computer on the [[Toyota Celica]] (NAVICOM).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7car.tw/articles/read/12512 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411160734/http://7car.tw/articles/read/12512 |archive-date=2016-04-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1983: [[Etak (automotive navigation systems)|Etak]] was founded. It made an early system that used map-matching to improve on dead reckoning instrumentation. Digital map information was stored on standard cassette tapes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr01/roadtrin/positi.htm|title=IVHS: Positioning and Navigation|website=www.wirelesscommunication.nl}}</ref>
*1987: Toyota introduced the World's first [[CD-ROM]]-based navigation system on the [[Toyota Crown (S130)|Toyota Crown]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.favcars.com/toyota-crown-royal-saloon-g-3-0-hardtop-ms137-1987-91-images-186105.htm |title=Toyota Crown Royal 1987|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=favcars.com/ |access-date=2015-01-19}}</ref>
*1989: Gregg Howe of Design Works USA applied Hunter Systems $40,000 navigational computer to the Magna Torrero Concept Car. Originally developed to locate hydrants for fire departments, this system utilized both satellite signals & [[dead reckoning]] improving overall system accuracy due to civilian GPS limitations. This system also boast a color raster scan monitor, rather than the monochromatic vector mapping displays used by predecessors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://testdrivejunkie.com/1990-magna-torrero-concept-car/ |title=1990 Magna Torrero Concept Car |website=testdrivejunkie.com |date=2012-04-04}}</ref><ref>Motor Trend - June 1989</ref><ref>4x4 & Offroad - June 1989</ref> 
*1990: [[Mazda Eunos Cosmo]] became the first production car with built-in [[GPS]]-navigation system<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motortrend.com/classic/features/12q2_1993_eunos_mazda_cosmo_drive/ |title=1993 Eunos/Mazda Cosmo Classic Drive Uncosmopolitan: Meet the Rarest Mazda in America |website=Motor Trend |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=TEN: The Enthusiast Network |access-date=2015-01-18}}</ref>
*1991: [[General Motors]] partnered with the American Automotive Association, Florida Department of Transportation, as well as the city of Orlando to create TravTek (short for Travel Technology) which was a computerized in-car navigation system. A fleet of 100 [[Oldsmobile Toronado]]s were rolled out with the system with 75 available for rent through [[Avis Car Rental|Avis']] Orlando International Airport office, the other 25 were test-driven by local drivers. A computer system was installed in the trunk of the vehicle with a special antenna mounted in the back and was hooked up to the video screen in the Oldsmobile Toronado (an option in the standard Toronado) to display the navigation. TravTek covered a 12,000 square mile area in Orlando and its metro areas, as well as contained listings for restaurants, AAA-approved hotels and attractions.<ref>{{cite web|title=GM RIDES THE SMART HIGHWAY - Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-08-31-9708310116-story.html|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.chicagotribune.com|date=31 August 1997 }}</ref>
*1991: Toyota introduced GPS car navigation on the [[Toyota Soarer]].
*1991: Mitsubishi introduced GPS car navigation on the [[Mitsubishi Debonair]] (MMCS: Mitsubishi Multi Communication System).<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/RXd32z5vN18 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200227072657/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXd32z5vN18&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXd32z5vN18| title = Mitsubishi DEBONAIR Commercial 1991 Japan | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 16 January 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*1992: Voice assisted GPS navigation system on the [[Toyota Celsior]].
*1993: The Austrian channel ORF airs a presentation of the software company bitMAP and its head Werner Liebig's invention, an electronic city map including street names and house numbers, using a satellite-based navigation system. bitMAP attends Comdex in Las Vegas the same year, but doesn't manage to market itself properly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bod.de/buchshop/mit-falschen-karten-werner-liebig-9783746075310 |title=Mit falschen Karten |publisher=Bod.de |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url-status = dead| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7TAivxqKUQ| website = [[YouTube]]| title = BitMAP on TV (ORF) ZIB1 - YouTube| access-date = 2018-09-12| archive-date = 2020-02-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227212701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7TAivxqKUQ&gl=US&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Bitmap_Digital_City_Map|title=Bitmap Digital City Map|website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at}}</ref>
*1994: BMW 7 series [[BMW 7 Series (E38)|E38]] first European model featuring GPS navigation. The navigation system was developed in cooperation with [[Philips]] (Philips CARIN).<ref>{{cite web|title=20 JAHRE NAVIGATION Was ist aus ihnen geworden?|url=http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/testbericht/20-jahre-navigation-was-ist-aus-ihnen-geworden-8398683.html|website=auto-motor-und-sport.de/|date=15 July 2014 |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
*1995: [[Oldsmobile]] introduced the first GPS navigation system available in a United States production car, called GuideStar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jesda.com/2012/01/11/how-in-dash-navigation-worked-in-1992-olds-was-first/ |title=How In-Dash Navigation Worked In 1992 – Olds Was First |work=jesda.com/ |access-date=2015-01-19}}</ref>  The navigation system was developed in cooperation with [[Zexel]]. Zexel partnered with [[Avis Car Rental]] to make the system widely available in rental cars.  This provided many in the United States general public with their first opportunity to use car navigation.
*1995: Device called "Mobile Assistant" or short, MASS, produced by Munich-based company ComRoad AG, won the title "Best Product in Mobile Computing" on CeBit by magazine Byte. It offered [[turn-by-turn navigation]] via wireless internet connection, with both GPS and speed sensor in the car. 
*1995: [[Acura]] introduced the first [[hard disk drive]]-based navigation system in the 1996 [[Acura RL|RL]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hondanews.com/channels/acura-automobiles/archive/1995/releases/1996-acura-3-5-rl-interior|title=1996 Acura 3.5 RL Interior|work=Honda Newsroom|access-date=2018-06-16|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030747/http://hondanews.com/channels/acura-automobiles/archive/1995/releases/1996-acura-3-5-rl-interior|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*1997: Navigation system using [[Differential GPS]] developed as a factory-installed option on the [[Toyota Prius]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.player-top.fr/|title=Autoradio GPS Android pas cher, Caméra radar de recul - Player Top|website=player-top.fr|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref>
*1998: First [[DVD]]-based navigation system introduced on the [[Toyota Progrès|Toyota Progres]].
*2000: The United States made a more accurate GPS signal available for civilian use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_2.html |title=The United States' Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Accuracy |publisher=Clinton4.nara.gov |date=2000-05-01 |access-date=2009-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223203022/https://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/html/0053_2.html |archive-date=2016-12-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2003: Toyota introduced the first [[Hard disk drive]]-based navigation system and the industry's first DVD-based navigation system with a built-in [[Electronic throttle control]]
*2007: Toyota introduced Map on Demand, a technology for distributing map updates to car navigation systems, developed as the first of its kind in the world
*2008: World's first navigation system-linked [[brake assist]] function and Navigation system linked to [[Adaptive Variable Suspension]] System (NAVI/AI-AVS) on Toyota Crown
*2009: With a release of mobile navigation app from [[Sygic]] for [[iOS]] new era of a mobile device navigation systems had begun gaining in popularity since

==Technology==
[[File:1995 GPS System.jpg|right|thumb|A GPS system designed by [[Philips]] in a 1995 [[Opel Omega]] vehicle]]
The road database is a [[Vector Map|vector map]]. Street names or numbers and house numbers, as well as [[Point of interest|points of interest]] ([[waypoint]]s), are encoded as [[geographic coordinate]]s. This enables users to find a desired destination by street address or as geographic coordinates. (See [[map database management]].)

Map database formats are almost uniformly proprietary, with no industry standards for satellite navigation maps, although some companies are trying to address this with SDAL (Shared Data Access Library) and [[Navigation Data Standard]] (NDS). Map data vendors such as [[Tele Atlas]] and [[Navteq]] create the base map in a GDF ([[Geographic Data Files]]) format, but each electronics manufacturer compiles it in an optimized, usually proprietary manner. GDF is not a CD standard for car navigation systems. GDF is used and converted onto the CD-ROM in the internal format of the navigation system. CDF (CARiN Database Format) is a proprietary navigation map format created by [[Philips]].

SDAL is a proprietary map format developed by [[Navteq]], which was released [[royalty free]] in the hope that it would become an industry standard for digital navigation maps, has not been very widely adopted by the industry. Vendors who used this format include:

* [[Microsoft]]
* [[Magellan Navigation|Magellan]]
* [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]
* [[Panasonic]]
* [[Clarion (car audio)|Clarion]]
* InfoGation

===Navigation Data Standard (NDS) ===
The [[Navigation Data Standard]] (NDS) initiative, is an industry grouping of car manufacturers, navigation system suppliers and map data suppliers whose objective is the standardization of the data format used in car navigation systems, as well as allow a map update capability. The NDS effort began in 2004 and became a registered association in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nds-association.org/wp-content/uploads/02_NDS-20120919-Short_History_of_NDS.pdf|title=Short History of NDS|access-date=2012-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084643/http://www.nds-association.org/wp-content/uploads/02_NDS-20120919-Short_History_of_NDS.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> Standardization would improve interoperability, specifically by allowing the same navigation maps to be used in navigation systems from 20 manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nds-association.org/partners/|title=NDS Partners, NDS Association|access-date=2015-02-13|publisher=NDS Association|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213192303/http://www.nds-association.org/partners/|archive-date=2015-02-13}}</ref> Companies involved include [[BMW]], [[Volkswagen]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Renault]], ADIT, [[Aisin AW]], [[Alpine Electronics]], [[Navigon]], Navis-AMS, [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[DENSO]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Harman International Industries]], [[Panasonic]], Preh Car Connect formerly [[TechniSat]], PTV, [[Continental AG]], [[Clarion (car audio)|Clarion]], [[Navteq]], [http://www.navinfo.com/en/index.aspx Navinfo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115841/http://www.navinfo.com/en/index.aspx |date=2020-08-01 }}, [[TomTom]] and [[Zenrin]].

====Media====
The road database may be stored in [[Read-only memory|solid state read-only memory (ROM)]], optical media ([[CD]] or [[DVD]]), solid state [[flash memory]], magnetic media ([[hard disk]]), or a combination. A common scheme is to have a base map permanently stored in ROM that can be augmented with detailed information for a region the user is interested in. A ROM is always programmed at the factory; the other media may be preprogrammed, [[download]]ed from a [[CD]] or [[DVD]] via a [[computer]] or network connection, or directly using a [[card reader]].

Some navigation device makers provide free map updates for their customers. These updates are
often obtained from the vendor's website, which is accessed by connecting the navigation device to a PC.

===Real-time data===
{{Main|Integration of traffic data with navigation systems}}
Some systems can receive and display information on [[traffic congestion map|traffic congestion]] using either [[Traffic Message Channel|TMC]], [[Radio Data System|RDS]], or by GPRS/3G data transmission via mobile phones.

In practice, Google has updated Google Maps for Android and iOS to alert users when a faster route becomes available in 2014. This change helps integrate real-time data with information about the more distant parts of a route.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/how-mapping-software-gathers-and-uses-traffic-information-the-key-element-is-you/2014/02/14/693606d4-9263-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html|title=How mapping software gathers and uses traffic information. The key element is you.|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2014-02-17|newspaper=Washington Post|url-access=subscription|access-date=2019-10-08|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

===Integration and other functions===
*The color [[LCD]] screens on some automotive navigation systems can also be used to display [[television]] broadcasts or [[DVD]] [[Film|movie]]s.
* A few systems integrate (or communicate) with [[mobile phone]]s for [[hands-free]] talking and [[SMS|SMS messaging]] (i.e., using [[Bluetooth]] or [[Wi-Fi]]).
* Automotive navigation systems can include [[personal information management]] for [[meeting]]s, which can be combined with a traffic and public transport information system.

===Original factory equipment===
Many vehicle manufacturers offer a [[satellite navigation device]] as an option in their vehicles. Customers whose vehicles did not ship with GNSS can therefore purchase and [[retrofit]] the original factory-supplied GNSS unit. In some cases this can be a straightforward "plug-and-play" installation if the required wiring harness is already present in the vehicle. However, with some manufacturers, new wiring is required, making the installation more complex.

The primary benefit of this approach is an integrated and factory-standard installation. Many original systems also contain a [[gyrocompass]] and/or an [[accelerometer]] and may accept input from the vehicle's [[wheel speed sensor|speed sensors]] and reverse gear engagement signal output, thereby allowing them to navigate via [[dead reckoning]] when a GPS signal is temporarily unavailable.<ref>''In-Car Positioning and Navigation Technologies—A Survey'', I. Skog, and P. Händel, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2008.2011712]</ref>  However, the costs can be considerably higher than other options.

===SMS===
Establishing [[points of interest]] in real-time and transmitting them via [[GSM]] cellular telephone networks using the [[SMS|Short Message Service]] ([[SMS]]) is referred to as Gps2sms. Some vehicles and vessels are equipped with hardware that is able to automatically send an [[SMS]] text message when a particular event happens, such as theft, [[anchor]] drift or breakdown. The receiving party (e.g., a [[tow truck]]) can store the [[waypoint]] in a computer system, draw a map indicating the location, or see it in an automotive navigation system.

==See also==
* [[Augmented reality]]
* [[Automatic vehicle location]]
* [[Autonomous car]]
* [[Electronic Route Guidance System]]
* [[GPS eXchange Format]]
* [[GPS navigation device]]
* [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)
* [[Guidance, navigation, and control]]
* [[List of auto parts]]
* [[Map database management]]
* [[Mapscape BV]]
* [[Mobile data terminal]]
* [[Navigation Data Standard]] (NDS)
* [[NavPix]]
* [[Navteq]]
* [[Personal navigation assistant]] (PNA)
* [[TomTom]]
* [[Traffic Message Channel]] (TMC)
* [[Hybride Navigation]] (Hybrid)
* [[Garmin]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Autonomous cars and enabling technologies}}
{{Car-interior}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Automotive Navigation System}}
[[Category:Global Positioning System]]
[[Category:Automotive navigation systems]]
[[Category:Computer systems]]
[[Category:Dedicated application electronic devices]]
[[Category:Japanese inventions]]
[[Category:Applications of geographic information systems]]