Editing Autosuggestion

{{Short description|Psychological technique related to the placebo effect}}
{{For|the computing term|Autocomplete}}
{{Hypnosis}}
'''Autosuggestion''' is a psychological technique related to the [[placebo effect]], developed by [[pharmacist]] [[Émile Coué]] at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a form of self-induced [[suggestion]] in which individuals guide their own thoughts, feelings, or behavior. The technique is often used in [[self-hypnosis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maki |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrLiEAAAQBAJ&dq=autosuggestion+The+technique+is+often+used+in+self-hypnosis.&pg=PT130 |title=Henry Bluestone |publisher=David Maki |language=en}}</ref>

==Typological distinctions==
[[Émile Coué]] identified two very different types of self-suggestion:
* intentional, "''reflective autosuggestion''": made by deliberate and conscious effort, and
* unintentional, "''spontaneous auto-suggestion''": which is a "natural phenomenon of our mental life … which takes place without conscious effort [and has its effect] with an intensity proportional to the keenness of [our] attention".<ref>Baudouin (1920), pp.33-34.</ref>

In relation to Coué's group of "spontaneous auto-suggestions", his student [[Charles Baudouin]] (1920, p.&nbsp;41) made three further useful distinctions, based upon the sources from which they came:
* "Instances belonging to the representative domain<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sensations, mental images, dreams, visions, memories, opinions, and all intellectual phenomena)."
* "Instances belonging to the affective domain<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(joy or sorrow, emotions, sentiments, tendencies, passions)."
* "Instances belonging to the active or motor domain<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(actions, volitions, desires, gestures, movements at the periphery or in the interior of the body, functional or organic modifications)."

==Émile Coué==
[[Émile Coué]], who had both B.A. and B.Sc. degrees before he was 21, graduated top of his class (with First Class Honours) with a degree in pharmacology from the prestigious [[Collège Sainte-Barbe]] in Paris in 1882.<ref>Yeates (2016a), pp.6-7.</ref> Having spent an additional six months as an intern at the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]] in Paris, he returned to Troyes, where he worked as an [[apothecary]] from 1882 to 1910.<ref>See Yeates, 2016a, 2016b, and 2016c.</ref>

==="Hypnosis" à la Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim===
In 1885, his investigations of [[hypnosis|hypnotism]] and the power of the [[imagination]] began with [[Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault]] and [[Hippolyte Bernheim]], two leading exponents of "''hypnosis''",<ref>As distinct from Braid's '''hypnotism''', Liébeault and Bernheim's '''hypnosis''' "used a laborious, monotonous, 'sleep, sleep, sleep' hypnotic induction — thus, his inappropriate, misleading, and ambiguous term ‘hypnosis’ — to produce [what Bernheim called] a “''charme''” (‘spellbound’) state" (Yeates, 2016a, pp.11-12).</ref> of Nancy, with whom he studied in 1885 and 1886 (having taken leave from his business in Troyes). Following this training, "he dabbled with ‘hypnosis’ in Troyes in 1886, but soon discovered that their Liébeault's techniques were hopeless, and abandoned ‘hypnosis’ altogether".<ref name="ONE">Yeates, 2016a, p.12.</ref>

===Hypnotism à la James Braid and Xenophon LaMotte Sage===
In 1901, Coué sent to the United States for a free book, ''Hypnotism as It is'' (i.e., Sage, 1900a),<ref>Given that Coué could read Latin and was fluent in both German and English meant that an English language book presented no difficulty.</ref> which purported to disclose "secrets [of the] science that brings business and social success" and "the hidden mysteries of personal magnetism, hypnotism, magnetic healing, etc.". Deeply impressed by its contents, he purchased the French language version of the associated correspondence course (i.e., Sage, 1900b, and 1900c),<ref>It is significant that the career of the French [[Parapsychology|parapsychologist]] [[Michel Moine#The parapsychologist and the journalist : two careers in parallel|Michel Moine]] also began with Sage's course.</ref> created by  stage hypnotist extraordinaire, "''Professor Xenophon LaMotte Sage,  A.M., Ph.D., LL.D., of Rochester, New York''" (who had been admitted into the prestigious ''Medico-Legal Society of New York'' in 1899).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/medicolegaljour03yorkgoog/page/399/mode/1up p.399 of Medico-Legal Society of New York (1899), "Transactions: Annual Meeting, December 1899", ''Medico-Legal Journal'', ''17''(3), pp.399-402.]</ref>

In real life, Xenophon LaMotte Sage was none other than [[Ewing Virgil Neal]] (1868-1949), the multi-millionaire, [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]], [[Stage hypnosis|hypnotist]], publisher, [[advertising]]/[[marketing]] pioneer (he launched the career of [[Carl R. Byoir]]), pharmaceutical manufacturer, parfumier, international businessman, confidant of [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]], Commandatore of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]], Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], and fugitive from justice, who moved to France in the 1920s.<ref>See Conroy (2014), passim.</ref>

Sage's course supplied the missing piece of the puzzle — namely, Braid-style hypnotic inductions — the solution for which had, up to that time, eluded Coué: 
::&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Coué immediately recognised that the course’s Braid-style of hypnotism was ideal for ''mental therapeutics''. He undertook an intense study, and was soon skilled enough to offer hypnotism alongside his pharmaceutical enterprise. In the context of Liébeault’s ‘hypnosis’, Braid’s hypnotism, and Coué’s (later) discoveries about autosuggestion, one must recognise the substantially different orientations of Liébeault’s "''suggestive therapeutics''", which concentrated on imposing the coercive power of the operator’s suggestion, and Braid’s "''psycho-physiology''", which concentrated on activating the transformative power of the subject’s mind."<ref>Yeates (2016a), p.13.</ref><ref>For more on Braid's overarching conceptualization, "''psycho-physiology''" — "the whole of [those] phenomena which result from the reciprocal actions of mind and matter upon each other" — see Braid (1855), p.855.</ref>

Although he had abandoned Liébeault's "''hypnosis''" in 1886, he adopted Braid's ''hypnotism'' in 1901; and, in fact, in addition to, and (often) separate from, his auto-suggestive practices, Coué actively used Braid's hypnotism for the rest of his professional life.<ref>Baudouin (1920), pp.257-258; Orton (1955), p.48; Yeates (2016a, 2016b, 2016c).</ref>

==Suggestion and Auto-suggestion==
[[File:Affections of the Mind-(Thomas Brown)-(Yeates's representation).tif|thumb|Brown's "Affections of the Mind",<br>as discussed in his ''Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind''.<ref>Yeates (2005), p.&nbsp;119.</ref>]]
Coué was so deeply impressed by Bernheim's concept of “suggestive therapeutics” — in effect, "an imperfect re-branding of the ‘dominant idea’ theory that [[James Braid (surgeon)|Braid]] had appropriated from [[Thomas Brown (philosopher)|Thomas Brown]]"<ref name="ONE"/><ref>For more on Brown and "dominant ideas", see Yeates (2005), and (2016b), pp.30-35.</ref> — that, on his return to Troyes from his (1886–1886) interlude with Liébeault and Bernheim, he made a practice of reassuring his clients by praising each remedy's [[Efficacy#Medicine|efficacy]]. He noticed that, in specific cases, he could increase a medicine's efficacy by praising its effectiveness. He realized that, when compared with those to whom he said nothing, those to whom he praised the medicine had a noticeable improvement (this is suggestive of what would later be identified as a "''[[placebo effect|placebo response]]''").
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Around 1903, Coué recommended a new patent medicine, based on its promotional material, which effected an unexpected and immediate cure (Baudouin, 1920, p.90; Shrout, 1985, p.36). Coué (the chemist) found “[by subsequent] chemical analysis in his laboratory [that there was] nothing in the medicine which by the remotest stretch of the imagination accounted for the results” (Shrout, ibid.). Coué (the hypnotist) concluded that it was cure by suggestion; but, rather than Coué having cured him, the man had cured himself by ''continuously telling himself the same thing that Coué had told him''."<ref>Yeates (2016c), p.63.</ref>

==The birth of "Conscious Autosuggestion"==
Coué discovered that subjects could not be hypnotized against their will and, more importantly, that the effects of hypnotic suggestion waned when the subjects regained consciousness.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} He thus eventually developed the Coué method, and released his first book, ''Self-Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion'' (published in 1920 in England and two years later in the United States). He described autosuggestion itself as:
{{cquote|... an instrument that we possess at birth, and with which we play unconsciously all our life, as a baby plays with its rattle. It is however a dangerous instrument; it can wound or even kill you if you handle it imprudently and unconsciously. It can on the contrary save your life when you know how to employ it consciously.<ref>Coué, E: "Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion", page 19, 1922</ref>}}

Although Coué never doubted pharmaceutical medicine, and still advocated its application, he also came to believe that one's mental state could positively affect, and even amplify, the pharmaceutical action of medication. He observed that those patients who used his mantra-like conscious suggestion, "Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better", (French: ''Tous les jours, à tous points de vue, je vais de mieux en mieux''; lit. 'Every day, from all points of view, I'm getting better and better') — in his view, replacing their "thought of illness" with a new "thought of cure", could augment their pharmaceutical regimen in an efficacious way.

==The Coué method==
{{Quote box
 |title =La méthode Coué
 |quote =&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Continuously, unjustly, and mistakenly trivialised as just a hand-clasp, some unwarranted optimism, and a ‘mantra’, Coué’s ''method'' evolved over several decades of meticulous observation, theoretical speculation, in-the-field testing, incremental adjustment, and step-by-step transformation.<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It tentatively began (c.1901) with very directive one-to-one hypnotic interventions, based upon the approaches and techniques that Coué had acquired from an American correspondence course.<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As his theoretical knowledge, clinical experience, understanding of suggestion and autosuggestion, and hypnotic skills expanded, it gradually developed into its final subject-centred version—an intricate complex of (group) education, (group) hypnotherapy, (group) ego-strengthening, and (group) training in self-suggested pain control; and, following instruction in performing the prescribed self-administration ritual, the twice daily intentional and deliberate (individual) application of its unique formula, "Every day, in every way, I’m getting better and better".<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yeates (2016c), p.55.
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The Coué method centers on a routine repetition of this particular expression according to a specified ritual, in a given physical state, and in the absence of any sort of allied mental imagery, at the beginning and at the end of each day. Coué maintained that curing some of our troubles requires a change in our subconscious/unconscious thought, which can only be achieved by using our imagination. Although stressing that he was not primarily a healer but one who taught others to heal themselves, Coué claimed to have affected organic changes through autosuggestion.<ref name="britannica">"Émile Coué." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008 [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/140032/Emile-Coue]</ref>

===Underlying principles===
Coué thus developed a method which relied on the belief that ''any idea exclusively occupying the mind turns into reality'',<ref name=anxious>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zXDkMJSS-IC&q=%22any+idea+exclusively+occupying+the+mind+turns+into+reality%22+%C3%89mile+Cou%C3%A9&pg=PT70|title=Anxious in Love: How to Manage Your Anxiety, Reduce Conflict, and Reconnect with Your Partner|first1=Carolyn|last1=Daitch|first2=Lissah|last2=Lorberbaum|date=1 December 2012|publisher=New Harbinger Publications|via=Google Books|isbn=9781608822331}}</ref> although only to the extent that the idea is within the realm of possibility. For instance, a person without hands will not be able to make them grow back. However, if a person firmly believes that his or her asthma is disappearing, then this may actually happen, as far as the body is actually able to physically overcome or control the illness. On the other hand, thinking negatively about the illness (e.g. "I am not feeling well") will encourage both mind and body to accept this thought.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Willpower===
Coué observed that the main obstacle to autosuggestion was [[Self-control|willpower]]. For the method to work, the patient must refrain from making any independent judgment, meaning that he must not let his will impose its own views on positive ideas. Everything must thus be done to ensure that the positive "autosuggestive" idea is consciously ''accepted'' by the patient, otherwise one may end up getting the opposite effect of what is desired.<ref>Brooks, C.H., "The practice of autosuggestion", p62, 1922</ref>

Coué noted that young children always applied his method perfectly, as they lacked the willpower that remained present among adults. When he instructed a child by saying "clasp your hands" and then "you can't pull them apart" the child would thus immediately follow his instructions and be unable to unclasp their hands.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

=== Self-conflict ===
Coué believed a patient's problems were likely to increase if his willpower and imagination opposed each other, something Coué referred to as "self-conflict."{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} As the conflict intensifies, so does the problem i.e., the more the patient consciously wants to sleep, the more he becomes awake. The patient must thus abandon his willpower and instead put more focus on his imaginative power in order to fully succeed with his cure.

===Effectiveness===
With his method, which Coué called "''un truc,"''<ref>Coué, E: "How to Practice Suggestion and Autosuggestion" page 45. "''un truc ou procédé mécanique''" ('a trick, or mechanical process'). Note that when Coué referred to his "trick", he was speaking of the mechanism, or "the secret", that was responsible for the approach's success (as in, say, "the trick to the [[Batting (cricket)#Pull and hook|hook shot]] is …"), he was not speaking of deceiving his subject.</ref> patients of all sorts would come to visit him. The list of ailments included kidney problems, diabetes, memory loss, stammering, weakness, atrophy and all sorts of physical and mental illnesses.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} According to one of his journal entries (1916), he apparently cured a patient of a [[uterus]] [[prolapse]] as well as "violent pains in the head" ([[migraine]]).<ref>Wallechinsky, David. "Emile Coue (1857-1926) French Healer." The People's Almanac. 2nd Ed. 1975.</ref>

===Evidence===
Advocates of autosuggestion appeal to brief case histories published by Émile Coué describing his use of autohypnosis to cure, for example, enteritis and paralysis from spinal cord injury.<ref>[http://www.psychomaster.com/books/emile/11.php Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion:Emile Coue]. Psychomaster.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2015}}

==Autogenic training==
{{main|Autogenic training}}
[[Autogenic training]] is an autosuggestion-centered relaxation technique influenced by the Coué method.  In 1932, [[Germany|German]] psychiatrist [[Johannes Heinrich Schultz|Johannes Schultz]] developed and published on autogenic training.

===Conceptual difference from Autosuggestion===
By contrast with the conceptualization driving Coué's auto-suggestive self-administration procedure — namely, that constant repetition creates a situation in which "''a particular idea saturates the microcognitive environment of 'the mind'…''", which, then, in its turn, "is converted into a corresponding ideomotor, ideosensory, or ideoaffective action, by the ''ideodynamic principle of action''", "which then, in its turn, generates the response"<ref>Yeates (2016b), pp.39,40.</ref><ref>In 1853,[[Daniel Noble (physician)|Daniel Noble]] suggested that Carpenter's "''[[Ideomotor phenomenon|ideo-motor]]''", restricted to motion alone, was far to too narrow a term, and he advocated the adoption of the term "''ideodynamic''" on the basis that the term "was applicable to a wider range of phenomena" (Noble, 1853, p.71; 1854, p.642). Carpenter and Braid immediately agreed with their friend and colleague, Noble; and from that time, Braid, who had earlier spoken of a "mono-ideo-motor principle of action", continuously spoke of a "mono-ideo-dynamic principle of action" being responsible for the generation of hypnotic phenomena (e.g., Braid, 1855, p.852).</ref> — the primary target of the entirely different self-administration procedure developed by [[Johannes Heinrich Schultz]], known as ''[[Autogenic Training]]'', was to affect the [[autonomic nervous system]], rather than (as Coué's did) to affect 'the mind'.

===Efficacy of Autogenic training===
Although, as Myga, Kuehn & Azanon (2022) observe, there has been very little research into autosuggestion, there have been a number of clinical trials supporting the efficacy-claims for autogenic training; and, along with other [[relaxation technique]]s {{em-dash}} such as [[progressive relaxation]] and [[meditation]] {{em-dash}} has replaced Coué's method in therapy.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stetter F, Kupper S |title=Autogenic training: a meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies |journal=Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=45–98 |date=March 2002 |pmid=12001885 |doi=10.1023/A:1014576505223|s2cid=22876957 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ikezuki M, Miyauchi Y, Yamaguchi H, Koshikawa F |title=[Development of Autogenic Training Clinical Effectiveness Scale (ATCES)] |journal=Shinrigaku Kenkyu |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=475–81 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11977841 |doi=10.4992/jjpsy.72.475|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Wolfgang Luthe]] (Schultz's co-author) was a firm believer that autogenic training was a powerful approach that should only be offered to patients by qualified professionals.

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Affirmations (New Age)|Affirmations}}
* {{annotated link|Behavioral confirmation}}
* {{annotated link|Ego depletion}}
* {{annotated link|Émile Coué}}
* {{annotated link|Eudaimonia}}
* {{annotated link|Hypnotic Ego-Strengthening Procedure}}
* {{annotated link|Implicit self-esteem}}
* {{annotated link|Inner critic}}
* {{annotated link|Learned optimism}}
* {{annotated link|Medicus curat, natura sanat|''Medicus curat, natura sanat''}}
* {{annotated link|Mind–body interventions}}
* {{annotated link|Mind-wandering}}
* {{annotated link|Nancy School|Nancy School of Hypnosis}}
* {{annotated link|Positive mental attitude}}
* {{annotated link|Positive psychology}}
* {{annotated link|Psycho-Cybernetics|''Psycho-Cybernetics''}}
* {{annotated link|Psychoneuroimmunology}}
* {{annotated link|Psychosomatic medicine}}
* {{annotated link|The Salpêtrière School of Hypnosis|Salpêtrière School of Hypnosis}}
* {{annotated link|Self-defeating prophecy}}
* {{annotated link|Self-determination theory}}
* {{annotated link|Self-enhancement}}
* {{annotated link|Self-fulfilling prophecy}}
* {{annotated link|Self-healing}}
* {{annotated link|Self-help}}
* {{annotated link|Self-hypnosis}}
* {{annotated link|Self-schema}}
* {{annotated link|Intrapersonal communication|Self-talk}}
* {{annotated link|Subjective well-being}}
* {{annotated link|Suggestion}}
* {{annotated link|Telepathy}}
* {{annotated link|Think aloud protocol}}
* {{annotated link|Thomas theorem}}
* {{annotated link|Vis medicatrix naturae|''Vis medicatrix naturae''}}
* {{annotated link|Visual thinking}}
* {{annotated link|Vitalism}}
* {{annotated link|Well-being}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [https://archive.org/details/suggestionandau00baudgoog Baudouin, C. (Paul, E & Paul, C. trans.), ''Suggestion and Autosuggestion: A Psychological and Pedagogical Study Based on the Investigations made by the New Nancy School'', George Allen & Unwin, (London), 1920.]
* [[William Benjamin Carpenter|Carpenter, W.B.]], [http://www.sgipt.org/medppp/psymot/carp1852.htm "On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", ''Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852'', (12 March 1852), pp.&nbsp;147–153.]
* Conroy, M.S. (2014). The Cosmetics Baron You've Never Heard Of: E. Virgil Neal and Tokalon (Third, Revised Edition). Englewood, CO: Altus History LLC. {{ISBN|978-0982631423}}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6564965r/f27.item Coué, E. (1912). "De la suggestion et de ses applications" (‘Suggestion and its Applications’), ''Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle et de Palethnologie de la Haute-Marne'', 2(1), pp.25-46.]
* [http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/91266/brblaa542480.pdf Coué, E. (1922a). ''La Maîtrise de soi-même par l'autosuggestion consciente: Autrefois de la suggestion et de ses applications''. (‘Mastery of One’s Self through Conscious Autosuggestion: Formerly “Suggestion and its Applications”’) Emile Coué, (Nancy), 1922.]
* [https://archive.org/stream/selfmasterythrou00coue#page/n3/mode/2up Coué, E. (1922b). Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion. New York, NY: American Library Service]. (A complete translation, by unknown translator, of Coué (1922a).)
* [http://mc2method.org/books/SelfMasteryThroughConsciousAutosuggestion_ByEmileCoueEtAl.pdf Coué, E. (1922c). Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion. New York, NY: Malkan Publishing Company]. (A partial translation of Coué (1922a) by Archibald S. Van Orden).
* Coué, E. (1923). ''My Method: Including American Impressions''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company. 
* Coué, E., & Orton, J.L. (1924). ''Conscious Auto-Suggestion''. London: T. Fisher Unwin Limited. 
* Guillemain, H. (2010), ''La Méthode Coué: Histoire d'une Pratique de Guérison au XXe Siècle'' (‘The Coué Method: History of a Twentieth Century Healing Practice’). Paris: Seuil.
* [https://www.iarjournals.com/upload/356369.pdf Hamlat, S., "Autosuggestion: Theory and Practice", ''American Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research'', ''3''(5), pp.&nbsp;63-69.]
* Myga, K.A., Kuehn, E., & Azanon, E. (2022), "Autosuggestion: A Cognitive Process that Empowers your Brain?", ''Experimental Brain Research'', ''240''(2), pp.&nbsp;381–394. {{doi|10.1007/s00221-021-06265-8}}
* [[Daniel Noble (physician)|Noble, D.]], [https://archive.org/details/39002086347276.med.yale.edu ''Elements of Psychological Medicine: An Introduction to the Practical Study of Insanity Adapted for Students and Junior Practitioners'', John Churchill, (London), 1853.]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jBVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA642 Noble, D. (1854). Three Lectures on the Correlation of Psychology and Physiology: III. On Ideas, and Their Dynamic Influence, ''Association Medical Journal'', Vol.3, No.81, (21 July 1854), pp.642-646.]
* Orton, J.L., ''Hypnotism Made Practical (Tenth Edition)'', Thorsons Publishers Limited, (London) 1955.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23413989 Rapp, D. (1987). “Better and Better—”: Couéism as a Psychological Craze of the Twenties in England. ''Studies in Popular Culture'',10(2), 17-36].
* [https://ia803006.us.archive.org/2/items/hypnotismasitisb00sage/hypnotismasitisb00sage.pdf Sage, X. LaM. (1900a). ''Hypnotism as It is: A Book for Everybody (Sixth Edition)'', New York State Publishing Company, (Rochester), 1900.]
* Sage, X. LaM. (1900b). ''Un Cours par Correspondance sur le Magnétisme Personnel, Hypnotisme, Mesmérisme, Calmánt Magnétique, Thérapeutiques Suggestives, Psycho-Thérapeutique, Etc, Etc. par X. LaMotte Sage, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. (Edition Revisée)'', New York Institute of Science, (Rochester), 1900.
* Sage, X. LaM. (1900c). ''Cours Supérieur Traitant du Magnétisme Personnel, de l’Hypnotisme, de la Thérapeutique Suggestive, et de la Guérison pour le Magnétisme, par X. LaMotte Sage, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D.'',  New York Institute of Science, (Rochester), 1900.
* Shrout, R.N., ''Modern Scientific Hypnosis: From Ancient Mystery to Contemporary Science'', (Wellingborough), Thorsons, 1985.
* Westphal, C., & Laxenaire, M. (2012). Émile Coué: Amuseur ou Précurseur? (‘Émile Coué: Entertainer or Forerunner’), ''Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique'', 170(1), pp.&nbsp;36–38. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2011.12.001 doi=10.1016/j.amp.2011.12.001]
* Yankauer, A., The Therapeutic Mantra of Emile Coué, ''Perspectives in Biology and Medicine'', Vol.42, No.4, (Summer 1999), pp.&nbsp;489–495. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1999.0012 doi=10.1353/pbm.1999.0012]
* [https://ia800504.us.archive.org/15/items/an-account-of-thomas-browns-philosophy-of-the-human-mind/An%20Account%20of%20Thomas%20Brown%E2%80%99s%20Philosophy%20of%20the%20Human%20Mind.pdf Yeates, Lindsay B. (2005), ''An Account of Thomas Brown’s '''Philosophy of the Human Mind''''', (unpublished manuscript), School of the History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.]
* [http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:47777/bin55efd6f6-374a-478d-8f8d-cf96f616d62f?view=true&xy=01 Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016a), "Émile Coué and his ''Method'' (I): The Chemist of Thought and Human Action", ''Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis'', Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp.&nbsp;3–27.]
* [http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:47760/bin73f48d52-f4cb-443f-a9c2-a5c23331c372?view=true&xy=01 Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016b), "Émile Coué and his ''Method'' (II): Hypnotism, Suggestion, Ego-Strengthening, and Autosuggestion", ''Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis'', Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp.&nbsp;28–54.]
* [http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:47938/bin566a3d8c-5812-4b3a-8b19-37dffb21ecfc?view=true&xy=01 Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016c), "Émile Coué and his ''Method'' (III): Every Day in Every Way", ''Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis'', Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp.&nbsp;55–79.]
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
[[Category:Healing]]
[[Category:Self-care]]
[[Category:Hypnosis]]
[[Category:Positive mental attitude]]
[[Category:Personal development]]