Editing Azotobacter vinelandii

{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Azotobacter
| species = vinelandii
| authority = [[Jacob Goodale Lipman|Lipman]] 1903<ref>{{cite book| title=Review of American Chemical Research | volume=10 | year=1904 | editor=William A. Noyes | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LAoSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75 75]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Azotobacter vinelandii''''' is [[Gram-negative]] [[diazotroph]] that can fix [[nitrogen]] while grown [[aerobic organism|aerobically]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.explogrow.com/farming-with-microbes/why-reduce-npk-applications-when-using-17-beneficial-microbes-in-this-bio-organic-fertilizer|title=Why it is possible to reduce Nitrogen fertilizers by using Azotobacter sp|last=Young |first=Mark |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Requena N, Baca TM, Azcon R |date=1997 |title=Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated by Azotobacter chroococcum |journal=Biol Fertil Soils |volume=24 |pages= 59–65|doi=10.1007/BF01420221 |s2cid=29624954 }}</ref> These [[bacteria]] are easily cultured and grown.

''A. vinelandii'' is a free-living N<sub>2</sub> fixer known to produce many [[phytohormone]]s and [[vitamin]]s in soils.  It produces fluorescent [[pyoverdine]] pigments.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Menhart N, Thariath A, Viswanatha T | year = 1991 | title = Characterization of the pyoverdines of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 with regard to heterogeneity | journal = Biology of Metals | volume = 4 | issue = 4| pages = 223–32 | doi=10.1007/bf01141185| pmid = 1838001 | s2cid = 8712926 }}</ref>

== Nitrogenase ==
The [[nitrogenase]] [[enzyme|holoenzyme]] of ''A. vinelandii'' has been characterised by [[X-ray crystallography]] in both [[Adenosine diphosphate|ADP]] tetrafluoroaluminate-bound<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schindelin H, Kisker C, Schlessman JL, Howard JB, Rees DC | year = 1997 | title = Structure of ADP x AIF4(-)-stabilized nitrogenase complex and its implications for signal transduction | journal = Nature | volume = 387 | issue = 6631 | pages = 370–376 | doi=10.1038/387370a0| pmid = 9163420 | s2cid = 1582534 }}</ref> and Mg[[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]-bound<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiu H, Peters JW, Lanzilotta WN, Ryle MJ, Seefeldt LC, Howard JB, Rees DC | year = 2001 | title = MgATP-Bound and nucleotide-free structures of a nitrogenase protein complex between the Leu 127 Delta-Fe-protein and the MoFe-protein | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 641–650 | doi=10.1021/bi001645e| pmid = 11170380 }}</ref> states. The enzyme possesses [[molybdenum]] [[iron]]-[[sulfido]] cluster [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactors]] ([[FeMoco]]) as [[active site]]s, each bearing two pseudocubic iron-sulfido structures.

== Applications ==
It is a [[genomics|genetically tractable]] system that is used to study [[nitrogen fixation]].

Genetically engineered strains can produce significantly higher amounts of [[ammonia]]. Appropriate ammonia emissions can provide crops with the ammonia they need without excess amounts that can pollute lakes and oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coxworth|first=Ben|date=2022-02-18|title=Engineered ammonia-producing bacteria could replace crop fertilizers|url=https://newatlas.com/science/engineered-ammonia-producing-bacteria-crop-fertilizers/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=New Atlas|language=en-US}}</ref>

''A. vinelandii'' also produces significant amounts of [[Alginic_acid|alginate]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clementi |first=Franceses |date=1997 |title=Alginate Production by Azotobacter Vinelandii |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/07388559709146618 |journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology |volume=17 |issue=4}}</ref>

==Variable ploidy==

''A. vinelandii'' can contain up to 80 [[chromosome]] copies per cell.<ref name="pmid2785985">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nagpal P, Jafri S, Reddy MA, Das HK |title=Multiple chromosomes of Azotobacter vinelandii |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=3133–8 |year=1989 |pmid=2785985 |pmc=210026 |doi= 10.1128/jb.171.6.3133-3138.1989}}</ref>  However this is only seen in fast growing culture, whereas cultures grown in synthetic minimal media are not [[polyploid]].<ref name="pmid8021173">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maldonado R, Jiménez J, Casadesús J |title=Changes of ploidy during the Azotobacter vinelandii growth cycle |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=176 |issue=13 |pages=3911–9 |year=1994 |pmid=8021173 |doi= 10.1128/jb.176.13.3911-3919.1994|pmc=205588|url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/15142/1/JB94.pdf }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130520111943/http://azotobacter.org/ ''Azotobacter vinelandii'' Genome Project]
* [http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/Avi.html Current research on ''Azotobacter vinelandii'' at the Norwich Research Park]
*[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=12749&submit=Search Type strain of ''Azotobacter vinelandii'' at Bac''Dive'' -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2157875}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pseudomonadales]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1903]]


{{Pseudomonadales-stub}}